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Recent applications like mmWave technologies require antenna characteristics such as high gain and wide bandwidth for smooth operation with high speed. Hence, this paper presents a novel pi‐shaped patch antenna framed within a square structure for mmWave applications at 28 GHz. In the process of designing a four‐element linear‐planar antenna array (LPAA), a thin single antenna element is designed on a 0.275 mm Rogers 5880 substrate with a dielectric constant of 2.2. The proposed single‐element antenna provides a gain of 3 dBi at 28 GHz and a wide impedance bandwidth ranging from 22.482 GHz to 40.511 GHz. Then, this proposed structure is transformed into a four‐element LPAA with a compact dimension of 0.263 mm × 18.55 mm × 23.99 mm. To enhance and predict the impedance bandwidth of the proposed LPAA, mathematical modeling using response surface methodology and constrained numerical optimization is applied. In the optimization process of the antenna, independent factors such as substrate height (Hs) and interelement spacing (d) that influence the antenna's responses such as impedance bandwidth (BW) and operating frequency (Fr) are considered. These factors are varied repeatedly and simulated using computer simulation technology (CST) suite 2019 for preparing the dataset, which is used as an input for mathematical modeling. Then, response surface methodology (RSM) is employed to relate the responses with independent factors. Models are validated using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The optimum parameters determined by applying constrained numerical optimization are substrate height (Hs) and interelement spacing (d) of values 0.263 mm and 5.61 mm, respectively. The optimized LPAA provides a wide bandwidth of 11 GHz and a peak gain of 9.25 dBi. The antenna also gives radiation efficiency of ≥98.5% and VSWR of less than 2 in its operating frequency range. The results included here are simulated using the CST EM solver and validated using the Ansys High‐Frequency Simulation Software (HFSS). The proposed antenna provides high gain and wide bandwidth, which makes it a good candidate for 5G wireless communication applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet of Vehicles can improve driving and riding experience, provide information needs, reduce environmental pollution, and improve transportation efficiency, thereby promoting the rapid development and application of intelligent transportation. Especially through the advantages of the rapidity of information exchange and the flexibility of real‐time data processing, an autonomous vehicle can provide barrier‐free, safe, and sustainable transportation. At present, the rapid progress of the Internet of Things has promoted the continuous development of a fully autonomous vehicle. However, the autonomous vehicle network uses wireless communication technology, and the openness of its communication channel makes the communication process vulnerable to various security attacks. Therefore, this paper proposes a practical and efficient secure communication in the autonomous vehicle. This scheme utilizes elliptic curve cryptography, which can protect the security of multiparty communication between vehicle, cloud server, and user with lower computation and communication overhead. This paper provides security verification for the scheme by using Scyther. An informal security analysis shows that this scheme can resist multiple attacks. Through a comparative analysis and performance evaluation of the schemes, we found that the scheme improves security while maintaining efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the failure problems of integrated circuit (IC) caused by higher package density, thinner package, and more heat sources, taking a multichip module (MCM) for receiver front end as an example, the 3-D model is established based on ANSYS Parametric Design Language (APDL). Then, the steady-state thermal analysis is achieved to complete the automatic calculation of thermal characteristic. As a result, the temperature, stress, and deformation are investigated in details, and its temperature distribution, stress distribution, deformation distribution, and reliability variations of this MCM under different powers and temperatures can be obtained. This can provide important theoretical reference for the chip package optimization. Different from other studies which only focus on temperature or stress, it is more comprehensive and systematic for the thermal characteristic analysis of MCM. Meanwhile, this MCM is also representative for wireless communication system. It is of great significance to optimize the layout design and improve the thermal characteristic for IC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents, for the first time, the implementation of a pattern reconfigurable Yagi-Uda antenna utilizing radio frequency identification (RFID) technology for remote pattern control. The proposed scheme emphasizes the use of wireless communication instead of long metal cables, resulting in improved stability of the antenna's pattern and return loss. Two low-power consumption single-pole-double-throw (SPDT) switches are employed on a passive resonator, enabling it to function as a director or reflector under the long-range control (up to 25 m) of an RFID reader. Measurement results demonstrate a −10 dB impedance bandwidth of 4.2% and a gain of 7 dBi at 2.41 GHz. The entire system operates with an ultra-low power consumption of 12 μW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beamforming is a technique commonly used in wireless communication systems to enhance the signal quality of a receiver. In this study, we compare the performance of an encoder-based beamformer with convolutional neural network (CNN) and minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) approaches in terms of signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR). Our results show that the encoder-based approach achieved an average SINR of 25.82 dB, while the CNN approach achieved an average SINR of 22.40 dB and the MVDR approach achieved an average SINR of 17.64 dB. The performance of the encoder-based approach was found to be superior to that of the CNN approach but much superior to that of the MVDR approach. The encoder-based approach outperformed the CNN approach by 3.42 dB and MVDR approach by 8.18 dB on average. In addition, the unique contribution of our encoder-based approach is presenting a new perspective on beamforming in mmWave communication. We further discuss its potential impact on addressing challenges related to LEO satellite systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key technologies in 5G and future 6G, such as millimeter wave massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), relies accurate channel state information (CSI). However, when the number of base station (BS) antenna increases or the number of users is large, it is rather resource-consuming to obtain the CSI. Channel knowledge map (CKM) is an emerging environment-aware wireless communication technology, which stores the physical coordinates of BS and reference locations together with the corresponding channel path information. This makes it possible to obtain CSI with light or even without pilots, which can significantly reduce the overhead of channel estimation and improve system performance, especially suitable for quasi-static wireless environments with relatively stable channels and communication systems using millimeter waves, terahertz waves, visible light, and so on. The main challenge for CKM is how to construct an accurate CKM based on finite measurement data points at limited reference locations. In this work, we proposed a novel CKM construction method based on path matching and environmental partitioning (PMEP-CC) to address the above issues. Specifically, we first sort the propagation paths between reference locations, map them to a high-dimensional space to establish the path correlation coefficient between two reference locations. Then, the communication region are divided into different subregions based on its spatial correlation. Finally, the path information at locations where no measurements are available are estimated based on the known path information within the subregion to construct CKM. Numerical results are provided to show the performance of the proposed method over related studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a wideband cavity-backed slot antenna array designed for X-band wireless communication systems. The