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This paper is devoted to the location selection method for electric vehicle charging stations utilizing the improved immune algorithm. Firstly, the user satisfaction evaluation function of electric vehicles is proposed based on the satisfaction optimization theory. Then, mathematical model of users’ satisfaction is established. Based on the model, a novel optimal algorithm is designed. Because of the improvement of cross and mutation, the proposed strategy is more accurate and convergent than the conventional immune algorithm. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm is implemented based on the immune algorithm, which offers the best site selection for EVs. Finally, Jinan City was used as an example to conduct a simulation experiment.

With the rapid development of electric vehicles, charging stations have become an important part of charging facilities. In this paper, based on the traditional P-median model and the maximum coverage model, a charging station site selection planning model is established. Then a method of location optimization is proposed, which combines the immune algorithm and the voronoi diagram. Finally, in order to obtain the optimal selection, we analyzed the voronoi diagram with the simulation results. This is a new method to optimize the location of charging stations by using advanced algorithms. The feasibility of the method is verified by an example.

The continuous development of network and communication technology has a great impact on the national economy, and all countries attach great importance to the development of industrial Internet of things. Among them, the scheduling problem of industrial Internet of Things exists, such as packet transmission delay. In this paper, a TSN scheduling algorithm (NACO algorithm) based on ant colony system is proposed. Simulation experiments, the results show that the algorithm is a good way to solve the scheduling problem of industrial Iot, and compared with traditional algorithm, can avoid falling into local optimal solution, and has better convergence and optimization ability, and has certain delay change, able to provide deterministic time sensitive network real-time guarantees.

We present a lightweight lighting estimation method for the purpose of realistic mixed reality (MR) on mobile devices. Given a single RGB image, our method estimates the environment lighting and renders the virtual object in real-time. While previous works tackled this problem by reconstructing the complicated high dynamic range (HDR) environment maps, our deep neural network directly infers the corresponding spherical harmonics in extensive environments. Compared to previous approaches, our method is more robust and efficient as it works for both indoor and outdoor scenes in real-time. Experiments show that our approach achieves realistic rendering in various MR scenarios.

With the emergence of consumer-level 360° panoramic cameras, omnidirectional RGB images and videos are now easy to be captured either in the hand-held mode or from a drone. Although previous works achieve plausible results in room-sized panoramic datasets, they are limited in indoor scenes with little rotations. In this paper, we present a real-time depth estimation method for more challenging aerial panoramas, where the viewing angle is changing rapidly and the lighting condition is more complicated. Our graph convolutional network(GCN)-based framework makes full use of the global connection information of the omnidirectional images, and is trained with extensive outdoor data. Experiments show that our method is robust to estimate the depth of outdoor aerial panoramas captured from various angles accurately.

traditional financial entities include banks, securities firms, insurance companies and trust organizations. Internet finance, an emerging form of finance, is now snatching up the financial market at an unprecedented speed and generates strong impacts to traditional financial organizations. Against the backdrop of Internet finance, many financial businesses are completed online and personal credit records can be uploaded online to complete businesses beyond time and space, which reduces time for traditional financial businesses and saves material and human resources. Meanwhile, Internet finance gives rise to many derivatives, and the rise of third-party payment service providers and third-party lenders enriches the content of Internet finance and expands the development prospect. Therefore, it is necessary and important to research on Internet finance. To ensure the development of Internet finance requires in-depth analysis of its characteristics and problems, to propose targeted solutions and ensure quick development of Internet finance in the stable and good environment. Internet, since its emergence, has been widely used and gained rapid development. The tie between Internet and finance has furthered progress of Internet finance, realized research and development of many financial products and hence become a major "engine" of the financial industry. With the fast advancement of Internet finance, various forms of financial services including online payment, online lending and Internet insurance have come into being and matured, which made up for the defects of traditional finance, fueled the financial sector's development, and promoted economic structure upgrading. From the perspective of economics, the Internet has the power for fast development, but it is not devoid of problems. This study aims to provide solutions for problems in the development Internet finance and create a good environment for its advancement.

