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Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) is the most important commercial natural source in ASEAN countries. Mostly natural rubber (NR) industries were followed by old traditional method. However, understanding in the rubber drying process occurred. Then, this research aims to study effect drying conditions on kinetics and quality of air dried sheet (ADS) rubber. The five different drying strategies were carried on by green house drying (GH), green house and natural convention (GH-NC) drying, open sun and natural convention (OS-NC) drying, infrared radiation (IR) drying and hot air (HA) drying. Initial moisture content of fresh rubber sheet was varied between 30 and 50% dry-basis and dried samples had final moisture content of 0.5% dry-basis. From the experiments, it was found that falling drying rate stages and mathematical models of Approximation of diffusion model can predict the behavior of ADS rubber was good. ADS rubber was dried by GH-NC drying longer period than those of OS-NC drying, GH drying, HA drying and IR drying, respectively. Additionally, drying at a low drying temperature has a low specific energy consumption compared to those drying of high temperature. To determine qualities following the highest standard Thai rubber (STR5L) grade, the results showed that quality of samples was acceptable in market level.

Using the water hyacinth to conduct the purification research, which simulates the urban river water, the experimental study discovery, compare the still water condition with the move water condition which the velocity of flow is 1.74cm/s, water hyacinth has slightly the superiority to DO, NH 3 -N, TN purifies at the move water condition, in the experimental process the DO average density respectively achieves 7.975mg/L and 7.066mg/L. To the ammonia nitrogen elimination rate respectively achieved 80.81% and 78.49%, to the total nitrogen, the elimination rate respectively are 82.26% and 80.59%but to the elimination rate of TP, COD and the turbidity, the still water group gets the advantage slightly, the TP elimination rate respectively achieved 81.02% and 83.77%the COD elimination rate respectively are 73.96% and 86.99% to the turbidity respectively is 44.24% and 90.62%

Jatropha oil has been known as alternative substitute for diesel fuel but its potential use as lubricant is not much known yet. Esterified jatropha oil has been successfully synthesized through esterification process to be used as lubricant additives. This study is meant to investigate wear preventive characteristics of esterified jatropha oil as potential renewable lubricant additives. The characteristics were obtained using four ball test configuration. Addition of low percentage esterified jatropha oil to mineral oil is found to have good effect in reducing wear.

The prototype and a new design of modular biochar torrefaction system were devised here, as a spin-off from "2010 Project on the Promotion of Green Community in Chiayi County" in Taiwan. Results from the batch tests using the prototype confirmed that the ratio of biochar to fuel in terms of CO2eq is greater than 1.0 for densely-packed materials such as camper wood (Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl) and bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro), and less than 1.0 for loosely-packed rice straw (Oryza sativa). Note that the dried weight densities are 157.6, 150.4 and 37.4 kg/m3, respectively. Therefore, a new design was proposed based on the 200 kg straw bale of density of 147.1 kg/m3. However, the feasibilty will not be assessed until its completion in the near future.

Under the same condition of aeration, two different aeration modes were operated to treat municipal sewage in oxidation ditch: point aeration and step aeration. The former ran in a way of mixing 6min and aerating 1min alternately that was repeated four times in a cycle. The latter contained mixing 24min and aerating 4min in a cycle. The results show that the oxygen is dissolved more efficiently with longer Aerobic region in point aeration than in step aeration, while the oxygen utilization rate(for nitrifying) is higher in step aeration than point aeration. The nitrifying bacteria activity under the two aeration modes is 4.55mgNH 4 +-N/gMLVSS.h and 4.56mgNH 4 +-N/gMLVSS.h respectively. NH 4 +-N concentration is below 5mg/L with equal nitrification effect. COD removal efficiency is respectively 91.01% and 92.19% with COD of the effluents below 30mg/L. But the elimination pathway of COD is unlike. COD is mainly used for denitrification in step aeration while only less organics is utilized for denitrification in point aeration where nitrogen removal efficiency is low and concentration of nitrate is high in the effluent.

The pyrolysis oil from lignocellulosic biomass as a renewable resource has been exploited and utilized. Microbial degradation of the pyrolysis oil by several fungi strains was investigated. The results showed that Trichoderma viride, Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma harzianum, Penicillium oxalium and Phanerochaete chrysosporium could grow well using the pyrolysis oil as carbon source, while the growth of plant pathogen Cladosporium cucumerinum and Botrytis cinerea was inhibit by the pyrolysis oil. HPLC analysis showed that some water-soluble compounds in pyrolysis oil are biodegradable.

