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Being a 16-year-old kid going to UC Berkeley right before the 1960s was not conducive to academic success. That was my situation: Having graduated from high school early with no strong academic motivation, being immature, and with the distractions of Cal, I dropped out after one year of classes and two more years of goofing off. In retrospect, this disaster (my parent's words) led to a 57-year (and still counting) successful career in the computer industry where I participated in and contributed to the evolution from a few large computers to billions of personal computing devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How quickly did the computer revolution reach the most remote Westernized country? Conventional history holds that the first modern computer in New Zealand—where "modern" means electronic, and with stored programs—was an IBM 650 leased from IBM Australia by the New Zealand Treasury in November 1960, and officially inaugurated in March 1961. This article discusses an alternative hypothesis—that the pioneer was in fact an ICT 1201 ordered in 1959 and installed by the New Zealand Department of Education a few months before the arrival of the IBM 650. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Font Wars were a decades-long competition in the computer industry for dominance in font technology, viewed as a key success factor for personal computing platforms. The Font Wars spurred innovative scientific research into the small, nearly subliminal forms of the printed letters on which modern civilization was based, yet which had received little scrutiny outside the printing trades. More than a business episode, the Font Wars were above all a manifestation and translation of ideas—some modern, some ancient, some theoretical, some practical—into computer software and hardware. At the heart of the Font Wars was a fundamental question: What is the best way to turn traditional printed letter forms into digital fonts for computer screens and printers? Answers to this question were researched, implemented, and launched into the marketplace, where their intense competition transformed the 500 year tradition of printing and publishing, placing the electronic literacy on the screens of billions of digital displays, computers, tablets, and smart phones around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports on the Lighthill Affair. The Lighthill Report, which formed the basis for the decision by the British government to end support of AI research in all but two universities. (Oral tradition paints a somewhat different and more colorful picture, with political ambitions and personal animosities that cannot be put into print.)1 In this paper, I describe the affair, put in print some of the things hinted at here, and elaborate on the issues that have remained topical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this essay is to examine how a comfortable paradigm for explaining the spread of a major technology began cracking, shaken by new findings. I do this by, first, summarizing familiar explanations for the diffusion of computing, as much recently historical research still depends on it. Then I describe problems-cracks-appearing in these assumptions, followed by a proposed modification of how to view IT's diffusion-the why and how-an an update more in line with current historiography. The conclusion of this essay identifies implications for research on other technologies, especially those that emerged during the Second Industrial Revolution still unfolding, many of which are morphing into quasi-computers themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1960, CBS aired a special issue entitled "The Thinking Machine" which featured three Western playlets scripted by a computer programmed by MIT researchers. Almost 60 years later, two researchers at Autodesk used a computer program to help design a chair. In this article, I link these two seemingly discrete examples of computational creativity in order to highlight how digital fabrication technologies have served as an important test site for defining human and computational expertise. I do so by illustrating how concepts of "creativity" and "routine" were produced alongside the concepts of computational creativity during the development of digital fabrication. This dichotomy of "creative" and "routine" is not only used to determine the kinds of tasks that are appropriate for humans and computers to perform within the design and production process, but it is also used to render invisible the embodied craft knowledge required to substantiate these systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the beginning of the 1960s, several Western European computer firms faced financial issues and pressure from U.S. competitors. A series of negotiations attempted to create a consortium of European manufacturers, and while some of these had a positive outcome, in general they did not succeed; by 1964 IBM had more than a 60% share of the European computer market and General Electric acquired two of the most prominent companies in Europe. This case study examines negotiations during the years 1962–1964, focusing on contacts between U.K. manufacturers English Electric, LEO Computers, and ICT, and Italian Olivetti, French Bull, and German Siemens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this essay is to examine how a comfortable paradigm for explaining the spread of a major technology began cracking, shaken by new findings. I do this by, first, summarizing familiar explanations for the diffusion of computing, as much recently historical research still depends on it. Then I describe problems-cracks-appearing in these assumptions, followed by a proposed modification of how to view IT's diffusion the why and how an an update more in line with current historiography. The conclusion of this essay identifies implications for research on other technologies, especially those that emerged during the Second Industrial Revolution still unfolding, many of which are morphing into quasi-computers themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Addresses the significance of codes of conduct as it relates to the computer industry, technological development, and government policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Provides several short items that may include news, reviews or technical notes that should be of interest to practitioners and researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Letters to the Editor and author responses for previously published Computer articles from Bob Colwell, David Patterson, Jeremy Gibbons, Andreas Stefik, and Stefan Hanenberg. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article aims to shed light on notable aspects of the history of computing in Greece, starting from 1920. We cover six areas, including the early days of computing in the country, the transition to the Internet era, the formation of a computer-related educational infrastructure, the evolution of data networks, and the growth of the software and hardware industry. In each area we highlight findings that involve the important role of women in this technological evolution, how the risks taken by particular individuals pushed the boundaries of the field, the slow pace of the universities at the early stages, and the key part of multinational technology companies and state-controlled banks. Apart from numerous reports and publications, our sources also include interviews with individuals who played a major part in the development of computing in Greece. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dame Stephanie (Steve) Shirley is one of Britains most celebrated IT pioneers, entrepreneurs, and philanthropists. In 1962, she founded a contract programming company exclusively for women, seeing untapped potential in the large numbers of educated women who had left work in order to raise children at home. Shirleys company grew rapidly and had a successful IPO in 1996. Since retiring, Shirley has spent her time supporting various IT-related causes and, most recently, organizations researching and providing services to those with autism. This edited interview is based on an oral history conducted by Marie Hicks, professor of history at the University of Wisconsin at Madison, on behalf of the Computer History Museum. The original transcript may be accessed here: www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102738707. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet of Things has been applied in many fields, especially in smart cities. The failure of nodes brings a significant challenge to the robustness of topologies. The IoT of smart cities is increasingly producing a vast amount different types of data, which includes the node's geographic information, neighbor list, sensing data, and so on. Thus, how to improve the robustness of topology against malicious attacks based on big data of smart cities becomes a critical issue. To tackle this problem, this article proposes an approach to improve the robustness of network topology based on a multi-population genetic algorithm (MPGA). First, the geographic information and neighbor list of nodes are extracted from a big data server. Then a novel MPGA with a crossover operator and a mutation operator is proposed to optimize the robustness of topology. Our algorithm keeps the initial degree of each node unchanged such that the optimized topology will not increase the energy cost of adding edges. The extensive experiment results show that our algorithm can significantly improve the robustness of topologies against malicious attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article examines corporate labor and gender relations in transatlantic perspective. It argues that the gendered communication of IBM’s Thomas Watson Sr. shaped labor relations in his company’s West German subsidiary. In the United States, Watson acted as a business progressive, expanding internationally, opening professional careers to young women, and implementing welfare capitalist measures. When IBM took tighter control of its foreign operations after World War II, Watson sought to implement welfare capitalist measures in the subsidiaries abroad. His wife Jeanette by his side, he presented himself as the caring “pater familias.” German IBM employees embraced Watson’s conservative rhetoric of the IBM family but continued to join national unions and formed a works council, thwarting the major welfare capitalist goal of averting labor organization. Against such local labor practices, gendered communication undergirded a loyal workforce even in critical situations, an overlooked factor contributing to the company’s success. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This is a biography of Anne-Louse Guichard Radimsky [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article analyzes the development of the German software company Software Aktiengesellschaft (AG), which was among the few European companies that succeeded in the US market already in the 1970s. Utilizing the concept of path creation, it examines how early success impacted the development of the company. It shows that at least two paths in the development, the focus on the Adaptable Database System (Adabas) product ecosystem and the underlying technology, as well as the strong internationalization, relate to the early success and influenced the further evolution of it. The analyses reveal that they played an important role in how the company reacted on to the rise of relational databases and the vertical disintegration of the computer industry. As a consequence of the late adoption, of them they company got into troubles and needed to adjust their profile and orientation during the 1990s and early 2000s, which is analyzed in the final part of the article. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