Nano-Ag paste is a promising lead-free chip bonding material used in the field of electronic packaging because of its low sintering temperature and high service temperature. The long-term reliability of pressure-assisted sintered nano-Ag joints has been extensively studied, but the knowledge on the performance of pressureless nano-Ag joints during long-term stressing is limited. In this paper, we studied the changes of the porosity, particle size and diffusion layer during the 9 day aging process at 150 °C. At the same time, the dynamic resistance monitoring system was used to monitor the resistance change of the solder joint in real time, and the resistance change curve during aging was drawn. During heating from room temperature to 150 °C the resistance increased. During thermal aging, the resistance value dropped by ≈25 % and finally stabilized after 4 to 5 days. By microscopic morphology analysis of the solder joints aged for different times, we found that porosity reduction was the reason for the resistance drop.

Understanding consumers' service evaluation behavior is an important task for businesses to mining values from electronic customer-generated content. This study investigates the influence of economic dissimilarity on consumers' online rating behavior in the catering industry. Though an empirical analysis of online review data for 100 restaurants in 10 large cities in China collected from Dianping, we find a negative influence of a reviewer's economic dissimilarity on her online ratings, indicating that economic development gap between a reviewer's residence and the reviewed restaurant location plays a significant role in a consumer's service evaluation behavior. Moreover, the negative influence is weaker for male consumers than for female consumers; consumers' travel experience exacerbates the negative influence; consumers' review experience mitigates the negative influence. Research conclusions can provide multiple implications for academia and practice.

Nowadays, the number of comorbidities (physical-physical, mental-mental, physical-mental) is growing fast. The potential network structure of highly related diseases could be revealed and found by several approaches with the concept of disease network, such as Weighted Alternating Least Squares (WALS). The 2012 medical history of the Health Examination for the Elderly of Taipei City was used for this study. Based on traditional correlation analysis, the results show that physical and mental diseases/disorders have some special comorbid structure. Moreover, the correlations had some potential clusters with significant between-cluster separation. However, while we used WALS approach to explore the hidden structure of disease networks, the complex and unexpected disease networks of the aging population were revealed according to subjects' medical history. The hidden structure could be identified and further used for WALS calculating via matching controls who had no the specific disease to cases who carried it by other disease diagnosis. Our findings showed the predictive accuracy with 0.83 for the diagnostic model. It indicated the importance of hidden factors being used for further calculating the disease correlations of multisystem disorders.

There is an agreement in literature that engineering teaching and learning design should be developed on a multidisciplinary approach, in which includes design professional and non- design professionals, aiming to facilitate the graduates working with cross-disciplinary engineering issues in multi-cultural circumstance. The multidisciplinary approach for university engineering education has been implemented in a number of subjects, such as multidisciplinary laboratories for medicine education, and art education model and engineering design related subjects education. The design subjects are mainly focused on civil, architecture, product design and industrial design. There is a consensus in the literature that the multidisciplinary approach could effectively drive engineering design teaching in an efficient way. However, there limited efforts have been made to aim at improvement of multidisciplinary student performance through proper teaching design in line with students' backgrounds and learning expectations in service design via a commercial case, which is the focus of this paper.

Higher penetration of wind power generation will introduce an unprecedented amount of uncertainty into power grid that might affect the risk assessment of cascading failures. To reflect the impact of wind power uncertainty, this paper proposes a model of cascading outages based on fault chain, in which stochastic power flow is introduced to simulate cascading failures in power grid. The system blackout risk index is calculated by synthesizing results in different wind power scenarios generated by fuzzy clustering method. Case studies on the improved IEEE 39-bus system verify the rationality of the proposed model and analyze the impacts of wind power forecasting error on the risk of power grid cascading outages.

The state-of-the-art photometric stereo (PS) methods typically apply shading cues on each vertex and represent a vertex normal as a non-linear function of its neighboring vertices. Such vertex-based representation leads to huge computational cost and limits it from processing dense meshes. In this paper, we propose a PS based surface reconstruction using mesh face based representation. In particular, we propose to apply the shading cue on each mesh face instead of each vertex and optimize face normals instead of vertex normals. We develop a two-step approach to solve the surface recovery problem, where we first optimize face normals using shading cues and then update vertices by the optimized face normals. Experimental results show that, compared with the state-of-the-art, such a two-step approach is able to reduce the runtime significantly as well as handling much denser meshes.