To investigate the optimum extraction conditions of polysaccharides from Sterculia lychnophora using microwave technology, experiment factors and levels were firstly selected by single factor experiments, then the optimum extraction conditions were obtained through Box-Benhnken center-united experiment design and Response Surface Methodology. The optimum extraction conditions for Sterculia lychnophora polysaccharides were as follows: microwave power, 721W; solid-to-liquid ratio, 1∶27.4; and extracting time, 4.23min. The rate of extraction reached up to 8.219% under these conditions.

Two Sequencing Batch Reactors (SBRs) were coupled to treat edible-oil containing wastewater directly. Ten yeast strains were inoculated to the first SBR to treat high-strength oil-containing wastewater. The effluents of the system were further degraded by activated sludge in the second SBR. The results show that each yeast can efficiently decompose edible oil-containing wastewater with the COD removal rate above 80%; The mixture of ten yeast stain can cultivated in an open system without any molds and bacteria inhibitor addition to produce yeast biomass which processes a good settle ability. In 100 day continuous wastewater treatment by the first stage, COD and Oil removal rate achieve 88.9–97.5% and 93.4–99.9% respectively under the influent conditions of the COD of 9500–24000 mg/L and Oil of 3300–14000 mg/L. The effluent with COD varied from 300 to 700mg/L was treated by the second stage and the final effluent of COD was below 100 mg/L which meets the standards for wastewater discharge.

Atrazine removal in membrane bioreactor (MBR) and conventional activated sludge reactor (CAS) bioaugmented by genetically engineered microorganism (GEM) was investigated. PCR-DGGE was used to analyze microbial community variation of both bioreactors in different running stages. The results indicated that high removal efficiency of atrazine was obtained in both bioreactors bioaugmented by GEM. The average removal efficiencies of atrazine reached up to 88.6% in MBR and 85.3% in CAS. Atrazine removal bioaugmented by GEM would be helpful to maintain sludge bioactivity in both bioreactors. The performance of MBR was better than CAS. The GEM density decreased quickly in both bioreactors after GEM inoculation and then became stable. The stable GEM densities in MBR and CAS were 2.1×103 CFU/mL and 1.7×103 CFU/mL, respectively. PCR-DGGE analysis showed microbial community variation in different running stages of both bioreactors. The biodiversity and stability of microbial community decreased in the presence of atrazine exposure and recovered after efficient atrazine removal. MBR seemed better than CAS to maintain biodiversity and stability of microbial community.

Torrefaction is the thermal treatment techniques performed at relatively low temperature (< 300 °C) in an inert atmosphere, which aims to improve the fuel energy density and the fuel grindability. In this study, woody biomass (Leucaena leucocephala) was torrefied at various temperatures and holding times and the pyrolysis behaviors of the torrefied wood was examined in detail by using TG-MS technique. It was found that the carbon content and the calorific value of the torrefied leucaena increased significantly when increase the temperature and holding time during the torrefaction. From the TG-MS analysis, the pyrolysis behaviors of the torrefied leucaena were significantly different from that of the raw leucaena. The char yield at 800 °C for the torrefied leucaena was increased when increasing the holding time during the torrefaction. On the other hand, the tar yield during the pyrolysis decreased significantly with the increase in the holding time during the torrefaction. Through the results from the TG-MS analysis, it was concluded that the structure of leucaena was changed by the torrefaction at temperature below 275 oC and the cross-linking reactions occurred during the pyrolysis resulting in increase in char yields and decrease in tar yields. It was also suggested that the longer the holding time during the torrefaction, the more the cross-linking reactions proceed during the pyrolysis. The results obtained from the study provide the basic information for the pyrolyser and/or gasifier design by using torrefied biomass as a fuel.

To provide microbial evidence for technique improvement of anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) - integrated oxidation ditch - biological aerated filter (BAF) combined processes for landfill leachate treatment, microbial community structure of the treatment system under different recycle ratios were investigated by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) combined with sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The results indicated that, under high recycle ratio, microbial community structure changed slightly along with reactor and running time, and microbial community diversity in the anaerobic part of ABR had no significant change, but reduced in the anoxic part of ABR, oxidation ditch and BAF with the increase of recycle ratio. Sequencing results revealed that there may be other denitrification modes of autotrophic denitrification and anaerobic ammonia oxidation in ABR besides conventional biological denitrification. It concluded that the systemic population diversity indexes decreased, and the phase separation of acidogenesis and methanogenesis was destroyed longitudinally down the ABR with high recycle ratio, which illustrated the decrease of running stability of the treatment system. The results provide some valuable references for design and operation of the treatment system.

