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Demand response (DR) can be counted as an effective congestion management method in power systems. However, appointing the optimal buses for the demand response programs (DRPs) implementation is one of the main challenges for the power system operators. In this paper, a new procedure has been developed by which the optimal locations and times of DRPs implementation are determined. Optimal buses are identified based on the power transfer distribution factors (PTDFs), available transfer capability, and dynamic dc optimal power flow problem. Applying the developed method results in reducing lines’ congestion, increasing customers, and independent system operator's benefits, improving load curve's characteristics, preventing line outages and black outs, and consequently increasing the network reliability. The proposed method has been applied on the IEEE 39-bus New England test system. Results indicate the effectiveness and practical benefits of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intelligent implementation of demand response programs (DRPs) not only decreases electricity price in electricity markets, but also improves network reliability. In this paper, the dynamic economic dispatch (DED) problem has been optimally integrated with the incentive-based DRPs. Moreover, mathematical load modeling can be so effective in the load curve estimation with the lowest error. So, economic models of the linear and non-linear responsive loads (power, exponential, and logarithmic) have been developed for time-based and incentive-based DRPs and integrated with DED. Also, a procedure to select the most conservative responsive load model for the load estimation has been presented too. Also, determining the optimal incentive in the incentive-based DRPs is one of the independent system operator’s challenges. In the proposed combined model, the fuel cost is minimized and the optimal incentive is determined simultaneously. Valve-point loading effect, prohibited operating zones, spinning reserve requirements, and the other non-linear practical constraints make the combined problem into a complicated, non-linear, non-smooth, and non-convex optimization problem, which has been solved with a population-based meta-heuristic algorithm namely random drift particle swarm optimization algorithm. The proposed combined model is applied on a ten units test system. Results indicate the practical benefits of the proposed model. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]