antenna element consists of a circular slot combined with a cross-slotted patch; both are fed by an L-shaped microstrip line through proximity coupling to extend the impedance bandwidth and gain. The reduction of beam squint in the radiation patterns, caused by the asymmetric feed line, is achieved through intelligent optimization of the dimensions and position of the cross slot on the patch. Additionally, a back cavity is included to provide unidirectional radiation and enhance gain. The antenna exhibits right-hand circularly polarized (RHCP) radiation patterns with high gain over a wideband frequency range. To further improve the axial ratio (AR) bandwidth and gain, the antenna is utilized in a 2 × 2 array configuration with a sequential rotation feed network. The overall dimensions of the proposed array are 1.42 λ 0 × 1.42 λ 0 × 0.45 λ 0 , where λ 0 represents the wavelength at the center frequency of 10 GHz. The fabricated array is then tested, and the measurements show an impedance bandwidth of 60% (7 GHz-13 GHz) with S 11 < − 10 dB, a 3 dB AR bandwidth of 42% (7.45-11.65 GHz), and a peak gain of 11.14 dB. The simulated and measured results exhibit good agreement, validating the effectiveness of the design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In wireless communication, the channel function estimated commonly has errors due to the influence of noise, so traditional channel estimation methods cannot accurately estimate the real channel function. Aiming at this problem, we propose a channel estimation method that combines sounding reference signal (SRS) remapping with the deep-learning network BRD_ESRNet. BRD_ESRNet consists of image denoising using a deep convolutional neural network with batch renormalization (BRDNet) and an expanded superresolution convolutional neural network (ESRCNN). At the transmitter side, we first map the SRS into four-box structures, and then, the four-box structures are scattered distribution throughout the time-frequency resource block. At the receiver side, we first perform the modified least squares (LS) estimation based on the four-box structure and place the result into the top-left resource unit of the four box. Then, we perform linear interpolation for the whole resource block. Finally, we equate the estimated channel matrix to a low-resolution image containing noise and input it to BRD_ESRNet. Thus, we obtain data with high resolution and achieve the purpose of reducing the estimation error of the channel function. The experimental results show that the proposed method in this paper has a significant improvement in performance compared to the methods of Soltani et al. and Nithya et al. In this paper, the methods of Soltani et al. and Nithya et al. are referred to as methods 1 and 2, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an efficient, coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed printed circular ring fractal ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna is presented for biomedical applications. In UWB technology, short-range wireless communication is possible with low transceiving power, a characteristic that is particularly advantageous in the context of microwave and millimeter-wave (mmWave) medical imaging. In the proposed antenna configuration, the UWB response is achieved by introducing wedged slots in the radiating patch, designed on a low-loss substrate. A CPW partial ground plane is truncated from the edges to optimize the antenna impedance. Experimental results indicate the antenna's robust performance across the frequency range of 3.2–20 GHz. The well-matched measured and simulated results confirm our contribution's employability. Furthermore, a time-domain study offers valuable insights into how the antenna responds to transient signals, highlighting its responsiveness and adaptability to biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the implementation of a triple band microstrip patch antenna based on modified split ring resonator (SRR) and modified complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) as defected ground plane. The antenna is designed in a FR4 substrate of dielectric constant 4.4 with dimensions as 35 mm × 35 mm × 1.6 mm that comprises a total designed antenna volume of 1960 mm3. Multiband operation is introduced in the antenna through multiple resonators that are introduced in the patch. Impedance matching was provided with the help of partial ground plane and modified SRR in patch. The simulation performance of the antenna is verified using high frequency structural simulator (HFSS) software. The designed antenna resonates at 2.8 GHz, 5.8 GHz, and 6.9 GHz for the application requirements of WiMAX, ISM, and Sub-7 GHz wireless communication. The antenna is fabricated as printed circuit board (PCB) format, and its return loss characteristics are measured using a vector network analyser (VNA). The measurement results of the proposed triband antenna are in good agreement with simulated return loss characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In cellular wireless communication systems, channel estimation (CE) plays a pivotal role as a crucial technique applied in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation. CE utilizes a variety of methods, including decision-directed channel estimation, pilot-assisted channel estimation (PACE), and blind channel estimation. Among these options, PACE is widely favored for its remarkable stability and consistent superior performance. The idea of massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) shows tremendous potential for the future of wireless communications. However, existing massive MIMO systems face challenges with their high computational complexity and intricate spatial structures, preventing efficient utilization of channel and sparsity features in these multiantenna systems. In communication channels, the signal received is often influenced by the characteristics of the channel and noise present at the receiver. To address this issue, an efficient dataset is utilized, employing the least square (LS) algorithm for minimization. OFDM is a commonly and widely used modulation method in communication systems utilized to specifically combat resonance fading in wireless channels. In wireless communication systems employing OFDM-MIMO, frequency selectivity and time-varying attributes due to multipath channels cause Intercarrier Interference (ICI) among symbols. Channel estimation is a vital aspect for mitigating the effects of fading channels. This investigation focuses on the application of a method examined in the study, which involves a block-type pilot symbol-assisted estimation technique for Rayleigh and Rician fading channel models. The research assesses the performance of the least square (LS) channel estimators in fast-fading channel models while employing various symbol mapping techniques focusing on bit error rate, throughput, and mean square error. The results indicate that the LS estimator exhibits excellent performance in Rayleigh and AWGN channels within the pedestrian A (PedA) model for both uplink and downlink scenarios. It outperforms the PedA model without channel estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellular signaling data have become increasingly indispensable in analyzing residents' travel characteristic. Especially with the enhancement of positioning quality in 4G-LTE and 5G wireless communication systems, it is expected that the identification accuracy of fine-grained travel modes will achieve an optimal level. However, due to data privacy issues, the empirical evaluation of the performance of different identification methods is not yet sufficient. This paper builds a travel mode identification model that utilizes the gated recurrent unit (GRU) neural network. With 24 features as input, this method can identify four traffic modes, including walking, bicycle, car, and bus. Moreover, in cooperation with the operator, we organized an experiment collecting cellular signaling data, as well as the corresponding GPS data. Using the collected dataset as ground-truth data, the performance of the method presented in this paper and other popular methods is verified and compared. The results indicate that the GRU-based method has a better performance, with a precision, recall, and F score of 90.5%. Taking F score as an example, the outcome of the GRU-based method is about 6% to 7% higher than methods based on other machine learning algorithms. Considering the identification accuracy and model training time comprehensively, the method suggested in