To improve the parameter estimation performance of the compressed sensing(CS) theory based MIMO radar, a method of optimizing the sparse random array in CS-MIMO radar is proposed. Considering the difficulty of hardware implementation of the typically used measurement matrix such as Gaussian random matrix, in this paper, we exploit the inner connection between sparse random array and CS to study a new method of measurement matrix construction and make use of the randomness of the array elements to realize compressive measurement. The simulated annealing is applied to the sparse random array optimization in CS-MIMO radar in order to reduce the coherence of the equivalent sensing matrix and improve the parameter estimation performance by acting on the elements' positions of transmitting and receiving arrays. The simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Network security and defense plays important roles in network management system. The traditional network security monitoring systems usually employ lots of agents to collected data and then perform abnormal detection based on measurement of those data. This kind of framework needs lots of agents and usually occupies many bandwidths. Focus on this problem, we introduce the mobile agents into the network security and monitoring system. As the mobile agents are intelligent and can move to other hosts according to the monitoring task, adoption of the mobile agents will increase the flexibility of the monitoring system while reduce the number of agents. Furthermore, we employ DoDAF to make the designed framework more easily used and deployed. Firstly, we analyzed the development standards of the mobile agent, including MASIF and FIPA, then mapped them to DM2 in DoDAF. We also analyzed the elements included in the traditional network security monitoring system and mapped them to DM2. Based on those mapping works, we can obtain DM2 which should be included in different views in DoDAF. Secondly, we divided the designed architecture into four parts based on the TOGAF, including the business architecture, application architecture, data architecture and technology architecture. And extract which view which should be included in the designed framework. Finally, according to the constraint relationship between different views, we obtain the developing sequence of those views and design and develop the network security monitoring and defense system framework using the mobile agent. Based on EA, we verified the designed framework and the results show that the proposed framework is correct.

Computer drawing board is an attractive color exercises platform in the intelligent art teaching module, particularly for foreigner who is difficult to understanding arts literacy background. The process the traditional teaching system need long time required and conventional education facilities would require excessive student carrying capacity. The color-based image art teaching modules in the network environment has been developed. Together with associated hardware system improvements, increased suitability of the students have been demonstrated for the learning effect of using and relay.

Traditional workflow design tools which only provide the choreography of simple flow chart and do not provide a graphical configuration for access to a service, are unable to meet user demand for services. The article expands the Activiti Designer open source framework. It maintains communication through the bottom of the enterprise service bus, provides the registration services (OSGI, WebService, Corba) and packaging services, provides the service interface for design tools, access services to design tools and the ability to produce corresponding BPMN2.0 file, that meets the requirements of the business to service choreography.

With the ever-increasing popularity of online reviews, understanding what makes an online review helpful has attracted increasingly more attention from both academics and practitioners. Using Elaboration Likelihood Model as the theoretical framework, this study aims to investigate the effects of specific information cues derived from the review message (difference with average rating and review title depth) and the reviewer (reviewer history expertise and reviewer network centrality degree) on online consumer reviews helpfulness. The results of negative binominal regression show that: reader participation is positively related to online review helpfulness; difference with average rating, review title depth and reviewer network centrality positively affect reader participation; while reviewer history expertise is negatively associated with reader participation; reader participation exerts significantly mediating effect between online review cues and online review helpfulness, to be more specific, reader participation fully mediates the effect of reviewer history expertise on online review helpfulness and partially mediates the effects of other three variables' on online review helpfulness.

In particular for “low resource” Keyword Search (KWS) and Speech-to-Text (STT) tasks, more untranscribed test data may be available than training data. Several approaches have been proposed to make this data useful during system development, even when initial systems have Word Error Rates (WER) above 70%. In this paper, we present a set of experiments on low-resource languages in telephony speech quality in Assamese, Bengali, Lao, Haitian, Zulu, and Tamil, demonstrating the impact that such techniques can have, in particular learning robust bottle-neck features on the test data. In the case of Tamil, when significantly more test data than training data is available, we integrated semi-supervised training and speaker adaptation on the test data, and achieved significant additional improvements in STT and KWS.

Reconstructing the shape of a 3D object from multi-view images under unknown, general illumination is a fundamental problem in computer vision and high quality reconstruction is usually challenging especially when high detail is needed. This paper presents a total variation (TV) based approach for recovering surface details using shading and multi-view stereo (MVS). Behind the approach are our two important observations: (1) the illumination over the surface of an object tends to be piecewise smooth and (2) the recovery of surface orientation is not sufficient for reconstructing geometry, which were previously overlooked. Thus we introduce TV to regularize the lighting and use visual hull to constrain partial vertices. The reconstruction is formulated as a constrained TVminimization problem that treats the shape and lighting as unknowns simultaneously. An augmented Lagrangian method is proposed to quickly solve the TV-minimization problem. As a result, our approach is robust, stable and is able to efficiently recover high quality of surface details even starting with a coarse MVS. These advantages are demonstrated by the experiments with synthetic and real world examples.

