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An 8-week growth experiment was conducted to investigate effects of tributyrin (TB) supplementation on growth performance, intestinal digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant capacity, and inflammation-related gene expression of juvenile large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) (initial weight of 12.90 ± 0.02 g) fed diets with high level of Clostridium autoethanogenum protein (CAP). In the negative control diet, 40% fish meal was used as the major source of protein (named as FM), while 45% fish meal protein of FM was substituted with CAP (named as FC) to form a positive control diet. Based on the FC diet, grade levels of 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.8% tributyrin were added to formulate other five experimental diets. Results showed that fish fed diets with high levels of CAP significantly decreased the weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) compared with fish fed the FM diet (P < 0.05). WGR and SGR were significantly higher than in fish fed diets with 0.05% and 0.1% tributyrin that fed the FC diet (P < 0.05). Supplementation of 0.1% tributyrin significantly elevated fish intestinal lipase and protease activities compared to FM and FC diets (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, compared to fish fed the FC diet, fish fed diets with 0.05% and 0.1% tributyrin showed remarkably higher intestinal total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC). Malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the intestine of fish fed diets with 0.05%-0.4% tributyrin was remarkably lower than those in the fish fed the FC diet (P < 0.05). The mRNA expressions of tumor necrosis factor α (tnfα), interleukin-1β (il-1β), interleukin-6 (il-6), and interferon γ (ifnγ) were significantly downregulated in fish fed diets with 0.05%-0.2% tributyrin, and the mRNA expression of il-10 was significantly upregulated in fish fed the 0.2% tributyrin diet (P < 0.05). In regard to antioxidant genes, as the supplementation of tributyrin increased from 0.05% to 0.8%, the mRNA expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (nrf2) demonstrated a trend of first rising and then decreasing. However, the mRNA expression of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (keap1) was remarkably lower in fish fed the FC diet than that fed diets with tributyrin supplementation (P < 0.05). Overall, fish fed tributyrin supplementation diets can ameliorate the negative effects induced by high proportion of CAP in diets, with an appropriate supplementation of 0.1%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with tributyrin (TB) on the growth, serum biochemistry, antioxidant capability and intestinal morphology and structure of golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus). Golden pompano was fed a diet containing four levels of TB (0%, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.4%) for 56 days. The results showed that compared with the group without TB supplementation (the control group), with the addition of 0.2% and 0.4% TB, the final body weight (FBW) and weight gain rate (WGR) were significantly upregulated (p < 0.05), the specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were significantly upregulated and downregulated respectively, with 0.2% TB addition (p < 0.05). In addition, serum levels of alkaline phosphatase (AKP), total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC) and total superoxide dismutase (T‐SOD) were significantly increased, whereas the levels of aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT), malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly decreased with the addition of 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.4% TB (p < 0.05). Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was significantly increased with 0.2% TB (p < 0.05), and glutathione (GSH) was significantly increased with 0.2% and 0.4% TB (p < 0.05). In the liver, T‐AOC, T‐SOD, GPx and GSH were all significantly upregulated, whereas MDA was significantly downregulated by the addition of 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.4% TB (p < 0.05). Moreover, the villus height was significantly increased by the addition of 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.4% in the anterior and posterior intestine (p < 0.05), whereas the villus width was significantly increased by the addition TB level at 0.1% and 0.2% in the anterior intestine and significantly increased only in the posterior intestine with 0.2% TB (p < 0.05). These data suggest that dietary TB can improve serum biochemistry, antioxidant capability, intestinal morphology and structure of golden pompano. However, dietary TB supplementation did not alter the whole‐body composition (crude protein, moisture, ash and crude lipid), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), total cholesterol (T‐CHO), high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C), globulin (GLB), triglyceride (TRIG), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) in the serum and catalase (CAT) in the serum and liver. Moreover, based on the growth performance (WGR) and antioxidant related (MDA) indices in the serum and liver, the appropriate supplementation level of TB in golden pompano was estimated to be 0.25%, 0.29% and 0.32% using