A membrane bioreactor (MBR) process was used to treat the dioscorea zingiberensis wastewater. The wastewater treatment station had put in operation for 8 months. The normal sludge concentration in MBR was more than 8000 mg/L. The results showed that the removal rates of pollutants were high, and the MBR could better resist impacting loading. But the COD concentration of effluent was not very low, so the wastewater should be treated by anaerobic or anoxic process at fist. The MBR process had the good effect to removal rate of NH 3 -N, indicating that the long sludge retention time in MBR made that nitrobacteria accumulated. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) was used to analyze the microbial community structure on the surface of membrane in order to study the biofouling of membrane of MBR. The results indicated that the biofilm formation induced the membrane fouling and that some specific phylogenetic group of bacteria, the Pseudomonas sp. probably played a major role in leading to the severe irreversible membrane biofouling.

In the oil field development, microbial oil recovery technology is very popular for its simple process, low investment and non-damage to the oil reservoir. The growth and reproduction of microorganism is closely related with microbial community structure, however, at present there is no any technical quality standards can be dependent for microbial detection technologies, which making it difficult to determine the increase production mechanism of microbial oil recovery. In this study, by adding nutrients in the output water samples of the oil well, under the lab simulated oil reservoir conditions of high temperature, high pressure and anaerobic culture, through the gene base sequence analysis, the micro gene can be increased with different restriction enzymes, then separate them using capillary gel electrophoresis , research the length and abundance of each fragment, thus get the microbial community structure of different period, which provides an effective method in tracking microbial communities dynamics.

The experimental study of aerobic granular sludge in sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was performed using a synthetic domestic wastewater and ordinary flocculent activated sludge from the third Sewage Treatment Plant in Xi'an as seeding sludge. The aerobic granular sludge was cultivated successfully when the superficial upflow air velocity was 1.06∼1.77 cm/s. The study suggests that the formation of granular sludge is a process of the formation of micro-ecological system. Hydraulic shear stress is a significant impact factor of its formation, which affects the composition of microbial population structure and distribution in aerobic granular sludge. From the analysis of the relationship between filamentous microorganisms and microbial community, zoogloea and filamentous bacteria depend on each other. The filamentous microorganisms formed floc skeleton, which provide the necessary condition for floc to form larger floc particles.

Problems such as agricultural safety and environmental pollution by using chlorpyrifos and other pesticides had become major issues which needed to be solved. The white rot fungi had a unique degradation ability and mechanism to a variety of xenobiotic, which had a good prospect in the bioremediation of the environment. Optimizing the conditions of degrading pesticides chlorpyrifos by using phanerochaete chrysosporium were studied in this work. The optimal culture medium and initial pH value were HCHN and 5.5 respectively. The initial concentration of chlorpyrifos added into the culture could be reach 200mg/L with a highest degradation rate at the range of experimental concentration. In addition, veratryl alcohol and Mn2+ can effectively promote the degradation. The degradation rate of chlorpyrifos could arrive to 90% in the 15 day under optimal conditions. The present works lay the foundation of study on reducing the residual chlorpyrifos in agricultural and forest products and soil bioremediation in the next step.

In order to produce kiwifruit juice, by single factor and orthogonal test, according to the juice yield, preservation rate of Vc, changes of juice color and aroma as the index, using pectinase and pulp enzyme dealed with kiwi fruit pulp to explore a better technology. The results showed that two enzymes both could improve the yield of kiwi fruit juice substantially. Pectinase could increase more yield of kiwi fruit juice, but the enzymolysis condition was intense, the content of Vc and juice color and aroma was influened bigger; Pulp enzyme enzymolysis condition was mild, the whole index is better, the optimized yield conditions: enzymolysis temperature 30 °C, add enzyme quantity 0.5 mL·kg – 1, enzymolysis time 2h, the yield could achieve to 0.852mL·g – 1 and the preservation rate of Vc achieved 67%. Pulp enzyme is more suitable for the production of kiwifruit juice.

The seeds of the vegetables were soaked and the plants were watered and sprayed by the cotton stalks pulping waste liquor, which was fermented by bacillus subtilis. From the result of the observation and comparison, It was concluded that the bioconverted liquid which was appropriate times has a good effect on seed germination rate.