Thermal cycling becomes a major factor in the reliability of the interconnect systems of solar cells in Low Earth Orbit Satellite. Low Earth Orbit Satellite (LEO) has the orbit altitude between 200 and 1000 km, thereby leading to its short orbit period and shallow discharge depth. Hence, the power supply experiences a frequent charge-discharge process. In this paper, we study the reliability of the joints between gold-plated silver interconnects and silver electrodes of germanium solar cells of a Low Earth Orbit Satellite, that is, the optimization of the welding process, and the assessment of the reliability. Parallel gap resistance welding was used to fabricate the interconnect-electrode joints. The three main welding parameters were carefully adjusted to investigate their effects on the property of the joints. Particularly, one of the parameters kept the same value to determine the effective welding range of the other parameters in order to minimize the influence of parameter disturbance on the welding quality. Then a pull test with the angle of 45 was carried out to obtain the mechanical property of the joints under the different welding parameters. In addition, the appearance, microstructure, and atom diffusion of the joints were analyzed. We compared the microstructure of the joints obtained with different welding parameters. Particularly, we investigated if it had apparent pores and cracks, and whether each layer in the joints has a full diffusion. Moreover, the EDS analysis of fracture surface demonstrated that broken location is not at the interfaces of the joint, and fracture mode is Ductile. The characteristic of cleavage fracture and dimples is also discovered in the SEM image.

A complex conjugate pole-residue pair model has been developed and is presented for use in finite-difference time domain simulation of graphene based photonic and plasmonic devices, The updating scheme is quite simple, the parameters can be easily obtained through a vector fitting process. The resulting model can provides an accurate spectral representation of the effective permittivity in a quite large wavelength range. Both intraband and interband contribution are included in this model. Some numerial simulation results are provided to validate the effectivity and accuracy of this method.

Many image deblurring algorithms perform blur kernel estimation and image deblurring by assuming the blur type and distribution are already known. However, in practice such information is not known in advance and must be estimated using local blur measures. In this paper, we revisit the image partial blur detection and classification problem and propose several new or enhanced local blur measures using different types of image information including color, gradient and spectral information. The proposed measures demonstrate stronger discriminative power, better across-image stability or higher computational efficiency than previous ones. By learning the optimal combination of these measures with SVM classifiers, we obtain a patch-based image partial blur detector and classifier. Experiments on a large dataset of real images show the proposed approach has superior performance to the state-of-the-art approach.

The computational time complexity is an important topic in the theory of Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs). The analysis in continuous space function is rare nowadays in comparison to that in discrete space. In this paper, we extend the general drift theory to analyze the complexity of optimization problem in continuous space, by proposing a new version of Variable Drift-Johannsen theorem. Comparing with general drift analysis, we establish a tighter upper bound for continuous optimization by integration for every problem that is monotonic in drift. Finally, we apply the proposed theory to a continuous (1+1)EA algorithm which is the basic framework of evolutionary algorithm(EA) in continuous space. The continuous (1+1)EA is similar with (1+1)EA except for its elitism strategy. In addition, its solutions are transferred to continuous space and mutations are implemented randomly by obeying one single probability distribution. It means that the continuous (1+1)EA requires exponential time complexity. Both the upper and lower bounds of the (1+1)EA with the mutation of (0,1)-normal distribution are bounding above that of the (1+1)EA with the mutation of (?1,1)-uniform distribution. This means that the (1+1)EA with the mutation of (0,1)-normal distribution outperforms the (1+1)EA with the mutation of (?1,1)-uniform distribution in reaching the optimum of sphere function.

This paper presents an approach of a loss measurement and analysis for high current and high frequency planar inductor. The need for automotive power electronics to operate at high frequency is indispensable for compact packaging size. Accurate analysis of inductor loss is of great importance for downsizing power electronics systems. This paper introduces a loss analysis approach for high frequency and high current inductors, based on an LC resonant method. To demonstrate the accuracy of this method, a conventional calorimetric method was simultaneously conducted. A planar inductor loss-break-down is presented as a case study.

