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Until recently, male investigation has been marginalized secondary to the publication of uncontrolled studies with conflicting results and recommendations, along with underlying social prejudice relating male infertility to sexual dysfunction. To many, this evaluation begins and ends with a single test—the semen analysis. The explosion of molecular biology and basic and clinical knowledge of mechanisms involved in spermatogenesis and fertilization are leading factors in the emergence of andrology as a subspecialty of urology that focuses on male sexual and reproductive health (1,2).