this paper outperforms the other three deep learning-based methods, namely, recurrent neural network (RNN), long short-term memory network (LSTM), and bidirectional long short-term memory network (Bi-LSTM). This study may provide some insights for the application and development of cellular signaling-based travel information collection technology for residents in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The review focuses on the emergence of 5G wireless communication and the need for multiple-input multiple-output antennas to support high-speed communication systems. The article discusses the advantages of MIMO antennas, including increased channel capacity and the ability to focus radio frequency energy on specific users. However, the challenges of creating compact MIMO antennas with ideal isolation are addressed, including short wavelengths, connection losses, constrained bandwidth, and path losses in the millimeter-wave range. Design techniques and methods to enhance the performance of conventional antennas for 5G applications are discussed, along with potential solutions for upcoming challenges. The article provides an overview of MIMO antennas for 5G applications, covering frequency bands, system architecture, advantages, challenges, advancements, performance enhancement techniques, design techniques, and state-of-the-art developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The WiFi-5 band was the most popular WiFi band until the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) announced a new spectrum of 6 GHz WiFi (5.925–7.125 GHz) for unlicensed users. Our proposed work is about to cover both the 5 GHz and 6 GHz WiFi bands. These two bands have a great impact in the wireless communication field. A low-loss Rogers RT 5880 material is used as the substrate layer, which helps us to make the antenna compact (23 × 40 × 0.79 mm3) keeping a good performance profile over the latest high-speed WiFi-5/6 band. The proposed antenna covers a huge bandwidth (simulated BW: 2.85 GHz ranging from 4.50 to 7.35 GHz and measured BW: 2.83 GHz ranging from 4.50 to 7.33 GHz), which can be used for the latest WiFi-5 and WiFi-6 routers. The antenna also has omnidirectional properties. Besides that, the gain and directivity of the antenna are quite good, and the measured results buttress the simulated results. The presented different detail parametric studies indicate the antenna's optimization level, which is excellent. The minimum values of reflection coefficient and voltage standing wave ratio make it a compatible candidate for the implementation of high-speed WiFi-5/6 routers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an antipodal linearly tapered slot antenna (ALTSA) array with the newly emerging substrate-integrated coaxial line (SICL) technology. Each element of the proposed array consists of two vertically stacked antipodal tapered slot antennas (TSA) with the inner conductor of a SICL as the shared fin. The vertical symmetry of this radiating element structure significantly suppresses the cross-polarization level. By employing a SICL-based power splitter with differential outputs, a two-element array with horizontal symmetry is formed. With the inner conductors of two parallel SICLs combined as the flaring metal shared by adjacent tapered slots, the main beam squint is effectively suppressed. Experimental results show an actual −10-dB impedance bandwidth (BW) of 24.5∼34.4 GHz, and the realized gain range measured is 16.1∼18.7 dBi. The cross-polarization levels are −39.4 dB/−40.7 dB at 30 GHz for the E-/H-planes. The measured results agree well with the simulated data which demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed SICL-based ALTSA scheme in the potential 5 G·millimeter-wave (mmWave) applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Security issues are always considered in systems with wireless networks. However, few of them investigated covert signals existing on different communication channels to confuse advisories. In this paper, we consider the cooperation between two energy-constrained agents, who could inject covert signals. First, the system performance is measured by Kullback–Leibler divergence (KLD) to avoid much deviation. Then, the cooperative game between two agents is considered, in which two agents share the common goal at confusing advisories. More formally, this cooperative game is formulated as a Markov decision process (MDP) and the most economic strategies are obtained through reinforcement learning (RL) under the imperfect information. Finally, the feasibility of theoretical results is demonstrated on the interconnected New England test system (NETS) as well as its reduced system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the widespread availability of Wi-Fi in various settings, including universities, enterprises, and large shopping centers, has become increasingly prevalent. The user's time and location information embedded in wireless network systems can reveal individual and group social relationships, which indirectly reflect each person's psychological well-being. However, due to challenges in obtaining complete data, the high complexity of related data, and the absence of suitable data analysis models, few studies have analyzed student social behavior using data from university campus networks. This paper employs real-world data from a renowned Chinese university's wireless campus network for in-depth analysis and introduces a novel multiangle semantic trajectory similarity (MA-STS) algorithm to infer the intimacy and relationship types (such as teacher-student, friends, classmates, or romantic partners) between users. The experiments demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves an accuracy of over 95%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a wearable dual-band T-shaped antenna using a coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed operating at 2.4 GHz and 5.2 GHz bands is proposed for onbody wireless communications applications. Without the metamaterial-based electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) layer, the original antenna covers two bands from 1.96 GHz to 2.77 GHz and from 5.07 GHz to 5.35 GHz. The antenna efficiency decreases when it is placed on the human arm due to the interference from the human body to the antenna, as shown by a high specific absorption rate (SAR) value. These SAR values are reduced to 77.1% at 2.4 GHz and 91.7% at 5.2 GHz by the proposed EBG. The antenna gain is therefore improved to 1.4 dBi at 2.4 GHz and 6.25 dBi at 5.2 GHz. The antenna prototype is evaluated using a Wi-Fi wearable device, resulting in an improved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 6-12 dB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transmitting signal of wireless communication system is impaired by the nonlinearity of RF power amplifier (PA) which leads to signal distortion and spectrum spillover, by which the signal transmission quality is affected. Digital predistortion (DPD) is an efficient and economical way to correct the nonlinear effects of power amplifiers. The recursive least square (RLS) recognition algorithm is commonly used to extract the correction coefficients of the DPD model, and the accuracy of the extraction directly affects the system performance. In this paper, a new variable forgetting factor identification algorithm (new variable forgetting factor recursive least square, NVFFRLS) is proposed for recursive least square (RLS) identification algorithm. The 64-QAM signal is combined with a memory polynomial (MP) predistortion model for predistortion system simulation. The experimental results show that, compared with the RLS identification algorithm and two kinds of variable forgetting factor RLS identification algorithms, the algorithm has smaller estimation error, faster convergence, and better tracking capability, stability, and adaptability; the predistortion system based on NVFFRLS identification algorithm can compensate the nonlinear memory effects of power amplifier more effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless communication integration is related to many challenges such as reliability, quality of service, communication range, and energy consumption. As the overall performance of wireless sensor networks (WSN) will be improved if the capacity of each sensor node is optimized, several techniques are used to fine-tune the various circuits of each node. In recent works, the wake-up receiver nodes have been introduced to minimize latencies without increasing energy consumption. To