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Optical networks are well suited to enable massive data exchanges between datacenters. Elephant data flows can be routed over custom provisioned and dedicated lightpaths (optical flows) while other (mice) flows, which are routed by electronic switches, are unaffected. In some solutions, wavelength-selective switch (WSS) devices are employed in the optical nodes to physically and individually route each lightpath toward its destination. WSS devices take time to be switched and consequently delay the lightpath setup completion time. In this paper, the authors present three approximate Markov chain models to account for three different WSS service policies. These models estimate the expected lightpath setup and teardown time across an optical node that makes use of WSS devices. The first and more conventional policy (model) assumes that each setup and teardown request is handled individually, while the other two policies (models) assume that groups of setup and/or teardown requests are handled together by the WSS. The models' estimates are compared against the results obtained from a computer-based simulator, where both analytical models and simulator account for experimentally measured WSS response times. The simulator is also used to investigate the end-to-end lightpath setup time across an arbitrary mesh network. Results obtained from the models and simulator show that the group-based service policies outperform the conventional policy at high loads. The group-based policies are especially useful in the presence of lightpaths that are frequently set up and have relatively short holding time (i.e., short duration of elephant-optical flows). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Server workloads operate on large volumes of data. As a result, processors executing these workloads encounter frequent L1-D misses. In a many-core processor, an L1-D miss causes a request packet to be sent to an LLC slice and a response packet to be sent back to the L1-D, which results in high overhead. While prior work targeted response packets, this work focuses on accelerating the request packets. Unlike aggressive OoO cores, simpler cores used in many-core processors cannot hide the latency of L1-D request packets. We observe that LLC slices that serve L1-D misses are strongly temporally correlated. Taking advantage of this observation, we design a simple and accurate predictor. Upon the occurrence of an L1-D miss, the predictor identifies the LLC slice that will serve the next L1-D miss and a circuit will be set up for the upcoming miss request to accelerate its transmission. When the upcoming miss occurs, the resulting request can use the already established circuit for transmission to the LLC slice. We show that our proposal outperforms data prefetching mechanisms in a many-core processor due to (1) higher prediction accuracy and (2) not wasting valuable off-chip bandwidth, while requiring significantly less overhead. Using full-system simulation, we show that our proposal accelerates serving data misses by 22 percent and leads to 10 percent performance improvement over the state-of-the-art network-on-chip. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a large-scale optical circuit switch architecture using wavelength-tunable and bandwidth-variable silicon photonic filters. The attainable switch port count is quantitatively evaluated through extensive computer simulations. The requirements for constructing a 1, $024\times1$ ,024 optical circuit switch are analyzed on 10-, 28-, and 56-Gb/s signals. The simulation results are verified through transmission experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous development of Network-on-Chip (NoC) enables different types of applications to run efficiently in a Multiprocessor System-on-Chip (MP-SoC). Guaranteed service (GS) can be provided by circuit switching NoC and Best effort service (BES) can be provided by packet switching NoC. A hybrid NoC containing both packet and circuit switching, can provide both types of services to these different applications. But these different applications can be of different security levels and one application can interfere another application’s timing characteristics during network transmission. Using this interference, a malicious application can extract secret information from higher security level flows (timing side channel) or two applications can communicate covertly violating the system’s security policy (covert timing channel). We propose different mechanisms to protect hybrid routers from timing channel attacks. For design space exploration, we propose three timing channel secure hybrid routers viz. Separate Hybrid (SH), Combined with Separate interface Hybrid (CSH), and Combined Hybrid (CH) routers. Simulation results show that all three routers are secure from timing channel when compared to a conventional hybrid router. Synthesis results show that the area increments compared to a conventional hybrid router are only 7.63, 11.8, and 19.69 percent for SH, CSH, and CH routers respectively. Thus simulation and synthesis results prove the effectiveness of our proposed mechanisms with acceptable area overheads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chip multiprocessors (CMPs) require a low-latency interconnect fabric network-on-chip (NoC) to minimize processor stall time on instruction and data accesses that are serviced by the last-level cache (LLC). While packet-switched mesh interconnects sacrifice performance of many-core processors due to NoC-induced delays, existing circuit-switched interconnects do not offer lower network delays as they cannot hide the time it takes to set up a circuit. To