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The conventional neutral point clamped (NPC) multilevel inverter topology needs voltage balancing circuits to balance the dc-link capacitor, the number of component count is high and output voltage is half of the input voltage which increase the size of the source side dc/dc converter in PV applications. In this paper, a new topology of seven level neutral point clamped inverter is developed. The proposed inverter has a self-voltage boosting capability using a floating capacitor to boost the output voltage one and half of the input voltage. In this proposed topology, no additional sensors are required for the floating capacitor voltage stability, which results in minimizing the complexity of designing the inverter. The direct link between the neutral point and the mid-point of the dc-link capacitors significantly reduces the leakage current and common mode voltage in this inverter. A thorough comparison between the developed topology and recent suggested topologies is carried out which set the benchmark for the proposed one due to its lower switch count and higher voltage gain. The proposed topology is verified in simulation and prototype hardware model and results are discussed with dynamic load variations. The efficiency of the inverter is 97.1% @200W and low as 88.1 % @ inductive load. The voltage THD is 17.01% for simulation and 19.3% I for experimental is results.

Power electronic converters find application in diverse fields due to their high power conversion efficiency. Converters are often characterized by time response specifications, robustness and stability. Conventionally, converters employ the classic PID controller. The state space average linear time invariant model of a boost converter is known to be a non-minimum phase system. This paper demonstrates that the boost converter with a PID controller using the Queen Bee assisted Genetic Algorithm (QBGA) optimization is not robust to plant parameter variations. A fractional order PID controller based on QBGA optimization proposed here is shown to have improved robustness. The controller proposed here is applicable across converters, viz., buck, boost and buck-boost, equally.

This work presents an investigation on Improved Extended Kalman Filter (IEKF) performance for induction motor drive without a speed sensor. The performance of a direct sensorless vector-controlled system through simulation and experimental work is tested. The proposed observer focuses on estimating rotor flux and mechanical speed of rotor from the stationary axis components. Extended Kalman Filters’ estimation performance depends on the system matrix’s proper value ( $Q$ ) and measurement error matrix ( $R$ ). These matrices are assumed to be persistent and are calculated by the trial-and-error method. But, the operating environment affects these matrix values. They must be updated based on the prevailing operating conditions to get high speed and accurate estimates. The values of Q and R in the Improved EKF (IEKF) algorithm are obtained using the genetic algorithm. Besides, IEKF is incorporated to reduce in computational burden for real-time applications.

The vigorous growth of electric vehicles in the field of automobile paves the way for the development of dc-dc converter. A novel high gain super Luo dc-dc converter is proposed in this article. A modification is suggested in the topology when the converters are cascaded for high gain. This suggested modification can be applied to any topology for reliable capacitor. The presented converter adds boosting (voltage multiplier) cell before the load to expand the voltage conversion ratio. This converter renders remarkable features like extended voltage gain, low voltage stress on power switches, minimal capacitor stress and less component count. The operating principle and steady-state analysis of the proposed topology is presented. The main feature of the proposed topology is reduced capacitor stress which is evaluated by reliability study with military handbook MIL-HDBK-217F. The significance of minimal capacitor stress with the failure of the capacitor is elaborated. Simulation on the derived topology is carried out with Matlab/Simulink and it validates the theoretical results. Furthermore, the proposed topology is extended with dual output which makes the restructured converter suitable for Electric vehicle application and the simulation of the dual output topology is performed and studied. The experimental results obtained from the 50 W prototype validate the complete steady-state analysis performed on the proposed topology.

One of the most challenging and interesting field in power electronics is the ability to mitigate the Electromagnetic Interference (EMI). A natural source of EMI includes the atmospheric discharge/charge phenomena and extra-terrestrial radiation. Man-made source of EMI are line radiation, auto ignition, radio frequency interference and power lines. Suppression of EMI and enhancing the Electro Magnetic Compatibility (EMC) has become essential in high frequency power electronic converters. This review article is a one stop solution for new researchers and practitioners to understand about the effects of EMI and its suppression techniques in detail.