In this study, sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) were used to enrich for dense cultures of nitrifying bacteria. The cultivation conditions of nitrifying bacteria in activated sludge systems will directly affect the nitrogen and other nutrients removal efficiency and the efficient and stable operation of the system. Therefore, take SBRs as the carrier, by cultivating the activated sludge, which were taken from the secondary settling pond of a sewage treatment plant, the number of the heterotrophic bacteria in the sludge decrease while that of the nitrobacteria which become the predominant bacteria increase. The result showed that the enrichment of nitrifying bacteria is feasible under the appropriate pH, temperature, DO and other conditions, and the system of NH 4 +-N removal rate of more than 98%, nitrification rate improved 3 times than that before enrichment.

With the consideration algae's biological function and excellent removals of nitrogen and phosphorus, Oscillatoria amoena was attached to the PE bundles in algae biofilm reactor to remove nitrogen and phosphorus the municipal wastewater. Flask experiment showed that the removals of nitrogen and phosphorus were reached to 92.1%, 100% respectively at ratio of nitrogen and phosphorus 10:1. The continuous running of the algae biofilm reactor using PE fiber bundles proved that the reactor was feasible and of cost-effective alternative to other secondary municipal wastewater treatment process.

This work reported the characteristics of sludge mixed liquor and microbial community succession in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) operated at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 6 h and without sludge purge. It showed that extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) were positively correlated with median diameter of sludge and with specific resistance of sludge; the correlation coefficients were 0.8457 and 0.6890 respectively; Zeta potential and the ratio of protein to polysaccharides in EPS were negatively correlated with a correlation coefficient of 0.8364; SVI value and Zeta potential were negatively correlated with a correlation coefficient of 0.9431. A cultivation-independent approach (polymerase chain reaction-temperature gradient gel electrophoresis, PCR-TGGE) was used to analyze the changes in the structure of the bacterial communities in the sludge. Unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means (UPGMA) cluster analysis of TGGE profiles demonstrated significant differences in community structure related to run time. The operation period can be divided into three stages: inoculation period, acclimation period and stable period. The content of EPS first increased, then decreased and finally stablized with run time. The turning point of the concentration of EPS and the dividing point of the three periods inosculate with each other.

Cassava pulp is a solid waste of the cassava starch factory which contains high amount of starch and cellulose. In this study, the monoculture of Clostridium thermocellum and Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum and co-culture of these two strains were performed at 55°C for 96 h respectively to ferment 4% cassava pulp. After 96 h of culture, the residual glucose in the fermentation broth was 11.96 g/L, 8.02 g/L, and 13.06 g/L for the monoculture of Clostridium thermocellum and Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum and the co-culture, respectively. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was sequentially inoculated into the fermentation broth at 37°C without any nutrient supplementation. After 24 h fermentation, the ethanol concentration of the co-culture system was 8.67 g/L, increasing by 21.43% and 25.83% compared with those of the monoculture of Clostridium thermocellum and Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum, respectively. The results demonstrated the feasibility of ethanol production from cassava pulp without any pre-treatment and enzyme addition by using the novel sequential co-culture.

In order to improve the odour removal ability of the conventional water treatment process, the immobilized biological activated carbon (IBAC) filter as an enhanced biofiltration process was investigated in the study and Songhua River was used as the raw water. The study aimed to evaluate the performance of the IBAC filter in treating 2-methylisobomeol (MIB) by the dominant bacteria immobilized on the granular activated carbon (GAC). The results showed that the six dominant bacteria were effective on MIB removal and the biomass of the dominant bacteria immobilized on the IBAC filter increased after 9d of operation. Long term performance results showed that 79.31% of the MIB was effectively removed by the IBAC filter, more than that of the GAC filter which removal was only 54.45%. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photos showed that the bacteria on the IBAC surface flourished to a great amount but didn't cover the whole area of the activated carbon surface on 180d of operation. The ecology of the dominant bacteria population did not change with the operation. Three dominant bacteria including Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas stutzeri and Bacillus subtilis were more adaptable to the IBAC filter surface than the other three dominant bacteria.

A bench-scale experimental study was carried out to investigate the overall performance of a combined anaerobic reactor (CAR)for treating mustard tuber wastewater at organic loading. The experimental results show that Under the conditions that temperature is 30°C and loading is 7.5 kgCOD/(m3×d), the influent mustard tuber wastewater with salinity of 1.8(Cl-) and COD of 4500mg/L is treated to 500mg/L of the effluent COD, with removal rate at 88.64%. The results of electron microscope scanning (SME)show that different dominant microorganisms present in the central area and outer area. The superior microorganisms of central area are Methanosarcina and Methanobrevibacter Ruminatium, while the superior microorganisms of outer ring from the first reaction area to the sixth reaction area are mainly consisted of Methanothrix Soehngenii.