The constant-flux concept is reviewed as a means to achieve high energy density and other electrical and thermal benefits by distributing the magnetic flux uniformly throughout the component volume. The paper investigates various methods to control the effective permeability of the cores, and the associated winding loss and core loss. The methods include winding layout, multiple permeabilities, Litz wire, and magnetic powder. For 50 μH, 19 A rms, 500 kHz, and 5 kW applications, the volume of the designed CFI is 50% of the commercial inductor with the same inductance while the total loss of the CFI is 43% of the commercial inductor.

The appearance of multiview display systems in the consumer market is not far from reality. With technical knowledge in this field constantly improving, production of multiview content is the only other key factor that will determine the successful adoption of this technology. Multiview content can be generated from two or three views and their associated depth maps. Estimating a high quality depth map is challenging. Moreover transmission of depth map information requires extra bandwidth. In this study, we propose an effective algorithm, which utilizes a 3D visual attention model, multiple monocular depth cues and a fraction of depth information for estimating the whole depth map of the scene using the Random Forests (RF) machine learning algorithm. Having the estimated depth maps and stereo videos, other views may be synthesized. Performance evaluations have shown that the proposed method estimates high quality depth maps for stereo sequences from limited depth information. Implementation of our proposed technique in the future multiview pipeline eliminates the need for estimating and transmitting the whole depth map for all the views, producing high quality multiview content while reducing the required bandwidth.

When capturing stereoscopic 3D video, video distortions can be avoided by setting up the cameras in parallel. Unfortunately, the resulting 3D scene appears to be in front of the screen, which is uncomfortable for the viewers. This problem can be solved by modifying the horizontal pixel parallax, which brings the picture on and behind the screen. We employ an algorithm that extracts and matches features from both left and right video sequences to automatically shift the video frames so that the closest object to the screen has zero pixel parallax. We then perform subjective tests to show that this parallax-adjusting process significantly increases the 3D quality of experience by 19.86%.

With globalization, especially after China's entry into the WTO, an increasing number of Chinese firms have experienced social responsibility barriers such that they lose international orders due to failure in meeting the requirements of environment, human rights or safety standard. This study attempts to shed some light on the mechanism underlying logistics social responsibility (LSR) in China. In particular, based on the five-dimensional structure of LSR framework, we propose that clan culture, business ethics, pressures from customers, suppliers, competitors, and law/regulations are important antecedents of five dimensions of LSR. A largely scale survey was conducted in China and a total of 162 firm-level questionnaires were returned. The results from a pilot study were reported. The contributions and implications of these findings are discussed further.

The time-varying relevant bivariant normal copula model is applied to study the comovement between representative warrants and their underlying stocks in Mainland China's stocks market. The results indicate that there's a quite strong positive comovement between the call warrants and the underlying stocks during the entire duration, while this comovement weakens on the last trading day; As for the put warrant and the underlying stock, this comovement is weak and negative, while on the last trading day, this negative comovement weakens.

3D-capable devices have entered the consumer market. The depth that is perceived with stereoscopic content is strongly linked to the size of the screen in which it is displayed. We tested the effect that different display sizes have on the quality of experience of 3D content and we offer some recommendations.

Although 3D TVs have already been introduced to the consumer market, the availability of stereoscopic (3D) content remains a serious challenge. Another challenge is that while some manufacturers are introducing 3D cameras and Hollywood is using proprietary solutions, there are no guidelines for consistently capturing high quality stereoscopic content. In this paper, we present a comprehensive stereoscopic image database with content captured at various distances from the camera lenses. We conducted subjective tests to assess the perceived 3D quality of these images which were shown on displays of different sizes. Finally, we provide guidelines of acquisition distances between the cameras and the real scene.

Current digital imaging systems are unable to capture the entire dynamic range of the visible luminance, causing saturation in the very bright parts of a scene. Color distortion occurs when the amounts of saturation are different in the red (R), green (G), and blue (B) color channels. A Bayesian algorithm was developed in the past to correct the saturated pixels in raw images. For each image, it estimates the distributions of the R, G, and B color channels based on the unsaturated pixels, and then corrects the saturated pixels based on this prior distribution. In this paper, we improve this Bayesian algorithm by incorporating spatial information in the correction process. We utilize the strong spatial correlation of images as well as the correlation between the R, G, and B channels of each individual pixel to estimate the prior distributions of the R, G, and B color channels. The prior distribution of each saturated region is modeled individually based on its surrounding region, which is determined by morphological dilation. Experimental results show that our modified algorithm greatly outperforms the original Bayesian algorithm for fixing saturated pixels in color images.