quadratic regression analysis respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tributyrin (TB) has applications as a growth and intestinal health promoter for animals. A 10‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the application of TB to relieve the negative effects induced by high cottonseed and rapeseed meal (CRM) in juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus; initial weight 9.59 ± 0.01 g). Grass carp were fed a normal fish meal (FM) diet (positive control [PC], 50 g/kg FM, 340 g/kg CRM), high CRM diet (T0, 20 g/kg FM, 540 g/kg CRM) or a T0 diet supplemented with 500 (T500), 1000 (T1000) and 1500 (T1500) mg/kg TB. The results showed that (1) grass carp fed diet T0 displayed the poorest growth (p <.05), whilst no significant differences in growth performance were observed in those fed diets PC and T1000. (2) Complement 3, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase levels in the T0 group were significantly lower (p <.05) than those in the PC group. The immune indices of fish fed the 1000 or 1500 mg/kg TB diet were significantly higher (p <.05) than those of fish fed the T0 diet, whilst there was no significant difference with PC group. (3) Compared with that of the T0 group, pro‐inflammatory cytokine (il‐6, il‐8, nf‐κb and tlr‐4) expression in the 1000 mg/kg tributyrate group was significantly downregulated, whilst the expression of anti‐inflammatory cytokines (il‐10 and thf‐β) and intestinal tight junction proteins (zo‐1, zo‐2, claudin‐b, claudin‐c and occludin) was significantly upregulated (p <.05). In conclusion, high CRM diets induced negative effects on grass carp, and dietary TB supplementation promoted growth, improved antioxidant capacity and enhanced intestinal barrier function of grass carps. And the optimum supplemental level of TB was 1000 mg/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An 8‐week trial was performed to evaluate tributyrin effects on growth, disease resistance, lipid metabolizing, distal intestinal inflammation‐, tight junctions‐ and apoptosis‐related gene expressions caused by high‐level cottonseed protein concentrate (CPC) substitution of fishmeal. Fish were fed one fishmeal (50% fishmeal) and six CPC diets (27.5% fishmeal and 25.2% CPC). Seven isonitrogenous (48.0%) and isolipidic (9.0%) were formulated to contain 0.0 (FM), 0.0 (S00), 0.2 (S02), 0.4 (S04), 0.8 (S08), 1.6 (S16) and 3.2 (S32) g/kg tributyrin. Fish (initial body weight: 7.3 ± 0.0 g) were randomly assigned to 21 300‐L fiberglass buckets. Results indicated that optimal tributyrin improved weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed utilization, reduced serum triglyceride and total cholesterol levels. Based on Vibrio alginolyticus challenge test, supplementation with 0.4–3.2 mg/kg tributyrin significantly improved percent survival. Optimal tributyrin enhanced distal intestinal development by increasing fold height/intestinal diameter ratio and goblet cell number, and upregulated jam1, claudin3 and ZO‐1; and upregulated TGF‐β1, hepcidin, downregulated TNF‐α, IL‐1β, caspase‐2 and caspase‐8 mRNA levels. Generally, optimal tributyrin could improve growth performance, disease resistance, hepatic lipid metabolism capacity, distal intestinal immunity and tight junctions. Based on SGR, dietary optimal tributyrin supplementation in hybrid grouper was estimated to be 790.0 mg/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effects of dietary tributyrin (TB) on grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), five diets were prepared with supplementing TB at 0 (TB‐0), 200 (TB‐200), 400 (TB‐400), 600 (TB‐600) and 800 (TB‐800) mg/kg and then fed to grass carp with initial body weight of 17.0 ± 0.2 g for 60 days. TB‐400 and TB‐600 groups presented higher weight gain, higher retention of protein, lipid, ash and lower feed conversion ratio than TB‐0 group (p <.05), and TB‐400 group also showed higher digestibility of dry matter and protein as well as intestinal amylase activity than TB‐0 group (p <.05). Compared with the control, the serum superoxide dismutase activity was increased, and malondialdehyde content was decreased in TB‐400 and TB‐600 groups (p <.05), while TB‐200 and TB‐400 groups presented higher serum lysozyme activity than TB‐0 group (p <.05). The villus height in foregut was increased in all the tributyrin‐supplemented groups, but the villus height in midgut was increased only in TB‐400 and T‐600 groups (p <.05). The relative abundance of Erysipelatoclostridium tended to increase, and Aeromonas tended to decrease in TB‐400 group. In conclusion, dietary tributyrin promoted the growth and feed utilization, enhanced serum antioxidant capacity and improved intestinal health of grass carp. Based on growth performance, the appropriate dietary supplementation of tributyrin is 443.5 mg/kg by using quadratic regression analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 6‐week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of adding tributyrin (TB), alone and in combination with fructooligosaccharides (FOS) in high soybean meal (SBM) diets on growth performance, innate immunity and intestinal morphology of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated: positive control diet (PC, containing 250 g/kg fishmeal (FM) and 285 g/kg SBM), control diet (C, containing 125 g/kg FM and 439.2 g/kg SBM) and four