In this work, a metal-oxide-semiconductor gas sensor has been investigated on sensitivity towards hydrogen peroxide and other influencing factors of the aseptic sterilization process employing hydrogen peroxide vapor. Microbiological reduction tests of Bacillus atrophaeus spores have been carried out in order to characterize the influencing factors of the sterilization by hydrogen peroxide vapor. A parallelism between the sensor behavior and the results of microbiological tests was drawn.

In this study, recycled materials, oyster shells sand is used to replace the river sand (0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%) at fixed water-cement ratio 0.485 and six weight replacement ratio. The fresh properties harden properties at the age of 1, 7, 28, 56 and 98 days and durability will be tested. The results indicated the replacement of oyster-shell sand for 40%, chloride ion content was 0.23 kg/m3, the workability, strength and durability decreased, but it still meets the specification. Replacement which in the range of 5% to 10%, the strength was up to 80% of the control group. The result of sulphate resistance for the replacement is 10%, whose weight loss is similar to the control group. The proper amount of oyster shells to replace river sand had similar mechanical properties as normal cement mortar. It not only reduces waste amount, but also achieves the goal of Recycling.

Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng can potentially be utilized in several bioenergy pathways. When pretreated with microbial inoculum, it can be used as biogas fermentation material, which could increase the biogas production velocity. Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng is a promising potential biogas feedstock, whose rate of gas generation is 180 (m3-t_1TS) and fuel conversion efficiency is 12.37% at 30°C. When co-fermentated for hydrogen and methane production, it can increase the material degradation velocity and energy utilization efficiency, and decrease the fermentation reaction period.

Particulate emissions of engine fuelled different proportions of Pistacia chinensis Bunge seed biodiesel-dieselblends were collected under different fuel supplying advance dangles and different operating conditions. The change of volatile organic fractions in particulate emissions was analyzed using Thermo-gravimetric analytical instrument when increasing temperature. The results showed that under the tested conditions, compared to the proportions of biodies eldiesel blends, the change of fuel supplying advanced angle had little influence on the amount of volatile organic fraction in the particulate emissions. The volatile organic fraction in the particulate emissions increased with the increase of the proportions of biodiesel in the blends, volatile organic fractions peaked at the evaporation temperature of 150 ~ 180 iae, and with the percentage of biodiesel increases, the volatile organic fractions were more concentrated in the temperature range with the increase of percentage of biodiesel.

Elephant grass is a fast growing and low nutrient demand plant with significant potential as a renewable energy source. In this work, the influence of heating temperatures, N2sweeping gas flow rates and CaCl2 catalyzer weights on the yields of products and chemical composition of bio-gas was investigated by pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis of elephant grass in a fixed bed reactor. The results showed that as the heating temperature increased, the yield of charcoal decreased, while bio-gas and bio-oil increased. The concentration of CO2decreased 20 vol.% at the heating temperature of 600 iae than that at 350 iae and the concentration of CO reached 25 vol.% in600 iae. With the flow rate of N2 sweeping gas risen, high yield of bio-oil, low yield of bio-gas and high concentration of CO2were gained. CaCl2 had an obvious catalytic effect on elephant grass pyrolysis, and the low level of CaCl2 (less than 15.4 wt.%of grass weight) evolved high yield of charcoal. The high level of CaCl2 doping was helpful to evolve the degree of decomposition and improve the yield of bio-oil, but had a slight effect on the chemical composition of bio-gas.

Shrimp wastewater was studied by using photosynthetic bacteria sludge method. The results indicated that this method got better effects than single sludge or only photosynthetic bacteria treatment. The removal of the CODcr could reach 63%, the removal of the NH3-N could reach 92.5£¥. Compared with conventional methods, it had easier operation, lower cost, and need not deal with the problem of sludge. Another advantage of this method was that it could solve the problem of photosynthetic bacteria losing. Based on the experiment a feasible technical method was suggested by the authors.

A sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was used to investigate the inhibition of free nitrite acid (FNA) on nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) and the effect of free nitrite acid (FNA) on the nitrification of waste water rich in nitrogen on the premise that the nitrogen were removed. The results showed that the inhibition of FNA on NOB was significantly, and short-cut nitrification can stated up successfully by using this way. When the lowest FNA was above 0.04mg/L, the processing efficiency of NOB was only 80% compared the highest FNA was below 0.015mg/L. When the lowest FNA was above 0.03mg/L, the processing efficiency of NOB was only 75% compared the highest FNA was below 0.02mg/L. FNA will need to reach a certain concentration produced significant inhibition on NOB effect.

Vinasse has large components in lignin and cellulose, in order to make cellulase utilize them efficiently and increase efficiency of complex use of wastes, three kinds of pretreatment were experimented to vinasse, containing simple alkali, simple steam and alkali and steam coupling. The results show that after simple alkali and simple steam pretreatment, L-lactic acid yield of vinasse fermentation are 7.25g/L and 10g/L respectively, but after alkali and steam coupling pretreatment, the L-lactic acid yield increases significantly, reaching 26.25g/L. It means that alkali and steam cooperated with each other well. The vinasse fermentation with alkali and steam coupling pretreatment to produce L-lactic acid could minimize vinasse wastes, which has great benefits to circular economy and environmental sustainability.

Using the BG-11 medium ,the usual cultivation of alage medium, fast and efficient screen a produced organic algae from the soil around a Chemical factory's soda production work-shop in Beijing.Experiments show that after 15 days cultivating,t-he algae's biomass reachs to maximum;the best yield conditions of the algae in the laboratory:Na2CO3 concentration(20mg/L),lig-ht intensity(4500Lux),inoculums size(10%),temperature(26℃).In its best sugar yield conditions,domesticate it by using different salinity inorganic mediums and simulation wsterwater and denitrifying bacteria medium.The polysaccharide concentration reachs to 8.6mg/L.Through the domestication,making it possible to use the organic products as the denitrifying bacteria's external carbon source in the denitrifying water treatment.It has good prospects for industrial application.

Estimates of forest vegetation carbon storage in subtropical China played an important role in researching climate dynamics and its mechanism. Carbon storage reflecting the effect of biomass and volume was developed for major planted forests (Pinus massoniana, Cunninghamia lanceolata) by means of the fifth FID (1994–1998) and assessing carbon density in three provinces (Hubei, Hunan, Anhui). Results showed that carbon storage and carbon density of Pinus massoniana varied at the range of 11.46Tg–27.18Tg and 12.96Mg/ha–14.68Mg/ha, respectively. The carbon storage and carbon density of Cunninghamia lanceolata varied from 4.40Tg to 39.70Tg and 13.28Mg/ha to 16.31Mg/ha, respectively. The distribution of carbon storage and carbon density of different forest types closely related with biomass and volume. This study indicated not only with estimation carbon storage and carbon density of many major planted in subtropical China but also with a method for forest vegetation carbon storage in spatial scales and regional scales.

Biogas is a renewable primary energy source. The aim of the current study was to quantify the effect of temperature and feedstock size on biogas production of water hyacinth used for phytoremediation of rural domestic wastewater using anaerobic digestion (AD) process on a batch scale. This experiment consisted of two factors: AD temperature (mesophilic, 35°C) and thermophilic (55°C) and feedstock size (water hyacinth chopped to 6–10 mm, or 15–20 mm). The biogas production, pH, TOC, TKN, TS, and VS contents of the effluents (substrates) were investigated. The results showed that: Higher temperature with smaller size could improve the water hyacinth biogas productivity. The highest biogas production rate was obtained in T6–10 treatment and is higher by 12%, 42%, and 59% in average compared to the biogas production rate from T 15–20 , M 6–10 and M 15–20 , respectively. However, the production rate of biogas from M 6–10 and M 15–20 are no different. The VS content in the effluent was increased slowly with the time, but the VS content reduction in the working substrates ultimately. The initial pH of substrates was 6.7 being well suited for AD process. the ratio of C/N was kept going down fell from 27.4 to 21.5, 22.3, 25.3 and 25.7 with the T 6–10 , T 15–20 , M 6–10 and M 15–20 treatment, respectively, and thereafter variation less than 5%. Based on the analysis of the results, a conclusion can be made: thermophilic condition with smaller size can be more benefit for the biodegradation of water hyacinth AD process.

