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Structure break was found in shearing process of static prepared low-sugar apple jam, which is a thixotropic and shear-thinning fluid. In order to investigated this jam, a new nonlinear regression method of Herschel-Bulkley (H-B) model without measuring yield stress was set up using R2 as optimizing criterion, and compared with Casson model. Dynamic yield stress was calculated using the regression of downward curve. Casson model was found fit in high shear rate (in one case, R2 0.9986, still lower than H-B model, 0.9997). Break stress (from 113 to 497 Pa) could be largely increased by soluble solid concentration rising, and dynamic yield stress of H-B model changed from 0.004 to 20.75 Pa, mainly depending on sugar and soluble solid concentration. Consistency index (24.50-102.3 Pa·s n) was increased with adding soluble solid and decreased with adding sugar. Flow behavior index (0.229-0.363) was increased evidently with adding pectin and sugar. Practical Applications The low-sugar jams are more nutrition-reasonable since they generally provide fewer calories, now short of deep research. Rheological properties are of great significance for processed food fluids. Traditional steady-state test was applied widely in rheologic study of food fluids. However, information under flow curves could not be explored in detail because definition of yield stress was confused for a long time and the most common model of fluid, Herschel-Bulkley model, lacked suitable regression method. Additionally, upward curve was often ignored. In this work, a new simple nonlinear regression of Herschel-Bulkley model was set up without measuring yield stress investigated. Then the influences of ingredients on rheologic properties of low-sugar apple jam could be investigated in detail. It is expected that the new method and observation would be applied by other rheologic researchers, and it is useful for finding relationships between mouth feel and indexes of Herschel-Bulkley model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet of Things (IoT) is neither science fiction nor industry hype; rather it is based on solid technological advances and visions of network ubiquity that are zealously being realized. The paper serves to provide guidance regarding the practical aspects of the IoT. Such guidance is largely missing in the current literature in which the focus has been more on research problems and less on issues describing how to set up an IoT system and what software toolkits are required. This paper aims to bridge this gap by providing guidance in terms of the software toolkits that can be utilized by IoT practitioners and research students to set up a practical IoT system. The IoT is the combination of multiple techniques; a onefold technology cannot become the IoT. This is conducted in a multilayer approach that covers node and operating systems, middleware, databases, IoT energy harvesting method, and so forth. We hope that this survey serves to be useful to researchers and practitioners in practical aspects of IoT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The title of this paper may suggest such topics as routing, networking, and data mining, but we focus on new research angles regarding the Internet of Things (IoT) as the theme of this paper. These research angles come from other disciplines and are in the process of being adopted by the IoT. Our paper serves a key purpose: from the perspective of correlative technologies based on time, to review the evolutionary process of the IoT and depict the relations between the correlation techniques which are largely missing in current literature in which the focus has been more on the introduction and comparison of existing technologies and less on issues describing evolutionary process of the IoT. We consider that the latter is crucial to understanding the evolution of the IoT. Through generalizations of particular focus in different stages of each technology, we can better understand the current phase of the IoT and therefore predict future challenges. This paper aims to bridge this gap by providing guidance in terms of the evolutionary process of the IoT and gives readers a panoramic view of the IoT field without repeating what is already available in existing literature so as to complement the existing IoT survey papers which have not covered the evolutionary process of the IoT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]