experimental diets with 10 g/kg TB (T1), 10 g/kg TB + 1.0 g/kg FOS (T2), 10 g/kg TB + 2.0 g/kg FOS (T3) and 10 g/kg TB + 4.0 g/kg FOS (T4) supplemented to the control diet. The results showed that shrimps fed diet C had the poorest growth, and no significant differences in growth performance and survival rates were observed in shrimps fed diets PC, T1, T3 and T4. Dietary TB supplementation significantly enhanced hepatopancreas trypsin, haemolymph ACP and AKP activities and also improved mucosal thickness (MT) (p <.05). Compared with supplementation of TB alone, the combination of TB and FOS not only further improved the above indicators but also enhanced the villus height (VH), hepatopancreas lipase and haemolymph SOD activities, while hepatopancreas MDA level decreased significantly (p <.05), especially in groups with higher doses of FOS (2 and 4 g/kg). In conclusion, partial FM replacement with SBM had negative effects on shrimp, and TB alone and in combination with FOS can improve the growth performance, innate immunity and maintain healthy intestinal morphology of shrimps fed with high SBM diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Butyrate has received particular attention as growth and health promoters for aquatic organisms. To investigate the effects of dietary tributyrin (TB) on the intestinal function of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fed all‐plant diets, five isoproteinic (320 g kg−1) and isolipidic (70 g kg−1) diets were formulated and fed to common carp (initial body weight about 8.1 g) for 8 weeks. The control diet (D1) contained 120 g kg−1 fishmeal and 500 g kg−1 plant protein blend (soybean, rapeseed and cottonseed meal), while the other four diets contained plant protein blend with TB at 0.5 g kg−1 (D2), 1.0 g kg−1 (D3), 2.0 g kg−1 (D4) and 4.0 g kg−1 (D5), respectively. Ultimately, high growth performance and low feed conversion ratios were observed in the fish fed the D1, D4, and D5 diets. Comparing to the D2 group, the intestinal trypsin, lipase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and lysozyme activities, and the intestinal villi length and density were improved in the D4 and D5 groups (p <.05). Additionally, the transcript level of genes related to antioxidant function (cat, sod and gsh‐px), anti‐inflammatory cytokines (TGFβ and IL10), intestinal tight junction proteins (zo1, occludin, cldn3 and cldn11) and villification genes (cxd1, fat4, bmp2 and klf5) expression were also up‐regulated with the increasing dietary TB supplementation (p <.05). The relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria was decreased in the D2 group compared with the D1 group (p <.05), while these two bacterial abundances were significantly improved in the D4 and D5 groups (p <.05). Functional prediction of microbiota indicated that the Xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism were increased in the high TB treatments (D3–D5) (p <.05). Taken the above results together, it can be concluded that the 2.0 g kg−1–4.0 g kg−1 TB shows the ability to modify the intestinal morphology, health, microbiota profile, leading to high growth performance in common carp fed all‐plant diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 10‐week feed trial was conducted to investigate the effects of tributyrin (TB) supplementation on growth performance, body composition, serum biochemical indexes and lipid metabolism‐related genes expression of juvenile large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) fed diets containing high level of soybean oil. In the negative control group, 80 g/kg fish oil was used as the only lipid source (FO group), while in the positive control group, 20 g/kg fish oil and 60 g/kg soybean oil were used as the lipid source (FS group). Based on the positive control diet, grade levels of 1, 2, 4 and 8 g/kg tributyrin were added, respectively. Results showed that compared with the negative control group, high level of dietary soybean oil significantly decreased the growth performance and increased the liver lipids deposition of juvenile large yellow croaker. Compared with the positive control group, supplementation of 2 g/kg tributyrin significantly increased the growth performance and reduced the liver triglycerides and serum cholesterol content of juvenile large yellow croaker. Supplementation of 4 g/kg tributyrin significantly decreased liver triglycerides and serum cholesterol and free fatty acids content of juvenile large yellow croaker. Moreover, supplementation of 2 and 4 g/kg tributyrin significantly decreased the expression of acc, srebp‐1, and pparγ and significantly increased the expression of cpt1. Results of the present study indicated that moderate tributyrin supplementation in diet containing high level of soybean oil could promote growth performance and reduce liver fat accumulation and hyperlipidemia of cultured juvenile large yellow croaker, which could be due to the decrease in lipogenesis‐related genes expression and the increase in lipid oxidation‐related genes expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six equal‐protein and equal‐lipid diets were formulated: the fish meal (FM) diet, the soya bean meal (SBM) diet with 40% of FM protein replaced by SBM protein and tributyrin (TB) diets with 0.05% (TB0.05), 0.10% (TB0.1), 0.20% (TB0.2) and 0.40% (TB0.4) tributyrin supplemented in the