Bamboo is so easy to moulding that bamboo products haven't been high value added utilization. Therefore, the effect of wood extractives molecules on bamboo biology moulding was studied based on full-factor test. The result is: (1) The effect of tree species of wood extractives on bamboo biomass moulding was highly remarkable. The effect of treatment time on bamboo biology moulding was not remarkable.(2) The better anti-mold effects of wood extractives were Cassia siamea, Cunninghamia lanceolata, Eucalyptus urophydis, Populusdeltoides in turn. So this pointed out the direction for the development of the biologic mould inhibitor.

Sewage sludge taken from Guilin Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) and elemental sufur(S0) were used as the bioleaching medium and substrate respectively. Acidification effect of sewage sludge, activity of bioleaching microorganism and removal rate of heavy metals were investigated at various temperatures from 10℃ to 40℃ in the bioleaching process. Where Bioleaching experiments were process was operated at 3g•L-1 S0 and 1.0L•min-1 aeration rate. An indigenous Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans was the bioleaching dominant bacteria in the process. The results showed that acidification rate and bacterial activity increased with temperature rising in the temperature range of 10℃~30℃. The optimum temperature range for bioleaching bacteria growth was 20℃~30℃. The activity of bioleaching microorganism was the highest at 28.9℃ and sulfate ions yield was 461.66(mg•L-1)•d-1, To achieve the treatment requirements and low operation energy consumption, the proper temperature for bioleaching engineering application should be controlled at 20℃. Under this condition, the removal rates of Cu, Zn and Cd were 47.45％、77.07 and 80.57％respectively after 5-day bioleaching. The residual concentrations of Cu, Zn and Cd in the treated sludge met with the national standard for sludge agriculture use in China.

A kind of aspergillus niger which was isolated from soil was inoculated with Czapek-Dox liquid medium. Controling the experimental conditions, microbial flocculant MF-1 was prepared. MF-1 was adopted for the treatment of midcourse wastewater in papermaking factory. The influence to the flocculation effect of the dosage of flocculant, addition of metal ions, temperature, pH value, and flocculant stirring strength was studied. The optimal flocculation condition was found to be flocculant dosage 60 mg/L, with Fe(III) as the coagulant aid, stirring at 250 rpm for 25 min at 60℃, with pH＜3. The removal rate of CODCr and turbidity can reach 71% and 92%, respectively. The efficiency was much higher than that of traditional flocculants.

Lignocellulosic biomass is the world's most abundant renewable resource. Conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to biofuel, such as bioethanol or biobutanol is viable because of its broad availability. There are about 1800million metric tons rice straw in China. The rice straw can be converted to bioenergy through bioprocess. The effects of the conditions of wet explosion, the amount of cellulase, β-glucosidase, xylanase and the preenzymatic hydrolysis time on the simultaneous saccharification and fermemtation (SSF) were studied. The results showed that (1)the wet explosion for the rice straw under different conditions had obvious effects (2)the pretreated feedstock at the preteated temperature 160°C, the inlet pressure 4atm O 2 , the alkalic amount 6%(w/w), the reaction time 20min can promote the saccharification and fermentation effectiveness(3) the optimal conditions were obtained through SSF process with the cellulase 20FPU/g cellulose, β -glucosidase 40U/g cellulose, xylanase 800U/g at 45°C for the pre-enzmatic hydrolyzed time 8h and 72h SSF hydrolysis. The best converted yield of ethanol was up to 85%, comparable to the dry mass of cellulose. The wet explosion process and SSF technology have board prospect for bioengergy-the second generation bioethanol.

The filter media dimensions are the key design parameter in filter system. In this study, the ceramic pellets with diameter of 3-5 mm, 6-9 mm and 10-13 mm were employed in the vermifilters of D1, D2 and D3, respectively, for excess sludge treatment. The aim of this study was to optimize the diameter of filter media based on the stabilization degree of excess sludge and the corresponding physiological responses of earthworms living in the vermifilters. D1 was seriously clogged due to the flooding. In contrast, D2 and D3 operated steadily. Both the stable sludge stabilization and the favorable physiological response of earthworms were achieved in the vermifilter with the ceramic pellets of 6-9 mm in diameter, with the peak value of VSS reduction 65.3% was obtained. In contrast, the ceramic pellets of 3-5 mm in diameter had negative effect on the physiological responses of earthworms, with the earthworm biomass sharply reducing to 20.8 g/L. The niche in D3 favored the ecological and physiological adaptabilities of earthworm. The highest earthworm biomass (54.4g/L) was observed in D3. And the lowest CAT and POD activities were recorded in earthworms in D3. However, the VSS reduction decreased remarkably when the ceramic pellets of 10-13 mm in diameter were applied in the vermifilter. This was probably because that the large voidage was prone to sludge penetration in filter bed. So, the effluent VSS/SS in D3 was recorded as high as 65%.