address this problem, this work introduces CIMA—a hybrid circuit-switched and packet-switched mesh-based interconnection network that affords low LLC access delays at a small area cost. CIMA uses virtual cut-through (VCT) switching for short request packets, and benefits from circuit switching for longer, delay sensitive response packets. While a request is being served by the LLC, CIMA attempts to set up a circuit for the corresponding response packet. By the time the request packet is served and the response gets ready, a circuit has already been prepared, and as a result, the response packet experiences short delay in the network. A detailed evaluation targeting a 64-core CMP running scale-out workloads reveals that CIMA improves system performance by 21 percent over the state-of-the-art hybrid circuit-packet-switched network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 16 × 16 mesh network-on-chip (NoC) is fabricated in 22 nm tri-gate CMOS for high-throughput, energy-efficient on-chip interconnect in multi-core processors and systems-on-chip. The NoC connects 256 nodes that are each in their own voltage and clock domain using 5-port routers and 112 b, 855 µm data links. Source-synchronous operation eliminates global clock distribution power and adapts to process, voltage, and temperature variations. Hybrid packet/circuit switching improves energy efficiency by removing intra-route data storage and increases throughput with parallel packet-switched channel setup and circuit-switched data transfer. The NoC achieves: i) 20.2 Tb/s total throughput at 0.9 V, 25 °C; ii) source-synchronous operation for a 2.7× increase in bisection bandwidth to 2.8 Tb/s and 93% reduction in circuit-switched latency at 407 ps/hop, compared to synchronous design; iii) hybrid packet/circuit switching for a 62% latency improvement and 55% increase in energy efficiency to 7.0 Tb/s/W, compared to packet switching; iv) a peak energy efficiency of 18.3 Tb/s/W for near-threshold operation at 430 mV, 25 °C; v) ultra-low-voltage operation down to 340 mV, 25 °C, with router power scaling to 363 µW. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An optical packet and circuit integrated network (OPCInet) provides both high-speed, inexpensive services and deterministic-delay, low-data-loss services according to the users' usage scenarios, from the viewpoint of end users. From the viewpoint of network service providers, this network provides large switching capacity with low energy consumption, high flexibility, and efficient resource utilization with a simple control mechanism. This paper presents the recent progress made in the development of OPCInet and its extension to software-defined networking (SDN). We have developed OPCI nodes, which are capable of layer 3 switching from/to an Ethernet frame to/from an optical packet in the optical packet edge part and a burst-tolerant optical amplifier and an optical buffer with optical fiber delays in 100 Gbps optical packet switching part. The OPCI node achieves a packet error rate less than 10-4 and is used as a node in a lab-network that has access to the Internet. A distributed automatic control works in a control plane for the circuit switching part and in a moving boundary control between optical packet resources and circuit resources. Our optical system for packet and circuit switching works with a centralized control mechanism as well as a distributed control mechanism. We have shown a packet-based SDN system that configures mapping between IP addresses and OPCI node identifiers and switching tables according to the requests from multiple service providers via a web interface. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We consider a circuit-switched multiservice network with non-hierarchical alternative routing and trunk reservation. Based on the fundamental concept of overflow priority classification approximation (OPCA), we develop two approximations for the estimation of the blocking probability: OPCA and service-based OPCA. We also apply the classical Erlang fixed-point approximation (EFPA) for the estimation of the blocking probability in the network and propose the more conservative max (EFPA, service-based OPCA) as a reasonably accurate evaluation. We compare the approximations with simulation results and discuss the accuracy of the blocking probabilities for the various traffic classes under different system parameter values such as service rates, bandwidth requirements, number of channels per trunk, maximum allowable number of alternative paths and trunk reservation. We also discuss the robustness of the approximations to the shape of the holding time distribution and their performances under asymmetrical cases. We illustrate that when the approximations are used for network dimensioning, their error is acceptable. We further demonstrate that the approximations can be applied in large networks such as the CORONET. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We consider a circuit-switched network with nonhierarchical alternate routing and trunk reservation involving two types of connections that are modeled as long-lived and short-lived calls. The long-lived calls can be reserved well in advance, and the short-lived calls are provided on demand. Therefore, we assume that the long-lived calls have strict priority over the short-lived ones. We develop approximations for the estimation of the blocking probability based on the quasi-stationary approach in two ways. One uses the Erlang fixed-point approximation (EFPA), and the other uses the overflow priority classification approximation (OPCA). We compare the results of the approximations with simulation results and discuss the accuracy of the approximations under different system parameters, such as ratio of offered load, number of links per trunk, maximum allowable number of deflections, and trunk reservation. We also discuss the robustness of the quasi-stationary approximation to the ratio of the mean holding times of the long-lived and short-lived calls as well as that of EFPA and OPCA to the shape of the holding time distribution. Finally, we demonstrate that OPCA can be applied to a large network such as the Coronet. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Demands on future data centers and high-performance computing systems will require processor-memory interconnects with greater performance and flexibility than can be provided by existing electronic interconnects. The bandwidth density and bit-rate transparency offered by optical systems are uniquely suited to address these challenges facing memory interconnects. We, thus, investigate a hybrid packet- and circuit-switched optical interconnection network linking microprocessors with their associated main memory, which can simultaneously reduce memory access latency and improve energy efficiency performance. This novel hybrid approach allows low-bandwidth memory control data and small memory transactions to be efficiently transmitted as wavelength-striped optical packets, while long bursts of memory accesses are optically circuit switched. In this study, we experimentally demonstrate an optically connected memory system in which a microprocessor accesses multiple 80-Gb/s memory modules all-optically across a hybrid packet- and circuit- switched optical network. Error-free communication between the microprocessor and main memory is confirmed (bit-error rates less than 10^-12) with the optical network providing low-memory access latencies. The overall memory system reduces energy consumption by 28%. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In optical burst switching (OBS) networks, bursts may be dumped before they reach their destinations due to contention. Accordingly, we classify trunk utilization into effective and ineffective utilizations used for bursts that reach and do not reach their destinations, respectively. As a benchmark for OBS, we consider an idealized version of optical circuit switching (OCS), designated I-OCS, that does not incur ineffective utilization. In this paper, we study the efficiency of OBS versus I-OCS networks for selected scenarios to facilitate the understanding of performance implications of effective and ineffective utilizations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Data access latency, a limiting factor in the performance of chip multiprocessors, grows significantly with the number of cores in nonuniform cache architectures with distributed cache banks. To mitigate this effect, we use a compiler-based approach to leverage data access locality, choose an optimized data placement and efficiently configure the on-chip network. The proposed experimental compiler framework employs novel compilation techniques to discover and represent multithreaded memory access patterns (MMAPs). At runtime, symbolic MMAPs are resolved and used by a partitioning algorithm to choose a partition of allocated memory blocks among the forked threads in the analyzed application. This partition is used to enforce data ownership by associating the data with the core that executes the thread owning the data. Based on the partition, the communication pattern of the application can be extracted. We demonstrate how this information can be used in an experimental architecture to accelerate applications. In particular, our compiler assisted data partitioning approach shows a 20 percent speedup over shared caching and 5 percent speedup over the closest runtime approximation, first touch. By leveraging the communication pattern we can achieve a comparable performance to a system that uses a complex centralized network configuration system at runtime. Thus, our final system saves significant runtime complexity and achieves an 5.1 percent additional speedup through the addition of the reconfigurable network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose to apply a novel paradigm called labeled optical burst switching with home circuit (LOBS-HC) for intradatacenter networking to provide a high bisection bandwidth and significantly reduce the cost and energy consumption associated with electronic packet switching. The unique features of LOBS-HC that make it more suitable than either optical circuit switching (OCS) or optical packet/burst switching are exploited to enable all-to-all communications with a guaranteed lossless transmission bandwidth between any given pair of pods, while also supporting bursty transmissions through wavelength-sharing among home circuits (HCs) and statistical multiplexing. As a case study, hypercube-like topologies are considered for the interconnection among the pods within a datacenter. In particular, we first propose a simple but efficient HC assignment scheme called complementary HC for 2-D cube or ring, and then extend our works to n-cube and generalized hypercube by applying the concept of spanning balanced tree (SBT) for their HC assignment. Our analysis results show that with such datacenters, the minimum number of wavelengths needed in each case is significantly reduced from that needed with OCS and also, the network cost in terms of wires and transceivers needed is considerably reduced from that incurs with datacenters using electronic packet switching. We then evaluate the traffic performance of such hypercube-based datacenters using LOBS-HC through simulation experiments via the OPNET simulator. The performance results obtained for a variety of communication patterns and traffic models