A high number of research work is being carried out in the field of DC-DC converters to improve the performance of microgrid operation. The DC microgrid has a high level of acceptance because of the integration of renewable energy sources. In DC Microgrid, there is a need for improved DC-DC converter topologies which offer high gain, small size, enhanced efficiency, reduced voltage stress and reduced component count etc. A new Triple-Mode Active-Passive Parallel Intermediate Links (TM-A2P-IL) converter is proposed in the paper. The A2P-IL is designed by a combination of an inductor, capacitor, diode, and control switch. The proposed converter is derived by inserting A2P-IL in conventional boost converter. The proposed TM-A2P-IL converter operates in three modes and provides a high voltage gain without using a transformer, voltage multiplier stages, coupled inductor, switched inductor/capacitor circuitry. The other benefits of the proposed TM-A2P-IL converters are flexibility in the selection of duty cycles, reduced voltage stress of devices, small reactive components, single-stage power conversion. The proposed converter circuit, operating principle, steady-state analysis is studied for both CCM and DCM, discussed. The comparison between available similar type converters and the proposed converter is provided. The operation and performance of the proposed A2P-IL converter are validated through simulation and experimental work.

The presence of stray capacitance in ZnO (Zinc Oxide) surge arresters causes hurdles in arrester operation and non-uniform voltage distribution along the arrester column, especially for High Voltage (HV) and Extra high voltage (EHV) applications. Since the magnitude of stray capacitance is directly proportional to the arrester height; the shortening of surge arresters is a preeminent method to enhance the arrester performance and voltage distribution. Particularly, this stray capacitive effect delays the arrester operation from in-action to action mode, especially against very fast surges. Moreover, the shortening of the arrester column improves the voltage distribution and hence the electric field varies between the stacks. Therefore, this research work focuses on the preparation of two new high gradient arrester materials doping with rare earth oxides. The microstructures of the newly developed materials are analyzed. It is found that there is a reduction of grain sizes and an increase of voltage gradients in the newly developed arrester materials. From this, the height requirement per unit is estimated and compared with the conventional ZnO arrester. Using these high gradient materials, the reduction of height and compactness of the arrester assembly may be achieved greatly. Thus, the developed ZnO surge arrester with high gradient materials enhances the arrester behavior with the attendant improvement of voltage distribution due to its reduced height and stray effect.

In this work, a new control methodology is proposed for Type -IV wind energy conversion system (WECS) using a self-recurrent wavelet neural network (SRWNN) control with a Vienna rectifier as the machine side converter (MSC). A SRWNN combines excellent dynamic properties of recurrent neural networks and the fast convergence speed of wavelet neural network. Hidden neurons of SRWNN contains local self-feedback loops, which provide the memory feature and the necessary information of past values of the signals, allowing it to track maximum power from WECS under varying wind speeds. The Vienna rectifier allows unity power factor operation to increase electrical efficiency. Frame angle-controlled wavelet modulation is proposed for the grid side converter (GSC). Wavelet modulated inverter produces output voltage fundamental components with higher magnitudes than those obtained from the pulse width modulated inverters. The non-linear load compensation and power quality enhancement are achieved by executing frame angle control for WM inverter. The overall system is modeled, and performance is verified in MATLAB Simulink. The hardware prototype is developed, and the switching pulses for the rectifier and inverter are generated using dSPACE1104 controller. The results prove that the system provides low harmonic content and high magnitude of the fundamental current component at the machine and grid sides and ensures maximum power operation at various wind speeds.

This paper presents a new multilevel inverter topology with reduced active switches and total standing voltage. The proposed topology can generate a high number of voltage levels in the symmetric configuration. This topology intuitively generates positive and negative cycles without an additional H-bridge unit, which considerably reduces the total standing voltage of the inverter. A cascaded structure is developed from the proposed topology to create higher voltage levels. To show the novelty of the proposed topology, a thorough comparison between the available and the proposed topologies in terms of the number of switches, standing voltages, and dc-sources is presented. Furthermore, the power loss analysis is carried out for various load values. The feasibility of the proposed nine-level inverter is verified with simulation and experimental results.