overcome the sensitivity of wake-up receiver limitations, a design of a low-noise amplifier (LNA) with several design specifications is required. This article discusses the relevance of the wake-up receiver in WSN applications and provides a brief study of this component. An LNA design for WSN wake-up receiver applications is presented. The challenging task of the LNA design is to provide equitable trade-off performances such as noise figure, gain, power consumption, impedance matching, and linearity. The LNA circuit is designed for wireless personal area network (WLAN) standards utilizing RF-TSMC CMOS 0.18 μm. Two innovative techniques are applied to the LNA topology to improve its performance: forward body biasing is used to reduce power consumption by 11.43 mW, and substrate resistance is added to reduce noise by 1.8 dB. The developed LNA achieves a noise figure of 1.6 dB and a power gain of 21.7 dB at 5.2 GHz. At 0.6 V, the designed LNA dissipates 0.87 mW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel approach, based on the whale optimization algorithm (WOA), for channel estimation in wireless communication systems. The proposed method provides a means to accurately estimate the wireless channel, while not requiring the statistical characteristics of the channel. This method uses the WOA to search for the best channel statistical characteristics toward the ultimate goal of having the smallest bit error rate (BER). The proposed approach is aimed at enhancing the efficiency of pilot-based OFDM systems under frequency-selective fading channels used in the performance testing of 5G New Radio gNodeB. In terms of BER and mean square error (MSE), the performance of the proposed WOA-based channel estimation algorithm is evaluated and compared with the conventional least square (LS) and minimum mean square error (MMSE) algorithms. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm provides highly competitive performance over the MMSE algorithm and significantly outperforms the LS algorithm in a variety of system configurations. Since the requirement on prior channel statistics information makes the MMSE algorithm impractical or extremely complex, the proposed WOA-based channel estimation algorithm should be a suitable and promising candidate for dealing with channel estimation problems. The simulation framework is implemented in MATLAB and available upon request. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large companies are increasingly providing their services over interdomain data centers. Such large-scale wireless communication networks carry various applications, including both online time-sensitive services and offline bandwidth-sensitive services. These applications share the same physical links but have different bandwidth requirements at different time, making the coscheduling problem a key challenge in improving the overall network utility. Most existing commercial systems reserve peak value bandwidth for online time-sensitive services to ensure the quality of service and use the leftover bandwidth to transmit offline data in a best-effort manner. Such systems cannot obtain high link utilizations because of the nonstationarity of online traffic. To solve this problem, we present a dynamic isolated transmission (DIT) system in this paper, where a sliding- k algorithm is designed to predict online traffic, and a bottleneck bypass routing scheme is proposed to schedule the mixed traffic in a shared inter-DC wireless communication network. We conduct a series of experiments in an experimental inter-DC wireless communication network to analyze for efficient network operation of the DIT and compare its performance with typical existing fix-bandwidth-based solutions including Microsoft's SWAN. The results show that DIT outperforms existing solutions, improving the interdomain link utilization by 18% and the intradomain link utilization by 65%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the important applications of Internet of Health Things (IoHT) technology in the field of healthcare, wireless body area network (WBAN) has been widely used in medical therapy, and it can not only monitor and record physiological information but also transmit the data collected by sensor devices to the server in time. However, due to the unreliability and vulnerability of wireless network communication, as well as the limited storage and computing resources of sensor nodes in WBAN, a lot of authentication protocols for WBAN have been devised. In 2021, Alzahrani et al. designed an anonymous medical monitoring protocol, which uses lightweight cryptographic primitives for WBAN. However, we find that their protocol is defenseless to off-line identity guessing attacks, known-key attacks, and stolen-verifier attacks and has no perfect forward secrecy. Therefore, a patient monitoring protocol for WBAN in IoHT is proposed. We use security proof under the random oracle model (ROM) and automatic verification tool ProVerif to demonstrate that our protocol is secure. According to comparisons with related protocols, our protocol can achieve both high computational efficiency and security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional jamming methods mainly focus on the optimization of a single domain, such as frequency domain. However, in the practical wireless communication, the jamming methods in single dimension domain are limited and difficult to cope with multidomain scenarios. To overcome these issues, this paper investigates the problem of joint decision-making for jamming channel and power in a dynamic spectrum environment. Firstly, the Markov decision process (MDP) is used to formulate the jamming channel and power joint selection problem. Then, a deep reinforcement learning- (DRL-) based jamming algorithm is proposed with the function of parallel learning and joint decision-making. Specially, to accelerate the learning speed of the algorithm, the prioritized experience reply (PER) technology is introduced. Finally, a practical jamming testbed is built to evaluate the proposed algorithm. The simulation results and the testbed results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, which can guarantee the jamming effect and maximize the utilization of jamming resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve the problems that the handover key in the handover authentication protocol of 5 G-R wireless communication system under the next-generation high-speed railway does not have forward security and authentication efficiency is low, a novel 5 G-R handover authentication and key agreement algorithm is proposed. First, the authentication information is used to replace the identity information in the handover request message, which overcomes the shortcomings of the clear text transmission of the identity information. Second, a handover key update strategy based on lattice theory is designed. The dynamic update and forward and backward security of the handover key are realized by using the feature function and the auxiliary module function on the lattice. Third, the message authentication code is added to realize mutual authentication between communication parties, which can effectively prevent replay, the man in the middle, and other malicious attacks. Finally, the strand space formalization method is used for security verification. The results show that the proposed method not only has higher security and efficiency than other comparison methods but also can meet the high-security requirements of the next-generation 5 G-R handover authentication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, multicarrier modulation schemes are being widely used in wireless communication system than single-carrier modulation techniques. Single-carrier modulation schemes are less capable of dealing with multipath fading channels than multicarrier modulation schemes, which results in lower spectral efficiency. Multicarrier modulation schemes have the ability to overcome multipath fading channels. Multicarrier modulation technique currently used in 4G technology in many countries is OFDM and it is easy for implementation, immune to interference, and provide fast data rate. However, the rising users demand on wireless communication resulted in need for further advancement of wireless communication system. The present OFDM transmission does not fulfill the requirements of 5G wireless communication system and beyond due to major limitations such as out of band emission and usage of cyclic prefix. To overcome the challenges of OFDM, different modulation schemes