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The Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm enables computation and communication among tools that everyone uses daily. The vastness and heterogeneity of devices and their composition offer innovative services and scenarios that require a new challenging vision in interoperability, security and data management. Many IoT frameworks and platforms claimed to have solved these issues, aggregating different sources of information, combining their data flows in new innovative services, providing security robustness with respect to vulnerability and respecting the GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) of the European Commission. Due to the potentially very sensible nature of some of these data, privacy and security aspects have to be taken into account by design and by default. In addition, an end-to-end secure solution has to guarantee a secure environment at the final users for their personal data, in transit and storage, which have to remain under their full control. In this paper, the Snap4City architecture and its security solutions that also respect the GDPR are presented. The Snap4City solution addresses the full stack security, ranging from IoT Devices, IoT Edge on premises, IoT Applications on the cloud and on premises, Data Analytics, and Dashboarding, presenting a number of integrated security solutions that go beyond the state of the art, as shown in the platform comparison. The stress test also included the adoption of penetrations tests verifying the robustness of the solution with respect to a large number of potential vulnerability aspects. The stress security assessments have been performed in a piloting period with more than 1200 registered users, thousands of processes per day, and more than 1.8 million of complex data ingested per day, in large cities such as Antwerp, Helsinki and the entire Tuscany region. Snap4City is a solution produced in response to a research challenge launched by the Select4Cities H2020 research and development project of the European Commission. Select4Cities identified a large number of requirements for modern Smart Cities that support IoT/IoE (Internet of Things/Everything) in the hands of public administrations and Living Labs, and selected a number of solutions. Consequently, at the end of the process after 3 years of work, Snap4City has been identified as the winning solution.

In recent years, there is an increasing attention on Air Quality and derived services. In most cases, the main objective consists in providing services independently on the number of sensors, and on any position of the users. On the other hand, sensors are collected in limited positions, then a dense grid is computed to satisfy the needs of services such as: conditional routing, alerting on data values for personal usage, general heatmap production for Dashboards in control room of the operators, and for web and mobile applications for the city users. The paper formalizes the development process and describes how it is possible to automatically integrate Data Analytics in data flow real time processes, called in the paper IoT Applications. Two interpolation methods have been compared and validated in order to assess the accuracy. Interpolation errors trends have been used to detected devices' dysfunctions on sensors. The specific case presented in this paper refers to the data and the solution of Snap4City for Helsinki. Snap4City (https://www.snap4city.org) has been developed as a part Select4Cities PCP of the European Commission, and it is presently used in a number of cities and areas in Europe.

Internet of Things paradigm enables computation and communication in tools that every day everyone uses. The vastness and heterogeneity of devices and the ways they are composed to offer innovative services and scenarios require a challenging vison in interoperability, security and in managing huge quantity of data. Many IoT frameworks and platforms propose to solve these issues, aggregating different sources of information and combine their flow of data in innovative services. Due to the potentially very sensible nature of some of this data, privacy and security aspects have to be taken into account by design and by default. An end-to-end secure solution has to permit the final users to have full control on their personal data and, on the other side, the framework has to support developers in writing applications offering the highest level of security/protection on their data flow. European Commission GDPR also added complexity to this context. In this paper, Snap4City solution to support such level of privacy and security in an IoT scenarios is presented. Snap4City has been developed in the context of Select4Cities PCP project of the European Commission.