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Many research and significant worldwide efforts have been made to combat climate change. The purpose of this research was to maximize the productivity of a flat-plate hybrid collector with two kinds of cooling medium, namely water and water-based Al2O3 nanofluid. Effects of single-volume concentration (0.1%) of Al2O3 nanoparticles and four types of volume flow rates such as 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 litres/minute (LPM) were also examined which found that the best performance is achieved with 2.0 LPM. The experimental results found that the hybrid collector significantly depends on solar radiation, the surface geometry of the cooling channels, and the volume flow rates of the working medium. In addition, the performance of the hybrid collector improved with increasing volume flow rate. Maximum glazing surface temperature has been attained by water collector was 68.2°C, whereas water-based nanofluid has achieved its glazing surface temperature 63.8°C. As a result, the life of the solar panel has been increased significantly. This occurred because an increase in the volume flow rate increased the turbulence of the working medium, thus resulting in better performance of the hybrid collector. Besides, the results also showed that the distribution of working medium in the channel had played a major role in the heat transfer rate. The thermal efficiency was found to vary from 13.9% to 60.7% for all the four-volume flow rates of water. Similarly, thermal efficiency was attained from 16.8% to 79.4% for all the four-volume flow rates of Al2O3 nanofluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. The present study aimed to improve the aqueous solubility, permeability, bioavailability, and nootropic potential of standardized Emblica officinalis extract (EOE) by developing a novel phytosomal formulation. Method. Emblica officinalis extract-loaded phytosomes (EOPs) were prepared using solvent evaporation. The EOP was prepared at different molar ratios of extract and phospholipid. Herein, the effects of phospholipid extract ratio (A), temperature (B), and reaction time (C) were systematically investigated on entrapment efficiency using Box-Behnken design. In vitro and in vivo characterizations of the optimized formulation were performed. Results. Optimized EOP formulation (89.90 ± 0.24 μg/ml) exhibited improved aqueous solubility than plain EOE (11.85 ± 0.25 μg/ml). The optimized formulation's particle size and Zeta potential were 198.4 ± 0.20 nm and −39.0 ± 0.40 mv. DSC and XRD studies confirmed the partial amorphization of EOE in phytosomes. Optimized formulation exhibited 69.82 ± 0.17% of EOE release at 12 h and followed zero-order release kinetics. Moreover, the phytosomal formulation of EOE exhibited its rationality with an improvement of bioavailability by 2.7 folds compared with pure EOE. Compared to EOE, EOP showed significantly ( p < 0.05 lower escape and transfer latencies on both days in MWMT and EPMT, indicating more effective memory-enhancing activity. Furthermore, EOP-treated rats exhibited improved acetylcholine (Ach) levels than EOE. Brain tissue concentrations measured following EOP oral administration (1.06 ± 0.04 μg/ml) were substantially greater (p < 0.05) than those following EOE (0.32 ± 0.07 μg/ml). The brain dopamine and serotonin concentration were found to be higher (16.27 ± 1.209 and 43.28 ± 1.550 ng/ml) in the EOP-treated group as compared to the pure extract-treated group (10.40 ± 1.185 and 32.79 ± 1.738 ng/ml). Conclusion. Improvement of aqueous solubility, permeability, dissolution, bioavailability, and narrower particle size distribution could facilitate enhancement in the nootropic potential of EOE phytosomal formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The findings of the experimental study into optimizing the heat transfer rate of a PCM-based heat sink for high-power LEDs are presented in this work. The study investigated five heat sink types, with and without PCM. The LED case and junction temperatures, LED module temperatures, heat storage and release rate analyses, analyses of three types of cyclic operation modes, luminous flux, and heat sink thermal resistance were all examined independently. The results indicated that the PCM-based LED heat sink had improved thermal performance. The LED junction temperature of the PCM-equipped E-20 heat sink is nine degrees Celsius lower at 10 W than that of the heat sink without PCM. Furthermore, the E-20 heat sink with PCM extends the LED module's critical lifespan. As a bonus, the E-20 with PCM had a 38.19 percent lower thermal resistance at 10 W than the E-20 without PCM. According to these results, the heat sink E-20 emits 715 lm at 10 W when operated without a phase-change material (PCM). With the same input power, the luminous flux of an E-20 equipped with a heat sink and a phase-change material (PCM) is 750 lm, a gain of 4.7%. Finally, clearly recommend the heat E-20 sink with PCM suitable for high-power LED thermal management system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]