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Based on the test data of vehicle load test on asphalt pavement, the significance of dynamic response index of different asphalt pavement to axle load change of single and double rear axle trucks is analyzed. The changes of horizontal strain at the bottom of asphalt layer, vertical compressive stress at the top of subgrade, and vertical displacement of transition layer and bottom compressive stress before and after laying of middle and upper layers are revealed. The test results show that reducing the thickness of asphalt layer or increasing the vehicle axle load can lead to the more unfavorable stress-strain distribution in asphalt pavement under driving load. The influence of the fluctuation of truck axle load or asphalt layer thickness on the stress-strain distribution in asphalt pavement varies with the type of pavement structure, pavement response index, vehicle driving speed, vehicle type, and the horizon of the measuring point. The transverse strain at the bottom of the asphalt layer is more affected by the axle load and the thickness of the asphalt layer than the longitudinal strain at the bottom of the asphalt layer. The measured value of the dynamic response index of the semirigid asphalt pavement is more affected by the axle load than that of the inverted asphalt pavement. However, the measured value of the dynamic response index of the semi-rigid asphalt pavement is less affected by the thickness of the asphalt layer when the thickness of the asphalt layer changes within a certain range. The tensile strain part of the longitudinal strain at the bottom of the asphalt layer and the compressive strain part of the transverse strain at the bottom of the asphalt layer are greatly affected by the thickness of the asphalt layer. The sensitivity of fatigue life of asphalt pavement of inverted structure to driving speed and axle load is less than that of semirigid structure. The research results can provide reference for the analysis of the asphalt pavement disease mechanism and provide guidance for asphalt pavement structural design and service life analysis.