This paper presents a binary hybrid multilevel inverter (BHMLI) based grid-connected solar energy conversion system (SECS), controlled by damped second-order generalized integral (DSOGI). The BHMLI architect has a cascaded half-bridge array, which modifies the DC-link of the H-bridge of the voltage source inverter, and results in approximate reference waveform. It reduces the dV/dt of the H-bridge switches and improves output waveform quality. The DSOGI control damps the oscillations and overshoots and provides longer service period of low power switches at transient conditions. It is implemented in the multilevel inverter application for the first time in literature. The SECS is designed to inject active power to the grid, and also mitigates the harmonic and reactive power demands of the load. The cascading of n' half-bridges and one H-bridge generate (2(nC1) - 1) output voltage levels. The maximum power extraction from solar photovoltaic (PV) array is achieved through incremental conductance (IC) algorithm based maximum point tracking (MPPT) operation of the DC-DC converter. An isolated single-input multiple-output single-ended primary inductance converter (SIMO-SEPIC) realizes it. SECS with 15-level BHMLI is analyzed with extensive simulation as well as with a hardware prototype. Moreover, the shunt active filter functionality of the system at various load conditions are verified and maintained the grid power quality within the IEEE-519 standard throughout the operation. The laboratory developed setup is tested for 5 kW, 400 V, three-phase system, and the experimental analysis at steady-state and dynamic variations of load-side and insolation variations validate the theoretical claims.

This paper proposes a Resistance perturbation based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) with an adaptive control limit algorithm to extract the maximum power from solar photovoltaic (PV) array. This algorithm consists of two main functions, namely 1) resistance perturbation & observation (RP&O) and 2) adaptive resistance control (ARC) limit. The RP&O operates the PV array at maximum power point (MPP), and the ARC limit continuously monitors the resistance of the PV Rpv to determine the operating limit of MPP. The ultimate aim of proposing this algorithm is to reduce the oscillations and improve MPP's tracking performance for sudden variation in temperature and irradiance conditions. Furthermore, it does not require an expensive pyranometer or temperature sensor to track the MPP of the PV array. This paper also compares the proposed and conventional MPPT algorithm's performance. Its validation results in both MATLAB/Simulink and experimental studies are presented under constant and sudden changes in irradiance conditions.

The recent advancement in wireless body area networks (WBAN) plays an important role in remote health care systems. However, these networks are suffering from data security and privacy threats. Lack of anonymous authentication and secure data communication leads to operation failure in WBAN. Computational cost and privacy preservation are the two major hindrances for anonymous authentication in many existing schemes. Therefore, a secure and efficient privacy-preserving anonymous authentication scheme is proposed to provide data security and privacy to the users with low computational and communication cost. The performance analysis and experimental simulation results ensure that our proposed anonymous authentication method outperforms the existing systems in terms of providing data security and privacy with less computational overhead.

This paper deals with the robust fault estimation based synchronization problem for a class of fractional-order multi-weighted complex dynamic networks subject to external disturbances. Specifically, the synchronization problem is converted to an equivalent uniformly ultimately boundedness problem of the corresponding error system by use of spectral decomposition of the Laplacian and proper scalings of the faults. First, by introducing an intermediate estimator technique and using monochromatic Lyapunov function method, the sufficient condition for uniformly ultimately boundedness of the resulting error system via fault estimation based non-fragile controller is presented. Next, by using the linear matrix inequality (LMI) technique and optimization approach, the existence condition in the form of LMIs for designing the fault estimation based robust non-fragile controller is derived. Finally, two numerical examples including financial model are provided to demonstrate the validity and feasibility of the developed theoretical results.

This paper suggests a new high voltage gain DC-DC power electronics boosting converter. Many recent applications demand that an input voltage source is boosted to provide a much larger output voltage to be used elsewhere. The modern photovoltaic/fuel-cell sources or battery to mu-grid (mutext{-} grid) structure heavily depends on the voltage boosting concept since these sources generate a voltage of a small magnitude. In this structure, high voltage boosting DC-DC converters are necessary to integrate renewables into the DC mu-grid structure. The newly proposed converter, referred to in this paper as the Switched-Capacitor-Inductor-Boosting (SCIB) Converter, allows for an efficient voltage boosting operation suitable for various applications such as the photovoltaic, mu-grid structure, portable embedded systems, etc. The SCIB converter topology is based on the SEPIC and a switched-capacitor-inductor structure. Although the classical SEPIC converter is admired by industry due to its ability to provide a non-inverted output voltage that is stepped down or stepped up from the input voltage, the boosting gain of the SEPIC is limited; hence, the proposed converter is designed to boost the voltage gain further. The mathematical analysis and discussion on the voltage gain and switch stress of the SCIB converter are shown and validated through numerical software.