We propose an algorithm to correct both luma and chroma of the saturated pixels in an overexposed image. Our method is based on the strong chroma spatial correlation between saturated pixels and their surrounding unsaturated area. We first identify the saturated areas in the image. Then, we partition these areas into regions with similar chroma, and estimate the chroma of each saturated region based on the chroma of its surrounding unsaturated region. Next, we correct the saturated R, G, or B color channels according to the estimated chroma and the unsaturated color channel(s) of the pixel. The last step involves smoothing of the boundaries between regions of different saturation scenarios. Both objective and subjective experimental results show that our algorithm is very effective in restoring the color of saturated pixels.

H.264/AVC quickly gains ground in many aspects of video applications, due to its superior coding performance. Inserting a company logo into H.264/AVC compressed video streams has been a highly desirable application in the TV telecasting industry. In this paper, we propose a novel and efficient logo-insertion scheme for H.264/AVC compressed videos. Our proposed scheme overcomes the numerous coding dependencies, and minimizes the changes to the original compressed videos. Experimental results show that our proposed transcoding scheme achieves extraordinary video quality and significantly reduces the bit rate and computational cost. Compared with the cascaded transcoding scheme, our proposed logo-insertion method achieves an average of 1.16 dB PSNR increase, or a 68.6% bit-rate reduction. Our scheme also dramatically reduces the total transcoding time and the motion-estimation time by at least 67.2% and 97.4%, respectively.

Cu with high density nanotwins has been proven to possess excellent mechanical properties and electrical properties. In this study, nanotwins have been successfully introduced in Cu thin films and interconnect lines in trenches down to 150 nm line width. Nanoindentation measurements of hardness show that Cu with some amount of nanotwins has much higher hardness than that of bulk Cu. More interestingly, the hardness at the grain boundary area where there are triple points due to the intersection with some twin boundaries seems to be higher than that inside the grains. Nanotwinned Cu has also been investigated under annealing to study the thermal stability of the nanotwin-modified structure. Copper with nanotwins has slower grain growth than the Cu without nanotwins. Moreover, DC electroplated Cu with very few nanotwins undergoes abnormal grain growth at room temperature while the nanotwinned Cu has very little abnormal grain growth and shows much more uniform grain size. We believe that the effect of nanotwins on the physical properties of Cu is related to the change of the grain boundary microstructure when the twin induced triple points are present in the grain boundaries.

In flip chip package, the majority of heat is from the die side and a temperature gradient builds up from the chip to substrate through the solder joint and underfill. This will induces biased atomic flux from hot end to cold end in the solder. Even in electromigration test vehicle, the joule heating from the Al trace at chip side is also higher than substrate side. Any small temperature difference can generate a large temperature gradient given the small dimension of the solder bump. The combined effect of electromigration and theromigration may induce earlier failure. In the current work, the electromigration reliability of Pb-free solder bump with thick copper UBM at the chip side is studied. The effect of temperature gradient was considered and characterized. We compared the electromigration reliability of SnAgCu flip chip solder joints with and without Cu columns. The solder joint size is about 90 micron and the Cu column has a height of 60 µm. For the copper column solder joint itself, we introduced two types of copper column joint structures: (1) The solder contacts the Cu column at bottom and side walls and (2) Only the bottom surface of the copper column joints with solder. In the solder bump where electrons from chip side to board side, we saw much more IMC formation in the solder joint. The solder joint can even be totally converted to IMC. We propose that when the copper column was converted to IMC, there is a redistribution of current density. To discuss the electromgration reliability of an intermetallic compound joint, we take Cu 6 Sn 5 as an example to calculate the “critical product” and found that the current density needed to cause electromigration damage for Cu 6 Sn 5 IMC is at least one order of magnitude bigger than Sn-based solder.

The Web services technology receives significant momentum in recent years, because it allows people to easily utilize and integrate existing software applications to rapidly create new business services. However, how to ensure the trustworthiness of a Web services-oriented system remains a big challenge. One critical issue is how to test a Web service in an effective and efficient manner. In this paper, we report our design and development of a novel mobile agent-based testing platform oriented to Web services. We seamlessly integrate an existing testing tool (HP LoadRunner) with a mobile agent technology (IBM Aglet) to build a practical environment for testing Web services.