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There emerges a strong trend recently to create an intelligent and controllable wireless transmission environment by installing reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) on the surface of diverse. We research the use of RIS in 5G multicast TV applications in this paper. In particular, the shape-adaptive RIS is developed to relay 5G multicast TV signals and achieve extra RIS gain. To optimize the shape bending in RIS model, we employ the algorithm of Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG), a reinforcement learning technique that combines both Q-learning and Policy gradients. Our simulation results show that RIS can considerably enhance the SINR of worst users and improve the system’s overall Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) level for 5G mobile broadcasting services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an emerging broadband service pattern in the 5G era, VR broadcasting needs a considerable amount of bandwidth and strict quality of service (QoS) control. The traditional eMBMS or enTV transmission mode in HetNets consisting of macro cells and small cells cannot bring about a good trade-off between broadband performance and resource utilization for VR broadcasting service. D2D multicasting applied to VR broadcasting can improve the performance of edge users and resource utilization. Motivated by the rapid development of AI techniques, this paper proposes a novel hybrid transmission mode selection based on online reinforcement learning to address this problem. Each VR broadband user can be associated by one of the three modes: macrocell broadcasting, mmWave small cell unicasting and D2D multicasting. This paper first models this intelligent mode decision process as a problem to pursue the optimal system throughput. Then, an online machine learning-based method is proposed to solve this problem, which consists of a fast D2D clustering module based on unsupervised learning and a smart mode selection module based on reinforcement learning. The simulation results verify that the WoLF-PHC and Nash Q-learning perform better than other algorithms in large-scale scenarios and small-scale scenarios, respectively. The proposed intelligent transmission mode selection can also achieve larger VR throughput than traditional broadcasting strategies with a good balance between broadband performance and resource utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quality of experience (QoE) that serves as a direct evaluation of viewing experience from the end users is of vital importance for network optimization, and should be constantly monitored. Unlike existing video-on-demand streaming services, real-time interactivity is critical to the mobile live broadcasting experience for both broadcasters and their audiences. While existing QoE metrics that are validated on limited video contents and synthetic stall patterns have shown effectiveness in their trained QoE benchmarks, a common caveat is that they often encounter challenges in practical live broadcasting scenarios, where one needs to accurately understand the activity in the video with fluctuating QoE and figure out what is going to happen to support the real-time feedback to the broadcaster. In this paper, we propose a temporal relational reasoning guided QoE evaluation approach for mobile live video broadcasting, namely TRR-QoE, which explicitly attends to the temporal relationships between consecutive frames to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of the distortion-aware variation. In our design, video frames are first processed by deep neural network (DNN) to extract quality-indicative features. Afterwards, besides explicitly integrating features of individual frames to account for the spatial distortion information, multi-scale temporal relational information corresponding to diverse temporal resolutions are made full use of to capture temporal-distortion-aware variation. As a result, the overall QoE prediction could be derived by combining both aspects. The results of experiments conducted on a number of benchmark databases demonstrate the superiority of TRR-QoE over the representative state-of-the-art metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Broadcasting high dynamic range (HDR) video has been demonstrated as largely preferred when compared to standard dynamic range (SDR), mainly due to its capability of representing more details in dark and bright regions. Additionally, progress over the last decades on creation, compression, transmission and rendering of HDR content signals a forthcoming deployment of HDR broadcasting services. Lack of a widely supported recommendation regarding bandwidth allocation for HDR compressed streams or a unique compression approach, prevent faster deployment of such services. This paper investigates the performance of a dual-layer backward-compatible compression codec, when compared to state-of-the-art HDR compression strategies, in terms of perceived quality. The evaluated system is a dual-layer compression scheme enabling the transmission of a backward-compatible SDR stream along with an HDR stream, reconstructed from the residual-based enhancement layer and SDR mapping (i.e., prediction). Comparison is made to two compression strategies realizing uncompromised SDR or HDR through the use of single-layer systems multiplexed with metadata. Metadata contains information necessary to map HDR into SDR or SDR into HDR streams. Our conclusion provides guidance regarding the compression strategy to use as well as bandwidth allocation for HDR delivery, ensuring both SDR and HDR contents with perceptually acceptable quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Future media transmission as a consistent target is pursued by both next mobile communication system (5G) and advanced digital terrestrial television system. High data rate and flexibility are major considerations for future media transmission. Broadcasting network facilitates high-efficiency transmission of popular or live video in large area, and while, cellular network tends to provide personalized and localized services with a unicast/multicast model. The broadcast-like scheme emerges in 5G to resolve the high demand for bandwidth. However, it requires high deployment cost and imposes much interference on unicast/multicast services. In this paper, a cooperative structure of cellular network and broadcasting network using cloud radio access network (C-RAN) is proposed. The expenses of constructing hybrid network can be significantly cut down by applying the centralization and virtualization of C-RAN. Besides, technical approaches for 3GPP and ATSC cooperation in physical layer is detailed. Dedicated return channel (DRC) of broadcasting network is proposed to enable seamless interaction between broadcasters and few users in a remote area with high expense of cellular tower deployment. To loosen the real-time physical layer pipes period restriction of DRC system, three alternative periods are investigated to provide more flexibility to broadcasters. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, we address the problem of how to make the wireless service provider have better profits with consideration of user experience provision in wireless video broadcasting systems. We propose a marginal-based pricing and a resource-allocation framework to achieve better resource utilization and profit improvement. The marginal principle includes 1) marginal user principle, in which a pricing mechanism is established on the basis of marginal users, such that the WSP can seek its own maximum profit of each content with a QoE guarantee; 2) marginal profit principle, in which a WSP can earn the maximum profit through multicontent-service provision by regulating rate allocation in limited available bandwidth. Furthermore, we present a two-tier framework consisting of the inner and outer loops. The inner loop focuses on pricing-based service provision based on the notion of marginal user principle. The outer loop concentrates on allocating bandwidth among multiple video contents according to marginal profit principle. For the solution, we model the profit regions of WSPs and end-users as the polymatroid structures and model the corresponding allocated rate regions as the contra-polymatroid structures. Through exploiting the properties of polymatroid and contra-polymatroid structures, the broadcasting profit problem is solved by finding the optimal rate vector on the sum-rate facet which satisfies the maximal achievable profit. Extensive performance comparison and analysis are presented to demonstrate efficiency of the proposed solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study of some reliability mechanisms which may be put at work in the context of Satellite Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (SDMB) to mobile devices such as handheld phones. These mechanisms include error correcting codes, interleaving at the physical layer, erasure codes at intermediate layers and error concealment on the video decoder. The evaluation is made on a realistic satellite channel and takes into account practical constraints such as the maximum zapping time and the user mobility at several speeds. The evaluation is done by simulating different scenarios with complete protocol stacks. The simulations indicate that, under the assumptions taken here, the scenario using highly compressed video protected by erasure codes at intermediate layers seems to be the best solution on this kind of channel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Broadcasting has been proved to be an efficacious approach of video-on-demand (VOD) service. Over the past few decades, many scholars have devoted a great deal of time to the study of broadcasting. Among all available schemes, harmonic broadcasting (HB) scheme points out the minimum bandwidth required to broadcast a popular video given a fixed viewers’ waiting time. HB divides each segment equally into several horizontal subsegments in line with the harmonic series. However, such segmentation is too complex to be feasible. To solve this problem, we come up with an original scheme dubbed wrap HB (WHB), in which we partition each segment equally into vertical subsegments according to its serial number. Given a fixed channel allocation, the maximum number of segments of our scheme approaches to the theoretical upper bound. Compared to the fast broadcasting scheme and the recursive frequency-splitting scheme, the buffer requirement in the WHB scheme decreases by 26%. We also design a simple VBR WHB (SVWHB) scheme to accommodate VBR video based on the WHB scheme. The comprehensive simulation results indicate that the SVWHB scheme has similar savings as the WHB scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, various schemes for broadcasting continuous media data such as audio and video have been studied. Some of them have focused on reducing the waiting time of clients under the condition that clients can play data without interruption from beginning to end. These schemes usually employ multiple channels to broadcast continuous media data. However, clients for most broadcast systems such as wireless LAN, DVB and ISDB-T cannot receive data from multiple channels concurrently. In this paper, we propose and evaluate a scheduling scheme to reduce the waiting time of clients with a single channel. Preliminary results suggest that this scheme outperforms existing schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manly essential multimedia applications rely on video-on-demand technology to deliver a video to different users. A number of periodic broadcast techniques have been proposed for the cost-effective implementation of such systems. Most of these techniques I would either try to minimize the server band- width, user bandwidth, user storage, user access latency to the video, or a combination of some of the aforementioned parameters. On the other hand, the implementation strategies of these broadcast schedules would necessitate a minimum bandwidth requirement for all users. Multi-resolution techniques address the heterogeneity problem by sacrificing user video quality. In this paper, we consider a different approach that does not possess this disadvantage. using an incremental channel design at the server side, and a specific broadcast schedule, users can choose among a range of band widths to use to download the video at the cost of their access latency and not to the video quality. We prove the correctness of the proposed solution; provide mathematical analysis to demonstrate its heterogeneous behavior, and present performance studies to illustrate its efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the unresolved problems in providing viable stereoscopic 3D video services based on terrestrial DTV is to carry additional video while maintaining existing 2D video quality within limited bandwidth. Mitigating this problem, our proposed 3D service incorporates ATSC Non- Real-Time (NRT) transmission scheme in which the additional video stream delivered in advance of use and stored for later consumption. At later time when transmitting an air AV program associating the additional video previously sent, a receiving device is able to play stereoscopic 3D video by combining real-time video and the stored additional video synchronously. In this paper, we propose backward compatible system for the 3D NRT service and show that our implementation successfully presents the new stereoscopic 3D video service based on Terrestrial DTV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Network slicing is a widely discussed technology for 5G broadcasting services, as it allows the operators to create end-to-end virtual slices across the 5G core (5GC) and the 5G radio access network (RAN). The joint network slicing is necessary for 5GC and 5G RAN in a bid to enhance the overall resource utilization and quality of service. Nevertheless, as the dimension of network resource and user