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The trial was conducted to investigate the effects of the replacement of dietary fishmeal (FM) by the blend of Tenebrio molitor meal (TMM), Chlorella meal (CM), Clostridium autoethanogenum protein (CAP), cottonseed protein concentrate (CPC) on growth, protein utilization and intestinal health of gibel carp (Carassius gibelio, CAS Ⅴ). The FM-based diet was used as the control, and the blended proteins (TMM: CM: CAP: CPC) at ratios of 1 : 1:8 : 2 (BLEND A), 1 : 1:6 : 4 (BLEND B), and 1 : 1:4 : 6 (BLEND C) were used to replace FM at three levels (33%, 67%, 100%), respectively. The results showed that, compared to the control group, growth performance increased significantly when dietary FM was fully replaced by BLEND B (P < 0.05), while decreased by BLEND A (P < 0.05). The complete substitution of FM with BLEND B significantly upregulated the mRNA expression of intestinal proinflammatory cytokines, anti-inflammatory cytokines, and tight junction-related genes (P < 0.05), improving intestinal tissue morphology and health. And it also significantly increased intestinal trypsin activity (P < 0.05), upregulated the mRNA expression of amino acid sensory receptor-related and amino acid or peptide transport-related genes (P < 0.05), increased protein apparent digestibility coefficient (P < 0.05). The 100% substitution of FM with BLEND A significantly upregulated the mRNA expression of intestinal proinflammatory cytokines and downregulated the mRNA expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine il-10 (P < 0.05), reduced intestinal villus height (P < 0.05), and decreased protein apparent digestibility coefficient (P < 0.05). In conclusion, BLEND B could completely substitute dietary FM and was beneficial to the growth and health of gibel carp. Dietary digestible essential amino acids index (DEEAI) was found as an important indicator and should be higher than 79.5% to meet the maximum growth of fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ranaviruses can infect both captive and wild cold‐blooded vertebrates, leading to significant economic and environmental losses. With the cases of ranavirus infection increasing, many ranavirus genomic sequences were published, but little is known about ranavirus taxonomy on a whole‐genome level. In this study, 44 ranaviruses core genes were identified in 32 ranaviruses genome sequences by using PanX. The neighbour‐joining phylogenetic trees (NJ‐tree) based on 44 ranaviruses core genes and 24 iridoviridae core genes and composition vector phylogenetic tree (CV‐Tree) based on whole genome were constructed. The three of phylogenetic trees showed that 32 ranavirus isolates can be divided into 4 different subgroups including SGIV‐like, EHNV‐like, FV3‐like and CMTV‐like, and subgroups taxonomic position of three phylogenetic trees were consistent. However, the phylogenetic position of ToRV could not be determined if it belongs to FV3‐like or CMTV‐like group. Subsequently, we carried out dot plot analysis and confirmed that ToRV should belong to CMTV‐like group. Based on dot plot analysis and phylogenetic trees, the taxonomic classification of ranaviruses was confirmed. Finally, four genes which are suitable for the construction of phylogenetic tree were selected from ranavirus core genes by recombination analysis, substitution saturation analysis and single‐gene phylogenetic analysis. Phylogenetic tree based on concatenated sequences of the four selected genes showed that the classification of subgroups was identical with three of the phylogenetic trees. Conclusion: Our results confirmed taxonomic identification of ranaviruses; the four selected genes used in phylogenetic analysis will make taxonomic identification more convenient and accurate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microstructure modifications, phase, and texture formations encountered in a TiAl based Ti48Al2Cr2Nb intermetallic alloy induced by the high current pulsed electron beam (HCPEB) treatment were carefully investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) techniques. The initial material contains the majority γ-TiAl phase and the minority α-Ti3Al phase. After the HCPEB treatment, the initial α-Ti3Al was dissolved into the melted layer and the very top surface is covered by ultrafine-grained α-Ti3Al phase having thermal stress induced cracks. EBSD analyses showed that α-Ti3Al phase on the very top surface has a 001//ND fiber texture and its texture intensity increases with the number of pulses. The superfast thermal stress cycles and the selective evaporation induced by the HCPEB treatment account for the microstructure modifications and formations of ultrafine α-Ti3Al in the TiAl based intermetallic alloy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]