With the growing awareness of global warming, many companies worldwide are improving their supply chain sustainability, under pressure from the government or their own shareholders. However, not all countries around the world equally emphasize the threat. For example, some countries still have not implemented any carbon dioxide emission regulations to address this problem. Carbon regulations in only subglobal areas may result in even higher global emissions because of carbon leakage. One possible approach to cope with the carbon leakage problem is to impose carbon tariffs on the goods from unregulated countries. In this paper, a mathematical model is built to explore the impacts of carbon tariff imposition on the supply chain network design, where the carbon tariff is imposed when the goods flow from unregulated countries to regulated countries. Moreover, our paper provides a complete experimental study by applying this model in a real case study, Company G, a major Taiwan-based multinational company in the electronic products industry. The outcomes demonstrate the conditions where the introduction of carbon tariffs forces firms from unregulated countries to take actions to reduce carbon emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The term "computer utility" has been perennially present in the history of computing, though a precise definition of the term has been fleeting, even when it first appeared in the Mid-1960s. The recent resurgence of interest in the remote provision of computing power has brought with it the historical jumble of definitions that make up that term, and "computer utility" is once again being applied to computer architectures though with little justification or exposition given regarding this use. This article attempts to determine whether past and present applications of the term share any commonalities and in doing so questions whether there has ever existed a true "computer utility." To do so, incarnations of the "computer utility" are examined in two time periods--the 1960s and the 1970s--during which time computer time-sharing enjoyed significant prosperity and now as cloud computing has become increasingly popular and prolific. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper examines the cultural climate faced by women in the American computer industry from the 1960s to the early 1980s, a period in which the percentage of the industry workforce that was female almost tripled. Drawing on a comprehensive study of articles and advertisements in the trade journal Datamation, sources from IBM, Control Data, and the Burroughs Corporation, and the records of the user group SHARE, Inc, the study argues that the cultural climate of the industry shifted radically in the early 1970s, from hostility in the 1960s to a more open one in the late 1970s and early 1980s. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The familiar story of Moore's law is actually inaccurate. This article corrects the story, leading to different projections for the future. Moore's law is a fluid idea whose definition changes over time. It thus doesn't have the ability to "end," as is popularly reported, but merely takes different forms as the semiconductor and computer industries evolve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents the recipient of the NEC Computers and Communications Foundation Award for 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The guest editors introduce the Top Picks and Honorable Mentions from the 2015 computer architecture conferences. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Events of interest to Computer Society members. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Presents information on career opportunities in the computer industry. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Amiga technology came into being decades ago. The concepts (and some of the actual system components) had staying power despite the failure of the original manufacturer. Developers and users around the world continue to push and use Amiga derived and expanded technology. This is more than retrocomputing as a desire to simply reclaim past computing technology. This is an example of continued technology development by a community of invested users, a sort of consumer-led development. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article explores how Taiwanese laptop contract manufacturers established the foundation of their businesses between the late 1980s and mid-1990s. It casts doubt on the traditional view of a linear progression from manufacturing to design capability in Asia. By examining the three earliest laptop projects in Taiwan, however, this author shows that manufacturing was not necessarily simpler than design and how important these producers' design engineering capabilities were to attracting customers and establishing a solid foundation for their future development. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In 1981, videotex and virtual circuits were the hot computer network technologies and promised to bring the world to the masses. Amid a worldwide battle over standards, France started Minitel, which quickly became the first successful mass-market digital information-distribution ecosystem. In 1991, France Telecom launched the American version of Minitel, 101 Online, in San Francisco. 101 Online was as massive a failure as Minitel had been a success. This article reveals the previously undocumented history of the 101 Online ecosystem, suggests reasons why it failed where Minitel had succeeded, and draws lessons for the current policy debate on what information-network architecture and implementation best fosters digital innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article is the second in a two-part series exploring the development of the early history of information technologies, from the 1940s to the present. This article describes the evolving information infrastructure used by historians in support of their research on the history of computing and of the role of IT practitioners, computer executives, scientists, and universities in creating that support since the 1970s. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A summary of events of interest to Computer Society members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the technological changes across computing's first three generations, how might the next serve humanity? Three critical technologies--the cloud, the crowd, and the shroud of devices connecting the physical and digital worlds--define the fourth generation of collective computing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information about upcoming events of interest to Computer Society members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite a widely-acknowledged shortage of software developers, and reports of a gap between industry needs and software education, the possible gap between students' needs and software development education has not been explored in detail. In their university education, students want to take courses and carry out projects that clearly relate to their lives and their goals. This paper reports on a quantitative study of 297 software development students. The analysis of the results suggests that software development education has a predominantly social relevance to students and also has moderate personal and professional relevance. The following approaches are recommended to improve students' views of the relevance of software development education: use various learning environments; pay special attention to female students, students who did not have IT as a school subject, and students who rate their own academic performance as low; update educators on the latest developments; design programs to appeal to students and to meet societal demands. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article gives, for the first time, a complete description of the machine developed around 1850 by Jean-Baptiste Schwilgué (1776-1856) for the mechanical computation of arithmetic sequences, of particular use in setting gear-cutting machines. The first part in a two-part series, this article describes the machine's historical context and structure. The second part will present the details behind its basic operations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article presents a brief history of how computing started and evolved in Mexico. From the first computer installed in 1958 to the present day, the authors analyze the role computer science has played in Mexico, looking at its limitations, opportunities, academic programs, government, and related industries as the motor of computer science development. They describe how research has gone from an approach centered only on applications development to the creation of research institutions granting advanced degrees and a growing community of researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Although Mexico has a common border with the United States, on account of its enduring inequities in distribution of wealth and often rickety economy, Mexico's technological advances have been a step behind. Nevertheless, Mexico has had quite a few interesting high-end technology locations that helped stimulate the acquisition and spread of computing knowledge. This article briefly describes how Mexican computing has evolved-depending significantly on developments in the US and often hindered by the Mexican politics that have led to long periods of economic crisis. In the 1990s, an international treaty helped boost the Mexican computer industry, although this relatively recent event still left Mexico far behind its neighbor to the north. The treaty made it easy to import computers into Mexico and to produce them in Mexico, and the economy became more stable over the following decades. In time, computing developments in Mexico started catching up with the US, coinciding with cheaper consumer electronics products, a good economy, high productivity, and globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Since its demise in 1990, the technological-industrial policy for manufacturing computers in Brazil during the 1970s and 1980s has generally been regarded as a capital sin. People see the policy as having emerged from a spurious alliance between leftist and nationalist academics, bureaucrats, and the military and believe it provided nothing other than business opportunities for shrewd entrepreneurs. This article departs from this simplistic view and provides a new perspective on Brazil's computer market reserve policy. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

At the end of 1960, Argentina began to incorporate its first computers and develop computing research projects and training programs. This early period overlapped with an renovation movement, and the most notable efforts to appropriate the new technology were initiated at the universities. Led by mathematician Manuel Sadosky, the most relevant contribution came from the Calculus Institute (Instituto de Cálculo, IC) at the University of Buenos Aires. From 1961 to 1966, equipped with a Ferranti Mercury computer, the IC went through a period of rapid growth, and it was fundamental to creating the first computer science degree program in Latin America. After the country's coup d'état in 1966, approximately 90 percent of IC's personnel resigned. Afterward, no institution could match its scientific and professional expertise nor equal its authority and leadership in the field, despite the modernizing rhetoric of the new authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Torus networks of moderate degree have been widely used in the supercomputer industry. Tori are superb when used for executing applications that require near-neighbor communications. Nevertheless, they are not so good when dealing with global communications. Hence, typical 3D implementations have evolved to 5D networks, among other reasons, to reduce network distances. Most of these big systems are mixed-radix tori, which are not the best option for minimizing distances and efficiently using network resources. This paper is focused on improving the topological properties of this kind of networks. By using integral matrices to deal with Cayley graphs over Abelian groups, we have been able to propose and analyze a family of high-dimensional mesh-based interconnection networks. As they are built over $n$-dimensional grids that induce a regular tiling of space, these topologies have been denoted lattice graphs. Higher dimensional networks can be composed over these graphs by means of a lift operation, which is also introduced in the paper. Easy network partitioning and minimal routing algorithm are also provided for these topologies based on this new network operation. Later we focus on cubic crystal lattices for modeling symmetric 3D networks and to show how lattice graphs can help in the design of twisted interconnection networks. In all cases, the networks obtained are better, in topological terms, than their standard tori counterparts. Finally, some practical issues such as implementability and preliminary performance evaluations have been addressed at the end of this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is part of a two-part series exploring the development of the early history of information technologies, from the 1940s to the present. It argues that historians have developed this new field along the lines evident in other historical categories, evolving from accounts of machines and individuals to more complex historiographical issues involving research methods, institutions, groups, and whole nations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