demand increase, the computational complexity of slice status update goes up as well. To overcome this scalability problem, we propose a data driven approach to realize joint slice reconfiguration from 5GC to 5G RAN in real-time. Our design shortens significantly the time of slice status update by mapping the resource status to a two-dimensional vector graph. In addition, we also introduce a corresponding slice reconfiguration algorithm to balance the load of each slice in 5GC and 5G RAN. Simulation results justify that our proposed approach can greatly reduce the cost of slice status update and achieve desirable slice reconfiguration performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cdma2000 1×evolution-data-only (EV-DO) mobile communication system provides broadcast and multicast services (BCMCS) to meet an increasing demand for multimedia data services. Currently, broadcast and multicast streams are scheduled using a slot-based static algorithm which cannot support dynamic environments where broadcast content is added or removed online. We propose a dynamic packet-scheduling algorithm that works with a retransmission scheme to enable a scalable and adaptive service across the cdma2000 1×EV-DO BCMCS environments. Since it is integrated with earliest deadline first real-time scheduling, the proposed algorithm not only adapts efficiently to dynamic contexts but also satisfies the real-time requirements of broadcast streams. Furthermore, by exploiting the fine granular scalability features of the MPEG-4 Part 2 standard, our scheme can avoid abrupt playback quality degradation by protecting the base layer using a retransmission technique and can also adapt more flexibly to an environment in which the resource requirements of video streams change dynamically. Simulation results show a significant improvement in average playback quality while quantitatively validating the efficiency of our approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combining broadcast and mobile phone technologies, 3GPP2 has introduced the Broadcast and Multicast Services (BCMCS) architecture to deliver multimedia content over cdma2000 1xEV-DO wireless networks. In designing a mobile device to support multimedia broadcast services, it is important to reduce delay and energy consumption, while maintaining a tolerable level of data loss. We analyse the energy consumed by a mobile device receiving broadcast services, focusing on error recovery using the Reed-Solomon (RS) MAC-layer coding scheme. Our model is based on the energy consumed by each computational component of the RS decoder, which we determined by running the decoding process on a realistic ARM7TDMI testbed with experimentally justified cache sizes, and characterizing the energy consumption accurately with the SNU Energy Explorer. By varying the radio channel conditions, RS coding scheme and other system parameters, we determined energy-efficient cache configurations and operating ranges for each RS encoding scheme, corresponding to given levels of service quality in a video application. We have also found that significant energy can be saved by selecting a size of error control block that is appropriate to the target video quality and the channel conditions at the mobile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A converged broadcast and telecommunication service platform is presented that is able to create, deliver, and manage interactive, multimedia content and services for consumption on three different terminal types. The motivations of service providers for designing converged interactive multimedia services, which are crafted for their individual requirements, are investigated. The overall design of the system is presented with particular emphasis placed on the operational features of each of the sub-systems, the flows of media and metadata through the sub-systems and the formats and protocols required for inter-communication between them. The key features of tools required for creating converged interactive multimedia content for a range of different end-user terminal types are examined. Finally possible enhancements to this system are discussed. This study is of particular interest to those organizations currently conducting trials and commercial launches of DVB-H services because it provides them with an insight of the various additional functions required in the service provisioning platforms to provide fully interactive services to a range of different mobile terminal types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scalable video transmission over a network is easily adaptable to different types of mobile experiencing different network conditions. However the transmission of differentiated video packets in an error-prone wireless environment remains problematic. We propose and analyze a cross-layer error control scheme that exploits priority-aware block interleaving (PBI) in the MAC layer for video broadcasting in CDMA2000 systems. The PBI scheme allocates a higher priority to protecting the data which are more critical to the decoding of a video stream, and therefore has more effect on picture quality in the application layer. The use of Reed-Solomon coding in conjunction with PBI in the MAC layer can handle error bursts more effectively if its implementation takes account of underlying error distributions in the physical layer, and differentiates between different types of video packets in the application layer. We also calculate the maximum jitter from the variability of the Reed-Solomon decoding delay and determine the size of jitter buffer needed to prevent interruptions due to buffer underrun. Simulations demonstrate the extent to which we can improve the perceived quality of scalable video. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Transmitting camera parameters and additional information enables the generation of a mixed-reality presentation of sports on mobile devices. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In the real world, the viewers may want to have an ability to choose a desired video from some interested videos by scanning the first few minutes of these videos. Obviously, a broadcasting method, which allows subscribers buffering the data of the first few minutes of all popular videos, could provide this service without the startup latency. Fortunately, the capacity of harddisk or flash memory will increase and prices will become more affordable, enough to support the space needed to save such a large amount of data. In this work, we propose a zero-latency scheduling scheme (ZLSS) for broadcasting popular movies. The ZLSS method not only provides a zero-latency service for subscribers who buffering the data of the first few minutes of a video, but also provides a service with a shorter waiting time for subscribers who buffering nothing of the desired video. Compared with the previous method, the ZLSS method reduces the buffer requirement and the maximum waiting time by 10~50%1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]