within a datacenter demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Emerging elastic applications generate voluminous datasets, which are often required to be transferred across the network irrespective of flow level bandwidth guarantees. The primary concern in efficient transfers of such bulk data is to minimize the net transfer time. Variable bandwidth advance reservation (VBAR) can efficiently support such applications by reserving time variant bandwidth over the duration of a connection in advance. In this work, we address the routing and bandwidth scheduling problem in VBAR with the objective of minimizing the data transfer time. We propose three heuristic algorithms, and evaluate their performance for a single request under a given network state. We also evaluate the performance of the heuristics in a network under a dynamic traffic scenario. We demonstrate that VBAR outperforms conventional standard advance reservation and immediate reservation approaches in terms of delay, blocking probability, and network throughput. Furthermore, the performance of the proposed heuristic outperforms existing solutions in the dynamic traffic scenario with significantly lower time and storage complexities. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We consider an optical hybrid switch that can function as an optical burst switch and/or optical circuit switch. We propose and describe in detail a new implementation whereby circuits have nonpreemptive priority over bursts. To achieve nonpreemptive priority, during circuit setup time, if there exist bursts that use wavelength channels (also called links) required by the circuit, the circuit is allowed to queue for a relatively short period of time until these bursts are cleared. We present an analysis based on a 3-D Markov chain that provides exact results for the blocking probabilities of bursts and circuits, the proportion of circuits that are delayed and the mean delay of the circuits that are delayed. Because it is difficult to exactly compute the blocking probability in realistic scenarios with a large number of wavelengths, we derive computationally scalable and accurate approximations based on reducing the 3-D state space into a single dimension. These scalable approximations that can produce performance results in few seconds can readily enable switch dimensioning. Extensive numerical results are presented to demonstrate the accuracy and the use of the new approximations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A congestion-controlled optical burst switching network that offers connection guarantees was designed to handle bursts as short as 100 ms with switching within 10 ms in networks less than 200 km long. Its optical burst switching (OBS) is based on circuit switching, and transport is by optical burst paths. Five metrics are proposed for evaluating OBS network performance. The application area to be laid and the data application were determined in accordance with the design target. Given a reasonable burst block probability requirement, design criteria are developed on the basis of wavelength switching and conversion implementation. OBS network performance is tested in field trials on the Japan Gigabit Network II testbed. Fast congestion control through the use of precalculated detour routes is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In many e-science applications, there exists an important need to aggregate information from data repositories distributed around the world. In an effort to better link these resources in a unified manner, many lambda-grid networks, which provide end-to-end dedicated optical-circuit-switched connections, have been investigated. In this context, we consider the problem of aggregating files from distributed databases at a (grid) computing node over a lambda grid. The challenge is 1) to identify routes (that is, circuits) in the lambda-grid network, along which files should be transmitted, and 2) to schedule the transfers of these files over their respective circuits. To address this challenge, we propose a hybrid approach that combines offline and online scheduling. We define the Time-Path Scheduling Problem (TPSP) for offline scheduling. We prove that TPSP is NP-complete, develop a Mixed Integer Linear Program (MILP) formulation for TPSP, and then propose a greedy approach to solve TPSP because the MILP does not scale well. We compare the performance of the greedy approach on a few representative lambda-grid network topologies. One key input to the offline schedule is the file transfer time. Due to dynamics at the receiving end host, which is hard to model precisely, the actual file transfer time may vary. We first propose a model for estimating the file transfer time. Then, we propose online reconfiguration algorithms so that as files are transferred, the offline schedule may be modified online, depending on the amount of time that it actually took to transfer the file. This helps in reducing the total time to transfer all the files, which is an important metric. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach, we present results on an emulated lambda-grid network testbed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new class of Low Diameter Interconnections (LDI) is proposed for high-performance computer systems that are augmented with circuit switching networks. In these systems, the network is configured to match the communication patterns of applications, when these patterns exhibit temporal locality, and to embed a logical topology to route traffic that does not exhibit locality. The new LDI topology is a surprisingly simple directed graph which minimizes the network diameter for a given node degree and number of nodes. It can be easily embedded in circuit switching networks to route random traffic with high bandwidth and low latency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circuit-switched networks can significantly lower the communication latency between processor cores, when compared to packet-switched networks, since once circuits are set up, communication latency approaches pure interconnect delay. However, if circuits are not frequently reused, the long set up time and poorer interconnect utilization can hurt overall performance. To combat this problem, we propose a hybrid router design which intermingles packet-switched flits with circuit-switched flits. Additionally, we co-design a prediction-based coherence protocol that leverages the existence of circuits to optimize pair-wise sharing between cores. The protocol allows pair-wise sharers to communicate directly with each other via circuits and drives up circuit reuse. Circuit-switched coherence provides overall system performance improvements of up to 17% with an average improvement of 10% and reduces network latency by up to 30%. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper focuses on the effect of circuit switched (CS) services on high speed downlink packet access (HSDPA) packet services in the context of the UMTS FDD system. An objective of the analysis is to provide guidelines for the UMTS planning process to prioritize services when resources are dynamically shared between circuit and packet services. An analytical model, taking into account some of the features introduced in HSDPA (namely adaptive modulation and coding (AMC), hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) and fast cell selection) and the interaction between CS services and HSDPA, is proposed to approximate the HSDPA cell capacity. Simulation results to assess the efficiency of the analytical model are also reported. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

To efficiently support the highly dynamic traffic patterns of the current Internet in large-scale switches, we propose a new hybrid optical network design: Overspill Routing In Optical Networks (ORION). By taking advantage of the reduced (electronic) processing requirements of an-optical wavelength switching, the electronic bottleneck is relieved. At the same time, ORION achieves a level of statistical multiplexing comparable to the more traditional point to point WDM solutions, circumventing the bandwidth inefficiencies of all-optical wavelength switched networks, caused by dynamic traffic patterns. The result is a true hybrid optical network design, farming a bridge between these two switching concepts. In this paper the generic concept of ORION is described. An example node design, based on current advanced optical technologies, is described in detail. The ORION concept is also evaluated, comparing it with its two composing technologies, optical wavelength switching and point to point WDM, as well as a third, more trivial, hybrid one, through several case studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A framework is provided for evaluation of packet delay distribution in an optical circuit-switched network. The framework is based on a fluid traffic model, packet queueing at edge routers, and circuit-switched transmission between edge routers. Packets are assigned to buffers according to their destination, delay constraint, physical route and wavelength. At every decision epoch, a subset of buffers is allocated to end-to-end circuits for transmission, where circuit holding times are based on limited and exhaustive circuit allocation policies. To ensure computational tractability, the framework approximates the evolution of each buffer independently. ‘Slack variables’ are introduced to decouple amongst buffers in a way that the evolution of each buffer remains consistent with all other buffers in the network. The delay distribution is derived for a single buffer and an approximation is given for a network of buffers. The approximation entails finding a fixed point for the functional relation between the ‘slack variables’ and a specific circuit allocation policy. An analysis of a specific policy, in which circuits are probabilistically allocated based on buffer size, is given as an illustrative example. The framework is shown to be in good agreement with a discrete event simulation model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop algorithms for joint IP-layer routing and WDM logical topology reconfiguration in IP-over-WDM networks experiencing stochastic traffic. At the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) layer, we associate a nonnegligible overhead with WDM reconfiguration, during which time tuned transceivers cannot service backlogged data. The Internet Protocol (IP) layer is modeled as a queueing system. We demonstrate that the proposed algorithms achieve asymptotic throughput optimality by using frame-based maximum weight scheduling decisions. We study both fixed and variable frame durations. In addition to dynamically triggering WDM reconfiguration, our algorithms specify precisely how to route packets over the IP layer during the phases in which the WDM layer remains fixed. We demonstrate that optical-layer constraints do not affect the results, and provide an analysis of the specific case of WDM networks with multiple ports per node. In order to gauge the delay properties of our algorithms, we conduct a simulation study and demonstrate an important tradeoff between WDM reconfiguration and IP-layer routing. We find that multihop routing is extremely beneficial at low-throughput levels, while single-hop routing achieves improved delay at high-throughput levels. For a simple access network, we demonstrate through simulation the benefit of employing multihop IP-layer routes. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper reports on a network dimensioning analysis of N × 160-Gb/s wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) networks based on the optical time-division-multiplexing (OTDM) technique. The need for different transmission and networking functions based on innovative circuit-switched scenarios for optical core networks is quantified, and the economical interest of such high-wavelength channel bit rates in the chosen scenarios is evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper provides new loss models for a hybrid optical switch (HOS) combining optical circuit switching (OCS) and optical burst switching (OBS). Exact blocking probabilities are computed when 1) no priority is given to either circuits or bursts and 2) circuits are given preemptive priority over bursts. Because it is difficult to exactly compute in realistic scenarios, computationally scalable approximations are derived for the blocking probability. The sensitivity of the analytical results to burst length and circuit holding-time distributions is quantified by simulation. It is demonstrated how the proposed approximations can be used for multiplexing-gain evaluation of a hybrid switch. In addition, the extension of the proposed single-node model to a network model composed of OCS, OBS, and hybrid switches is outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The author proposes, for future wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) optical networks, new wavelength routers with reduced losses and improved wavelength response. This paper focuses on the most general type of wavelength router, the N×N router. This device is particularly attractive in a metropolitan network, where a star arrangement based on the N×N router allows the network configuration (the wavelength path of each signal) to be varied and managed in a simple fashion. The N×N router has been shown to be suitable for both packet and circuit switching. In particular, ultrahigh-capacity IP routers have been demonstrated by using fast tunable lasers and burst mode receivers. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper considers dynamical transient effects in the physical layer of an optical circuit-switched wavelength-division-multiplexed network. These transients of the average transmission power have millisecond time scales. Instead of studying detailed nonlinear dynamics of the network elements, such as optical line amplifiers, a linearized model of the dynamics around a given steady state is considered. System-level analysis in this paper uses modern control theory methods and handles nonlinearity as uncertainty. The analysis translates requirements on the network performance into the requirements to the network elements. These requirements involve a few gross measures of performance for network elements and do not depend on the circuit switching state. One such performance measure is the worst amplification gain for all harmonic disturbances of the average transmission power. Another is cross-coupling of the wavelength channel power variations. The derived requirements guarantee system-level performance for all network configurations and can be used for specifying optical components and subsystems. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Plane-to-plane guided-wave-based interconnection modules are proposed as building blocks for scalable optoelectronic multistage interconnection networks (MINs). This approach leads naturally to a MIN paradigm based not on cascading switching stages containing several size-reduced crossbars, as in the shuffle-exchange (SE) networks, but on cascading permutation-reduced crossbars instead, one per stage. The interest of such an architecture lies in the control simplicity and scalability potential. Transparent circuit switching for permutation routing is possible in such an unbuffered "globally switched" multistage interconnection network (GSMIN). Preliminary experiments using fiber-based interconnection modules are presented. Performance analysis and simulation of a buffered GSMIN is also studied for packet routing purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We will present versatile optical code (OC)-based photonic MPLS, so-called OC-MPLS which ranges from circuit switching, burst switching, to packet switching. OC-label is an identifier attached to the data, of which information is mapped onto an optical code, a sequence of optical pulses. The OC-label recognition is performed by the optical correlation between an incoming OC-label and the OC-label entries. Unique to the OC-label processing is that it is analog operation entirely in optical domain, and no optical logic operation is involved, therefore, the processing speed is only limited by the propagation delay in the optical correlator, which is a passive optical device. This is a key to the ultrahigh-speed processing capability. Circuit switching of OC-label switched path (OC-LSP) is characterized by the finer data granularity than the wavelength path of GMPS, resulting in a better bandwidth efficiency. In a one-way reservation protocol of photonic burst switching, the OC-labeled control packet improves the throughput by nearly cutting the offset time between the control packet and the following data burst. OC-labeled header of the packet can enables the ultrafast routing in photonic packet switching. To exploit the ultrafast routing capability, a new packet switch architecture is investigated, in which the longest-prefix match algorithm as well as WDM buffering into the fiber delay lines are introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]