SBM‐based diet. Each kind of diet was randomly fed to triplicate tanks with 20 fish per tank. Fish were fed apparent satiation twice daily for 56 days. No significant difference in weight gain rate (WGR) and feed efficiency rate (FER) was observed between fish fed the FM, TB0.1 and TB0.2 diets (p >.05). Muscle histidine and arginine proportion of fish fed TB0.1 diet was significantly higher than that of fish fed the SBM diet (p <.05). Intestine morphology results indicated that the supplementation of 0.1% tributyrin significantly improved the mucosal fold height, microvilli length and microvilli density when compared with those of fish fed the SBM diet (p <.05). The supplementation of dietary tributyrin suppressed the pro‐inflammatory gene expression, which may be due to the improvement of physical barrier and modification of microbial communities, such as Acinetobacter, Rhodocyclaceae, Brevundimonas, Sphingopyxis, Hydrogenophaga, Methyloversatilis and Devosia. In conclusion, dietary 0.1% tributyrin supplementation in high‐soya bean meal diet improved growth performance, flesh quality and intestinal morphology structure integrity of yellow drum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An 8‐week growth trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of tributyrin supplementation in a high‐soya bean meal diet on juvenile black sea bream (11.30 ± 0.16 g). The positive control (PC) diet contained 45% fishmeal and 20% soya bean meal, while the negative control (NC) contained 12% fishmeal and 45% soya bean meal. Graded levels of tributyrin were added to the NC diet at 0.05% (TB 0.05), 0.1% (TB 0.1), 0.2% (TB 0.2), 0.4% (TB 0.4) and 0.8% (TB 0.8). Ultimately, the fish fed the PC diet had a higher weight gain and specific growth rate than the fish fed other diets. The fish fed the NC diet had the lowest growth, and TB 0.05–TB 0.2 diets increased growth performance while TB 0.4–TB 0.8 diets caused reduction in growth. Dietary tributyrin supplementation improved protease activity and enhanced antioxidant capacity. Compared with the fish fed the NC diet, the fish fed the tributyrin‐supplemented diets had improved gut morphology and structure, and the results were similar to those of the fish fed the PC diet. Furthermore, the analysis of the dose response with second‐order polynomial regression indicated that the optimum tributyrin supplementation for juvenile black sea bream is 2.24 g/kg in the 45% soya bean meal diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 60‐day feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of chromium yeast (CY), tributyrin (TB) and bile acid (BA) on the snakehead (Channa argus). The control (CT) group was fed the basal diet, and the experimental groups were fed 200 mg/kg CY (concentration: 1,000 mg/kg), 2.5 g/kg TB (purity: 45%) or 1 g/kg BA (purity: 30%) in addition to the basal diet. The addition of CY, TB and BA statistically increased the weight gain rate, and specific growth rate, whereas the feeding rate and feed conversion ratio were significantly reduced (p < 0.05). When compared with the CT group, TB elevated the serum glutathion peroxidase (GSH‐Px) activity; and BA reduced low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) contents significantly (p < 0.05). The three feed additives reduced intestinal malonaldehyde (MDA) levels dramatically. Tributyrin significantly enhanced intestinal trypsin and pepsin activities (p < 0.05). The activity of fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase and pyruvate carboxylase in the group fed CY was significantly lower than in the CT group. In conclusion, dietary inclusion of the three additives enhanced growth performance of C. argus. Dietary supplementation of CY affected protein, glucose and lipid metabolism. Diets with TB levels improved intestinal digestive enzyme activity and antioxidant capacity. The addition of BA improved glycolipid metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lipolytic activities of 300 Streptomyces isolates were determined in Tributyrin and Rhodamine-B Agar. Lipase activities were also measured with p-nitrophenyl palmitate (p-NPP) as a substrate. The strain of Streptomyces bambergiensis OC 25-4 used in this study was selected among 300 strains of Streptomyces from MUCC as the best lipase producer. The incubation conditions were optimized and the inoculum amount, incubation period, effect of carbon and nitrogen sources, and rates of MgSO4 and CaCO3 were investigated. LipSB 25-4 (the lipase produced by S. bambergiensis OC 25-4 strain) was partially purified with ammonium sulphate precipitation, dialysis, and gel filtration chromatography 2.73-fold and with 92.12 U/mg specific activity. The optimal pH and temperature for LipSB 25-4 were determined as 8.0 and 50°C, respectively. The lipase has high stability in all pH and temperature values used in this study. While LipSB 25-4 was slightly activated in the presence of β-mercaptoethanol, it was slightly reduced by PMSF. The enzyme conserved approximately 75% of its activity at the end of 60 h, in the presence of methanol and ethanol. Since LipSB 25-4 displays high activity in the thermophilic conditions and stability in the presence of organic solvents, this lipase can catalyse the biodiesel production from olive oil by the transesterification reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]