These reminiscences relate to the period that Brian Randell spent between 1964 and 1966 first at IBM Research working on Project Y and then in the IBM Systems Development Division on the resulting ACS Project--then-secret projects that aimed to build a supercomputer that would be 100 times faster than Stretch. Randell's account is based in part on his memory, but also makes extensive use of the small set of files that he had retained, mainly relating to patent applications. A scanned copy of one of these files, the paper "Dynamic Instruction Scheduling," that he coauthored with Lynn Conway, Don Rozenberg, and Don Senzig in February 1966, is available as an online Web extra https://s3.amazonaws.com/ieeecs.cdn.csdl.public/mags/an/2015/03/man2015030055s.pdf and in Newcastle University's online archive at www.cs.ncl.ac.uk/publications/trs/papers/891.pdf. Because of space constraints just the initial three pages of this paper are included in the present article, which also includes the text from a section on "Interrupts" that was added to the 1969 IBM San Jose Technical Report version of the 1966 paper. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Information about upcoming events of interest to Computer Society members. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Academically trained as a historian and then hired as an IBM salesperson in the 1970s, James Cortada spent many years working to define the scope of the emerging history of computing field. As an IBM employee, Cortada began his writing career with almost exclusive access to the IBM Archives. This article describes his experiences with the IBM Archives, the archives of other major industry leaders (such as Burroughs and NCR), and the still active pioneers in the computer industry during this period. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Prolific, yet neglected inventor Andrew Vasily Haeff (1905-1990) made numerous contributions to vacuum tube art, including the traveling wave tube, the inductive-output tube, the electron-wave tube (or "double-stream" amplifier), the resistive wall tube, and many others. Haeff's contributions to computing history include his pioneering computer monitor technology, his high-speed electrostatic computer memory tube, and his early work in the display and storage of text and graphics. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The history of computing in India is inextricably intertwined with two interacting forces: the political climate (determined by the political party in power) and the government policies mainly driven by the technocrats and bureaucrats who acted within the boundaries drawn by the political party in power. There were four break points (which occurred in 1970, 1978, 1991 and 1998) that changed the direction of the development of computers and their applications. This article explains why these breaks occurred and how they affected the history of computing in India. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Computer pioneer Gordon Bell has been one of the industry's leading figures for nearly 50 years. A fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1994), American Association for the Advancement of Science (1983), ACM (1994), IEEE (1974), and Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering (2009) and a member of the National Academy of Engineering (1977) and National Academy of Science (2007), Bell was also a founding board member of the Computer History Museum. This interview is based on an oral history conducted by Gardner Hendrie for the CHM in June 2005. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Topics include hackers hitting Sony with a devastating attack, a new Bluetooth version offering online connectivity that could advance the Internet of Things, the recent death of the father of the home video-game console, big e-commerce websites crashing under the weight of holiday shopping traffic, lawmakers approving a plan that could break up Google in Europe, advanced malware spying on victims for six years before being discovered, gaming companies worrying that using virtual reality could make players sick, scientists building a molecular-level flash-storage system, researchers saying that many children's apps violate users' privacy, and extensive global law-enforcement operation taking down dark websites. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Topics include Russian hackers stealing more than 1 billion usernames and passwords, researchers developing a new type of brain-inspired chip, a US judge rejecting a Silicon Valley corporate-collusion settlement, proponents saying that their new networking approach could replace TCP/IP, researchers setting a speed record for data transmission over copper wiring, a "digital tattoo" that unlocks smartphones, a group proposing a new smart-home wireless technology, cloud computing making life difficult for forensics investigators, smart robotic furniture that can assemble and reassemble itself, and a sensor system that will track players' performance during this year's US professional football season. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Information about upcoming events of interest to Computer Society members. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]