like Filter Bank Multicarrier with Offset-QAM, Filter Bank Multicarrier with QAM, Universal Filter Multicarrier, Filtered-OFDM, and Weighted Overlap and Added-OFDM are proposed. In this study, the Filter Bank Multicarrier with QAM using Hermite prototype filter is proposed to overcome drawbacks of OFDM and all other proposed waveforms. The performances of each multicarrier technique are analyzed based on power spectral density and bit error rate. Simulation result shows that the power spectral density of FBMC with QAM using Hermite filter resulted in 4.7 dB reduction of out of band emission compared to FBMC with QAM using PHYDYAS filter. The bit error rate is also reduced for Vehicular A, Vehicular B, Pedestrian A, and Pedestrian B channel models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multitrack music generation technology is becoming more and more mature, but the existing generation technology cannot reach the desired effect in terms of harmony and matching degree, and most of the generated music does not conform to the music theory knowledge. In order to solve these problems, we propose a multitrack music generation network based on transformer to produce music with high musicality under the guidance of music theory rules. This paper uses an improved version of transformer to learn the information inside a single-track sequence and between different tracks. Then, a combination of music theory rules and crossentropy loss is used to guide the training of the generated network, and the well-designed loss objective function is optimized while the discrimination network is trained. Compared with other multitrack music generation models, the validity of our model is proved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, cooperative communication (CC) technology has emerged as a hotspot for testing wireless communication networks (WCNs), and it will play an important role in the spectrum utilization of future wireless communication systems. Instead of running node transmissions at full capacity, this design will distribute available paths across multiple relay nodes to increase the overall throughput. The modeling WCNs coordination processes, as a recurrent mechanism and recommending a deep learning-based transfer choice, propose a recurrent neural network (RNN) process-based relay selection in this research article. This network is trained according to the joint receiver and transmitter outage likelihood and shared knowledge, and without the use of a model or prior data, the best relay is picked from a set of relay nodes. In this study, we make use of the RNN to do superdimensional (high-layered) processing and increase the rate of learning and also have a neural network (NN) selection testing to study the communication device, find out whether or not it can be used, find out how much the system is capable of, and look at how much energy the network needs. In these simulations, it has been shown that the RNN scheme is more effective on these targets and allows the design to keep converged over a longer period of time. We will compare the accuracy and efficiency of our RNN processed-based relay selection methods with long short-term memory (LSTM), gated recurrent units (GRU), and bidirectional long short-term memory (BLSTM),which are all acronyms for long short-term memory methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive radios can significantly improve the spectral efficiency of wireless communications. Spectrum sensing is a key function of cognitive radios to prevent the harmful interference with licensed users. This paper considers the cooperative spectrum sensing in 230 MHz electric wireless private networks. First, the statistical distribution of the sample covariance matrix of the received signals is investigated. Then, taking the ratio of the sum of absolute values of the off-diagonal elements of the sample covariance matrix to that of the diagonal elements as the decision metric, an improved covariance absolute value (ICAV) cooperative sensing algorithm is proposed. After that, a performance analysis concerning the probabilities of false alarm and detection is carried out. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the ICAV algorithm possesses an accurate decision threshold and is robust to the noise uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the design and development of a semitransparent antenna that can be used in automotive applications to support multiple wireless services. The proposed quad-port multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna is comprised of four orthogonally arranged identical semitransparent antenna elements on a transparent substrate. The MIMO antenna covers the 2.4 GHz band and 3.2–15 GHz band, supporting automotive/wireless applications such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, intelligent transport system (ITS), advanced driver assistance systems (ADASs), vehicle to infrastructure (V2I), vehicle to vehicle (V2V), vehicle to network (V2N), and vehicle to device (V2D). The parameters such as envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), diversity gain (DG), total active reflection coefficient (TARC), and channel capacity loss (CCL) are studied to evaluate antenna diversity performance. The antenna has an ECC of less than 0.15, DG of more than 9.85 dB, TARC of less than −10 dB, and CCL of less than 0.2 bits/s/Hz. The developed antenna can be easily installed on the mirror and windshield of the vehicles. Also, the housing effect and on-vehicle performance of the antenna at various positions in a car are investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the 5G-R wireless communication system of the next-generation high-speed railway, there is a problem of single algorithm consideration when handover is carried out. In high-speed environment, it is easily affected by handover risk, which leads to the problem of low handover success. To solve the above problems, this study proposed a next-generation high-speed railway handover decision algorithm, which is based on improved Criteria Importance through Intercrieria Correlation and Technology for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (CRITIC-TOPSIS) theory. Firstly, considering the factors of reference signal receiving power (RSRP), reference signal receiving quality (RSRQ), and co-frequency interference, an improved CRITIC-TOPSIS multi-attribute joint handover decision method is proposed, which overcomes the problem of single consideration of handover. Then, a handover risk assessment model based on prospect theory is constructed, and the handover risks of trains triggered at different positions are analyzed. Finally, the comprehensive utility value of train handover is obtained by normalization, and the optimal handover position is recommended according to the comprehensive utility value, so as to complete the handover. The experimental results show that the success rate of train handover exceeds 99.5% in viaduct, urban area, open area, and mountainous area. In addition, under different operation scenarios, when the train runs at a speed of 200 km/h to 500 km/h, the handover success rate can be between 99.51% and 99.68%. The proposed method can meet the requirement that the success rate of quality of service (QoS) of 5G-R wireless communication system is greater than 99.5%. The research results provide a theoretical reference for the evolution of the next-generation 5G-R high-speed railway system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a key technology for highly reliable communication in the fifth generation mobile communication for railway (5G-R) high-speed railway wireless communication system, once the handover fails, it will pose a serious risk to the safe operation of high-speed railway. As the speed of high-speed trains continues to increase, the handover will become more frequent, and how to improve the success rate of the handover is a key problem that needs to be solved. In this paper, we proposed an optimization algorithm based on the interval type 2 feature selection recurrent fuzzy neural network (T2RFS-FNN), which is a recurrent fuzzy neural network with interval type 2 feature selection, to address the problem of fixed hysteresis threshold and single consideration for the handover algorithm between the control plane and the user plane of the high-speed railway under 5G-R. The algorithm integrates reference signal receiving power (RSRP). Reference signal receiving quality (RSRQ) and throughput to optimise the hysteresis threshold. First, a feedforward neural network structure is designed to implement fuzzy logic inference, and an interval type-two Gaussian subordination function is used to improve the nonlinear expressiveness of the model. Then, a feature selection layer is added to determine the output of the affiliation function, which completes the optimization of the hysteresis threshold and overcomes the drawback of the fixed hysteresis threshold of the handover algorithm. Finally, simulation analysis of the control-plane and user-plane handover algorithms is carried out separately. The results show that the proposed method can effectively improve the success rate and reduce the ping-pong handover rate compared to the comparison algorithms. The results provide a theoretical reference for the speedup of high-speed railway trains and the evolution of the global system for mobile communications for railway (GSM-R) to 5G-R. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, WSN (wireless sensor networks) are used in every aspect of life. It consists of tiny sensor nodes that are capable of sensing, aggregating, dispensation, and sending data for end-user queries. Two major constraints in WSN are power consumption and reliability. As we know, power is limited per sensor node, so efficient utilization of power is needed all the way. Another constraint is reliability. Both constraints are in conflict with each other. If we try to increase reliability by sending the same packet on a different path, then it will increase power consumption. Many algorithms have been defined in the past to reduce power consumption and have reliable transmission. Basically, there are two types of reliability mechanisms: packet reliability and occurrence reliability. Package reliability explains about all packages must be reached at the destination. Event reliability ensures that at least one event should be successful in a specific region. This paper proposes an analysis model to evaluate the reliability of wireless sensor networks. In addition, this paper has proposed a reliability technique for events. The proposed algorithm has been simulated, analyzed, and compared with the already-published algorithms, namely BaseModel, SWIA, and ERP techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turns of coil antenna with ferrite core is the most critical parameter when designing receiving coil antennas for wireless magnetic inductive communication. According to the adjustment of turns, the self‐inductance, self‐resistance, and mutual inductance of the coil will change respectively. Parallel resonance is often used in receiving coils to obtain a considerable induced voltage which supplies for receiving system. In this article, we summarize the parameters of the ferrite coil antenna with its corresponding circuit model and parallel resonance circuit. Moreover, the optimized turns of receiving coil antenna with ferrite core are analyzed. Meanwhile, an experiment has been built to verify the proposed conclusion with calculations. The results show that measurement results are well‐matched with calculated ones. Turns of the coil can be optimized to get larger induced voltage and the conclusion will guide for designing coils for wireless magnetic inductive communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid increase in the innovation of fifth‐generation (5th G) technology is a critical indicator of an explosion in technologies that satisfy everyday needs, and antennas for 5G with reduced delay, minimal path loss, and a continuous pattern of radiation will be essential. The upcoming 5G Massive multiple inputs, multiple outputs (MIMO) antenna will improve the performance of future‐generation wireless communication systems. The primary advantages of 5G technologies are their greater transmission speeds, extremely high data rates, improved reliability, less latency, enhanced spectral efficiencies, and the possibility of connecting a greater number of wireless devices to the networks. The Massive MIMO antenna is one of the most anticipated 5G technologies, which boosts the capacity compared to a conventional MIMO antenna, increasing the spectral efficiency by 50 times. In this review article, we discussed mutual coupling and then techniques and how to reduce the coupling between antennas. The goal of this study is to look at the huge MIMO antennas from a number of different angles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a high‐performance mode multiplexer based on hybrid spoof surface plasmon polaritons and a substrate integrated waveguide (SSPP‐SIW) was investigated and experimentally demonstrated. First, we show the dispersion characteristics, eigen‐mode, and field patterns of the SSPP‐SIW unit structure and show that it can support the propagating of odd and even modes. By using different feeding technologies, the odd and even modes of the SSPP are excited simultaneously in the same waveguide structure and work in the same frequency band. Then, based on the proposed hybrid SSPP‐SIW unit, we constructed the same‐frequency mode multiplexer working in the frequency range of 5.1–8.4 GHz with isolation larger than 30 dB. The lower and upper cutoff frequencies of the passband can be independently controlled by changing the width of the SIW and trapezoid‐shaped groove design of the SSPP‐SIW unit. Finally, a prototype of the mode multiplexer was manufactured and measured. The experimental results of the fabricated sample agreed well with the simulation results, which proved the validity of the design. The proposed design combines the design of slotline SSPP, SIW, and mode composite transmission lines to achieve high isolation and high selectivity in addition to same‐frequency mode multiplexing. We believe that the proposed design a dual‐mode multiplexer with the same frequency may play an important role in improving the channel capacity in modern wireless network communication systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How efficiently generating a multi‐mode vortex beam is the key to the new system of wireless communication technology based on orbital angular momentum. Due to the advantages of simple structure and flexible tunability of the metasurface, in recent years, people have been devoted to generating dynamic orbital angular momentum more simply and efficiently using programmable metasurfaces. To address the current problem of a single number of modes for generating orbital angular momentum vortex beams from metasurface, the programmable reflective metasurface structure has been designed to realize the function of dynamically tunable multi‐mode of vortex beams. By loading two varactor diodes inside each metal patch to construct eight digital coding units, and using the programmable bias circuit to modulate the coding distribution and resonance characteristics on the metasurface in real‐time, the metasurface obtains low reflection loss and stable reflection phase, and finally obtains vortex beams with mode numbers of ℓ = ±1, ℓ = ±2, and ℓ = ±3, respectively. The designed metasurface also has the advantages of a simple structure, small electrical size, and low profile, which has a large potential value in the communication of vortex beams and a perfect application in wireless transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, a millimeter‐wave frequency‐reconfigurable metasurface antenna by electrically controlling vanadium dioxide (VO2) is proposed and studied. As a phase change material, VO2 is an insulator at room temperature but can turn into high conductivity metallic state when activated by continuous direct current (DC) voltage. By integrating the VO2 film between two simple rectangle metasurface cells, a frequency‐reconfigurable paired metasurface structure (FRPMS) is achieved. The FRPMS can be considered as one unit when VO2 film is activated to metallic state while as two independent cells when VO2 film is in insulating state. In this way, the FRPMS can operate, respectively at 28 and 38 GHz with independent tunability. Moreover, a coplanar and staggered DC bias circuit with little effect on radiation is designed to switch the operating modes of VO2 easily. The antenna is fed by a stepped waveguide with ridges through a loop slot, which is suitable for dual‐band feeding with large frequency ratio. One prototype is fabricated and measured for demonstration. When the VO2 film is in metallic state, the measured working band covers from 28.5 to 29.6 GHz with the maximum gain of about 7.1 dBi. When cooled down to insulating state, the antenna can work in a higher band from 36.7 to 38.3 GHz with the maximum gain of