In the photovoltaic (PV) to grid structure, DC-DC converters are essential to increase the low input voltage gener-ated by renewable energy sources. The Single Ended Primary Inductance DC-DC Converter (SEPIC) allows for an output voltage higher or lower than that of the input. However, the gain of the SEPIC converter is limited; this converter can generate only a voltage gain of 5 at an 83.33 % duty cycle. Consequently, a conventional SEPIC structure is not a practical solution for achieving high output voltage from renewable energy sources. Furthermore, switched inductors are already adopted in several voltages, boosting converters. In this paper, a unique boosting DC- DC converter is derived by integrating the modified Switched Inductor (SI) converter networks and the SEPIC structure. The proposed converter is the SESIC (Single Ended Switched Inductor Converter). The discussion on the proposed converter regarding voltage ratio and voltage stress across switches is articulated. The topology of the proposed circuit is simple, has a reduced voltage across the switch, has high efficiency and is suitable for high voltage boosting applications. The performance of the proposed converter is validated through simulation work.

The emergence of environmental-friendly electric vehicles (E-Vehicles) presents a need for high-static gain DC-DC converters. One of the more popular DC-DC converters is the Single-Ended Primary-Inductance Converter (SEPIC), often used in applications where DC-DC conversion is needed; this is because the SEPIC allows for either step-up or step-down conversion. However, the SEPIC is usually not a practical solution for high-voltage applications due to the limited voltage gain. This paper presents a new DC-DC converter named the Primary-Switched-Inductance Single-Ended Converter (PSI-SE Converter) suitable for low to high-voltage boosting applications. The topology of this converter is mainly derived from the SEPIC topology alongside some minor modifications in the switched-inductor network, where the two outer diodes in the switched-inductor structure are replaced with capacitors. The operation of the PSI-SE converter is discussed thoroughly with mathematical analysis and compared to other similar converters. The simulation results are presented to validate the performance of the converter. The proposed topology is the solution for low to high-voltage boosting in E-Vehicles applications.

A hysteresis motor is an inherently synchronous motor in which accuracy is more important than efficiency. The rotor is a smooth cylinder type made up of permanent magnet material having high hysteresis loss in its simplest form. We use a hysteresis ring around a non-magnetic material to reduce the rotor's weight, say aluminum. Rotor ring material handles the efficiency of the motor to some extent. This paper involves designing a three-phase hysteresis motor using the scrap material for rotor ring, i.e., hard magnetic material, a composition of aluminum, cast iron, and Nichrome, and provide an alternative to the material currently used for manufacturing hysteresis motor. Further, this paper proposes to reduce the motor's size and improve the hysteresis motor's efficiency.

Enhancing the reliability of Multi-input converters (MICs) with fault tolerance plays an important role while integrating with independent energy sources with any significant loads. In literature, many MICs are proposed and operated on the time-multiplexing concept. Only one energy source contributes to the loads, and others are idle during a particular duty interval. This leads to the underutilization of the converter as well as the input energy sources. A new configuration of Dual-Input and Single Output (DISO) DC-DC converter with switch and source fault tolerance has been proposed in the proposed work. The fault tolerance is the open-circuit condition due to the power switch fault and against one input short-circuit. The designed converter can deliver the buck, boost, and buck-boost operations. The feasibility of the proposed scheme, a 200W prototype is designed, and experimental results are used for validation.

The main attention of this paper is to tackle the issue of robust tracking and disturbance estimation for the four wheel steering vehicle by implementing a feedback control design based on the improved-equivalent-input-disturbance technique and the Smith predictor approach. The intention of incorporating the Smith predictor into the controller design is to compensate the effect of input time-delay. In addition, the improved-equivalent-input-disturbance technique is applied for dealing with the nonlinear uncertainty and external disturbances. Based on the proposed controller, both front and rear steering angles of the considered model are controlled to trace the desired position of the vehicle. More precisely, the developed criterion that ensures the desired tracking performance of the vehicle is obtained in the form of linear-matrix-inequalities based on the construction of an appropriate Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional candidate. Numerical simulation results for vehicle dynamics are presented to examine the performance of the proposed control strategy.