Microalgae is a form of prospective biomass energy. Cultivation of wild mixed microalgae is not only develop a new way for biomass energy production, but reduce the emission of carbon dioxide in flue gas, which is important to the alleviation of global climate change. In this study, wild mixed microalgae were cultivated in an airlift photo reactor. The effects of carbon oxide concentration, condition of illumination on growth of microalgae as well as the crude fat content in microalgae were investigated during 180 days cultivation. And the kinetic parameters of mixed microalgae were tested. The results showed that the microalgae growth rate could be greatly enhanced by feeding with CO2 of flue gas. The growth rate of microalgae feeding with 10% CO2 was four times of that feeding with air. Continuous illumination for 24 hr is beneficial for microalgae growth and stability of growth rate. The specific growth rate reached to 0.2 1/d, which was higher than that conditions of half illumination in one day. In the condition of same microalgae biomass and total photosynthetic active radiation, the accumulation of crude fat would benefit from decrease of radiation intensity and increase of light time. The CO2 absorption by mixed microalgae obeyed the first order kinetics. The reaction constant was 0.015 1/min at the microalgae concentration of 1 g/L.

CO 2 fixation by marine micro-algae cultivation has the potential to diminish the emission of CO 2 . To select the proponent micro-algae species this is vital to realize workable biological CO 2 fixation systems, three kinds of candidate energy marine algal strain were cultivated and tested for bio-fixation of CO 2 from power plant flue gas. It was found that Chlorella was the most appropriate strain for CO 2 fixation in high level CO 2 gas, with the maximum CO 2 fixation rate of 2979 mg/L-week.

Taking domestic sewage as the research object, through adding different amount of EM bacteria culture medium to the sewage and EM rejuvenation bacteria which cultivated by combining immobilization technology, wastewater treatment mechanism of EM bacteria was explored, and the treatment effect of COD, ammonia nitrogen and total phophorus was observed as well as the best collecting volume. The results showed that EM rejuvenation bacteria is better than pure EM culture medium on the removal rate of ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus and COD in wastewater, furthermore removal efficiency by 35 mesh rejuvenation bacteria is higher than 120 mesh.

In order to reduce chemical residues on kenaf fiber and solve the environmental pollution caused by traditional degumming methods, bio-enzymatic degumming on kenaf was proposed, and a neural network model was built to optimize the parameters during industrialized production. Pre-treatment of laboratory data was conducted through changes of scale and training samples were determined by equilibrium selection. The optimal process parameters were finally fixed by genetic algorithm: temperature is 34.11?, pH value is 8, liquor ratio is 1:37.61, time is 60h, and enzyme consumption is 1.00 mL/10g kenaf bast fiber. After verification by degumming experiments, the residual gum content and the weight-loss ratio was 10.9% and 19.8% respectively, obviously superior to the results of orthogonal experiments, and it could provide theoretical basis for industrialized degumming.

The performance of pilot scale hybrid process of fluidized biofilm process, chemical coagulation and ultrafiltration system for surface water treatment was studied. In order to remove ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) and DOC efficiently, fluidized biofilm process with entrapped nitrifying bacteria pellets and powder activated carbon was applied to the hybrid process. FeCl3•6H2O and 7 mg (Fe)/l were determined as optimal chemical coagulation condition at pilot scale treatment. NH4+-N concentration in the produced water was less than 0.5mg/l at the overall combined process. DOC, UV254 and THMFP removals of 59.0%, 59.8% and 67.7% were also achieved by the overall hybrid process. Fluidized biofilm process contributed 93% NH4+-N removal and 10% DOC removal. This combined process was highly competitive in comparison to conventional treatment for surface water in NH4+-N and DOC removal.

Bamboo wood especially the Phyllostachys pubescens is extremely abundant in our country, however, the high moisture content and easy to mildew and decay has limits it widely application in solid material. In this study, a novel carbonization with low temperature and non-smoke is introduced, and whole factor analysis method and variance analysis are used to find a novel and optimized process parameter, the result show that: (1) The carbonization temperature, relative humidity and carbonization time have significant influence on the moisture content of carbonized Phyllostachys pubescens. (2) The best process parameter is 240℃ carbonization temperature, 3 hours carbonization and 11.3% relative humidity. This result will provide theoretical guide for highly effective utilization of Phyllostachys pubescens resource.