about 7.9 dBi. Due to the advantages of simple structure, high gain and easy tuning, the antenna can be expected to use in mmW wireless communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Design of a novel triband bandpass filter is presented for wireless communications systems. The filter is based on inter‐coupled stepped impedance resonators and inter‐digitally coupled to the input/output ports. The configuration of the filter circuit consists of open‐loop resonators that are electromagnetically coupled to each other using inverted T‐shaped open stubs. The intrinsic characteristics of filter structure generates five transmission zeros that results in triband bandpass response exhibiting sharp selectivity, high inter‐band isolation and a wide out of band rejection. Unlike other triband filters reported recently in literature the proposed single layer filter does not require any short‐circuited plated through hole which can introduce fabrication complexity and therefore production costs. Moreover, the triband structure can be configured to provide passbands with identical 3‐dB fractional bandwidth and whose center frequency can be equally spaced. In the proposed prototype design presented here the passband frequencies are set to 3.6, 4.6, and 5.6 GHz that corresponds to WiMAX, 5G, and WLAN applications. The consequence of employing open‐circuited transmission lines in the design results in a relatively large structure, which can be overcome by employing higher dielectric constant substrate. The proposed triband filter was designed to achieve identical 3‐dB fractional bandwidth of 11.9%. Measured results confirm inter‐band isolation better than 30‐dB. The theoretical model is consistent with the measured results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Racket sports (tennis, pawns, tennis, etc.) are currently very popular sports, and they are a very intense aerobic exercise. The climatic conditions of the competition venue, time difference factors, the size of the competition venue, background, lighting, wind direction, etc. may all have an impact on the performance of the game. In order to fully control and eliminate these risk factors, it is recommended to go to the competition site for adaptive training one month in advance. If you can participate in the prematch training camp organized by the general administration, it is of course the best choice. This research mainly discusses the development of MEMS sensors in tennis teaching and training under the background of big data intelligent communication. Using a single inertial sensor fixed on the bottom of the racket for data collection, a real-time data stream window segmentation method based on the combination of sliding window and action window is proposed. Finally, based on the above recognition method, an intelligent tennis training system software is developed, introduces the processing flow of MEMS sensor data, and gives a specific implementation plan for data preprocessing through in-depth study of the characteristics of inertial navigation data. The tennis training system collects the raw data of tennis players during the training process through the MEMS sensor hardware module placed at the bottom of the tennis racket handle, and the sensor module can upload these raw data to the smart phone terminal through wireless communication. The smart phone terminal can analyze and process the collected raw data and finally feedback the number and proportion of each technical action of the tennis player in the training process and the maximum racquet speed through the mobile phone software in real time. After the practice training, the average CTN score of the control group was 141.73, and the standard deviation of the data was 4.185. After the practice training, the average CTN score of the experimental group was 161.67, and the standard deviation was 6.042. This research will improve the efficiency of tennis teaching and training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fifth‐generation (5G) wireless systems provide an opportunity for improving the existing Voice over Internet Protocol communication service's user experience. To mitigate the security risk of 5G data leakage, building covert channel is an alternative approach of providing confidential data transmission. Due to the high transmission rate of 5G, the interpacket intervals become small and derandomized, this caused the encoding phase of the covert timing channel imports relatively large modulation errors. rearranging is a widespread phenomenon that is occurred over the data communications. In this paper, we propose a rearrangement covert channel approach named Hybrid Variable‐length Packet Rearrangement Covert Timing Channel (HVPR‐CTC), which artificially chooses the delimiter packets and identification (ID) packets from the overt traffics, and encodes the packet sending order between adjacent delimiter packets according to a generated hybrid variable‐length codeword dictionary, and embeds the secret message by rearranging the sending order of the ID packets. The experiments demonstrate that the HVPR‐CTC scheme can effectively perform strategy adjustment: its minimum Location Square Deviation is 0.832 and minimum Swap Deviation is 139. the maximum throughput reaches 14.37 bps, and the optimal Bit Error Rate is 3.27% and 9.70% for low‐channel noise and high‐channel noise communication conditions, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Art design management is the fusion of art design and business management and the collision between design management and other disciplines. In order to study art design management students in a scientific way, this article combines wireless communication microprocessors and mobile Internet to design a new art design management mode. This paper proposes the inspection technology and its algorithm description, combines the T2 microprocessor and the SOA service architecture of the mobile Internet, and then integrates the theoretical knowledge of art design management to build an intelligent art design management based on wireless communication microprocessors and mobile Internet model. Then this paper designs the finite impulse response (FIR) filter test experiment and the end-to-end delay test experiment. The data collected in the experiment is optimized for the new art design management mode, and the optimized mode is subjected to a control experiment and a favorable opinion survey analysis. The experimental results show that the art design management model based on wireless communication microprocessors and mobile Internet has increased the artistic creation ability by 21.78% compared with the traditional art design model; compared with the traditional art design management mode, the art design management mode based on wireless communication microprocessor and mobile Internet has improved the management ability by 10.61%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of big data and wireless communication technology has expanded the channels for Western culture to enter China. Diversified teaching forms make us dizzy, which has a great impact on traditional English teaching. This paper aims to study the dilemma and countermeasures of English teaching reform based on multiculturalism under the background of big data and wireless communication. It analyzes the connotation of multiculturalism, the characteristics of the era of big data, the problems existing in college English teaching, and the necessity of college English teaching reform. On the basis of feasibility, in order to understand the current situation of English teaching in colleges and universities, this paper takes teachers and students of a college in this province as the research object, conducts a questionnaire survey on them, and finds out how to better use the background of big data and wireless communication through data analysis. Combined with the multicultural trend of the times to carry out English teaching, the study concluded that under the current technological background, our English teaching must adhere to the student-centered approach and take the improvement of teachers' quality as an important means. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivation. In the modern world of information technology, the need for ensuring the safety of wireless transmissions while transiting through a given network is growing rapidly. The process of transmitting images via a wireless network is fraught with difficulty. There is a possibility that data may be corrupted while being transmitted, which would result in an image with low resolution. Both of these issues were investigated head-on in this research methodology using the aiding double space-time block coding (DSTTD) system and the self-super-resolution (SSR) method. Description. In recent times, medical image transmission over a wireless network has received a significant amount of attention, as a result of the sharing of medical images between patients and doctors. They would want to make sure that the image was sent in a risk-free and protected manner. Arnold cat map, often known as ACM, is a well-known and widely implemented method of image transmission encryption that has been in use for quite some time. At the receiver end, SSR is now being employed in order to view the transmitted medical image in the finest possible resolution. It is anticipated that in the near future, image transmission through wireless DSTTD will be technically feasible. This is performed in order to maximize the benefits that the system has to offer in terms of both spatial diversity and multiplexing as much as is possible. Conclusion. The SSR approach is used in order to represent the image in a document pertaining to human resources. ACM is used so that the image may be sent in a risk-free and protected way. The adoption of a DSTTD-based architecture for wireless communication is suggested. A comparison of the results is provided, and PSNR and SSIM values are detailed towards the results and discussion of the article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volleyball is a sport of teamwork competition and tactical coordination. It tests the ability of team members to cooperate with each other and personal resilience. With the development of wireless communication networks, how to use wireless communication networks in the analysis of volleyball tactics is the subject of this article. To explore how to design the volleyball tactics analysis model of the wireless communication network, this paper proposes the method of LTE system and MIMO technology and designs the tactics analysis model based on the characteristics of the wireless network, then combined volleyball tactics and game theory to design a wireless communication network volleyball tactics analysis model. Then, this paper designs the simulation experiment of scene allocation problem, the algorithm simulation experiment, and the comparative investigation and analysis of volleyball game spiking technical ability. The results of the experiment are optimized for the tactical analysis model, and finally, the improvement of the training of the volleyball tactical analysis model based on the wireless communication network is verified through comparative experiments. The experimental results show that the team fit of the volleyball tactical analysis model training based on the wireless communication network has increased by 22.12% compared with the traditional volleyball tactical training. Compared with the traditional volleyball tactical training, the personal on-the-spot adaptability of the volleyball tactical analysis model training based on the wireless communication network has increased by 9.05%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes a novel multifunctional wideband reconfigurable antenna with a frequency selective surface (FSS) reflector to improve gain across all operating bands. Initially, a wideband trapezoidal monopole antenna with a 138% impedance bandwidth (1.53–8.45 GHz) on a FR‐4 substrate with a thickness of 0.80 mm and an area of 51 × 56 mm2 was designed. In order to achieve multifunctionality, two inverted L structures with two rectangular slots were introduced at the ground plane. Each slot functions as a filter, producing various resonating bands. To obtain the desired resonating frequency bands, the effective length of the slot was changed by strategically placing RF switching element PIN diodes. The proposed reconfigurable antenna can switch between 10 different frequency bands. To improve the gain of the proposed reconfigurable antenna, a novel FSS reflector with a 5 × 5 array of elements is placed 1.01λ (34.54 mm) below the proposed antenna. The application of the FSS results in a 3–6 dBi improvement in antenna gain, not only for the wideband range, but also for all operating frequency bands. Over the entire operating bandwidth, the radiation efficiency ranges from 93% to 75%. For GPS, RADAR, LTE42/43, WLAN, WiMAX, STM‐Link, and UMTS applications, the proposed antenna operates in a wideband state, three single band states, four dual band states, and three tri band states. This work provides more antenna functionality at a lower cost, as well as significantly reduced size and space requirements. The proposed antenna can be easily integrated into portable electronic devices for a variety of wireless applications due to its broad switching capability and unique feasibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A compact magneto‐electric (ME) dipole antenna has been designed to improve bandwidth and gain. The E‐dipole and M‐dipole elements have separate resonance modes, that is, the E‐dipole operates from (4.5 to 5.15 GHz, and 5.36 to 6.4 GHz) and the M‐dipole operates from (4.25 to 5.2 GHz). A ME dipole structure is generated when the (E + H) dipole structures are combined. For successful ME coupling, the E‐dipole lengths are enlarged at the top and bottom, while truncated in the center. This configuration combines a wide impedance bandwidth with a high broadside radiation gain in a small package. The ME dipole element has a bandwidth of 42.44% from (3.1 to 3.6 GHz, and 4.7 to 6.2 GHz) and gain of 7.1 dBi when the isolated resonant modes of E‐ and M‐dipoles are efficiently induced. To improve overall antenna performance, a metallic reflector is loaded at a height of Hair = 8 mm, resulting in an increase in bandwidth of 82.35% from (2.5 to 6.0 GHz) and a gain improvement of 10.2 dBi. A constructed prototype antenna has been tested and found to be in good agreement with simulated results, to be potentially explored in wireless communication systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an asymmetric sinusoidal modulated substrate integrated waveguide‐spoof surface plasmon polariton (SIW‐SSPP) leaky‐wave antenna with open stopband suppressed is proposed. The SSPP transmission line can covert the guided waves to the leaky‐wave radiations with frequency‐scanning properties due to the sinusoidal modulation. Using asymmetric model is an effective method to restrain the open stopband. The asymmetric radiating element with π/2 phase difference between the upper and lower sides of the top surface is introduced in the antenna to realize zero‐crossing beam scanning and unidirectional radiation characteristic. In the operating band of 12.6 to 13.7 GHz, the measured scanning angle of the fabricated antenna is from −14° to +34°. The gain is above 10.1 dBi and the radiation efficiency is basically above 50% over the operating band. Although the way of eliminate the open stopband has been proposed, this is the first time it is used in SIW‐SSPP antenna design. It has potential applications in radar and wireless communication systems for simple structure, low‐profile, zero‐crossing beam scanning, and unidirectional radiation performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, titled "RETRACTION: Temperature Characteristics of Acupoints in Sports Training Adapted to Wireless Communication Thermal Image," has been retracted by Wiley due to evidence of systematic manipulation of the publication process. The investigation revealed discrepancies in scope, description of the research, availability of data, inappropriate citations, and incoherent or irrelevant content. As a result, the reliability of the article's content is compromised, and readers are advised to consider it unreliable. The corresponding author has been given the opportunity to respond to this retraction. [Extracted from the article]

This article, titled "Investigation and Analysis of Translation Ability Research on the Psychological Obstacles of College Students in English Learning under the Background of Wireless Network Communication," has been retracted by Wiley due to evidence of systematic manipulation of the publication process. The investigation revealed discrepancies in scope, description of the research, availability of data, inappropriate citations, and incoherent or irrelevant content. As a result, the reliability of the article's content cannot be guaranteed. The corresponding author has been given the opportunity to respond to this retraction. [Extracted from the article]