Modular Multilevel Converters (MMC) are gaining importance because of their flexible structure, re-configurable property, and simplicity of operation. The operation of MMC at a low-switching frequency (LSF) helps in enhancing the performance of the converter. This paper proposes an improved harmonics mitigation scheme for a Multilevel DC-Link Inverter (MLDCLI), which is a variant of MMC. The proposed scheme is a modified version of the conventional Nearest Level Modulation (NLM) scheme, termed as modified Nearest Level Modulation (mNLM) Scheme. The proposed scheme is effective compared to NLM because of the choice of the switching angles obtained by the use of the algorithm proposed. The MLDCLI topology is operated for twelve different configurations, and mNLM is implemented on all the configurations. Using MATLAB software, the simulation results are validated, and the same is extended to a hardware prototype. The simulation and experimental results of NLM and mNLM schemes are compared. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is evident by the reduced voltage THD, increased rms voltage, increased rms current, and increased output power.

In modern days, to achieve low emission of Green-House Gases (GHG), clean system, easy maintenance, high starting torque, and high efficiency, Internal Combustion (IC) engines are gradually being changed by electric motors. Smart vehicular systems (SV) either functioned from moderately or fully electrical energy generated from renewable sources. The energy storage, i.e., battery or ultra-capacitor system, gains energy from the IC engine. Alternative the electric grid, e.g., IC engines and electric grids are used to charge the battery in Hybrid Smart Electric Vehicle (H-SEV) and Plug-in Smart Electric Vehicle (PSEV), respectively. Power Electronics skills play an imperative role in the energy conversion between Grid-vehicle-Wheel (G-VW) and Wheel-vehicle-Grid (W-V-G). This letter discusses smart vehicular systems with their demand, curiosity, challenges, and power electronic skills.

For multilevel inverter topologies, the boosting feature is an important aspect for the application related to the low voltage input obtained from solar PV for high voltage application. The proposed RSC-BI aims for the higher voltage gain with lower device count. The proposed RSC-BI uses eight switches with two capacitors for seven-level (7L) waveform having triple voltage gain. In this paper, a detailed comparison has been included along with the simulation and experimental results. All these results and discussion shows the better performance of the proposed RSC-BI.

To mitigate the voltage transfer gain issue of the classical power converters, an isolated boost converter can be a solution. However, it increases the power circuit dimension and expense due to the involvement of many coupled inductors and transformer. In this treatise, a 3Nx DC-DC converter is proposed for high voltage gain application. High voltage transfer gain is obtained by suggested converters and circuitry is derived from two multistage converters (one inverting and second non-inverting) by connecting them. In more specific, 3Nx power converter fusing the characteristics of 2Nx power converter and Nx DC-DC converter, where voltage multiplier and switched inductor cells are used to improve voltage gain. By doing this, the 3Nx power converter generates the voltage transfer gain 3N times higher than the simple boost power converter, where N is several stages in the suggested power converter. The magnitudes of DC voltage can be increased with more number of stages to make renewable energy resources appropriate at the user level. The operation, voltage gain derivation, comparison with recent converter, simulation study are given. The obtained results are closely matched with mathematical analysis and approve the operation of the 3Nx power converter.

Usually, low magnitude voltage is generated from the fuel cell. For obtaining high voltage for electric vehicle application, a series connection of many fuel cells (FCs) becomes impractical. Thus, for multiple high voltage supplementary loads, DC-DC converter having the ability of high voltage transformation ratio and providing multiple outputs is desired. This article formulates an innovative configuration called 2L-L triple port converter, supplying higher voltage supplementary loads of fuel-cell automobiles. The details about concept and block representation for the proposed converter are delivered with their switching conditions and distinctive waveforms. The proposed 2L-L triple port converter different operating modes are detailed, and the voltage transformation ratio in these modes is examined. Additionally, the suggested 2L-L triple port circuitry advantage over existing circuitries is also discussed. The suggested converter's operation is tested by software model and attained outcomes confirm the theoretical analysis.

During the past two decades, a new paradigm in control engineering, called networked control system (NCS), has emerged. This has been shown to be a successful alternative to traditional control systems. The present study designs a reinforcement learning controller based on the concept of Dynamic Fuzzy Q-Learning (DFQL). This controls the rotor side converter (RSC) of a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) of a wind energy conversion system (WECS) through a communication network. A comparative performance investigation has been carried out with two other controllers; namely a conventional PID and Q-Learning controller. The performance of these controllers is studied considering various imperfections of the communication network such as random delay and packet dropout. Simulations are carried out considering a WECS consisting of 20-DFIGs of 5MW capacity each. The results of the study demonstrate that the DFQL controller shows better performance compared to Q-Learning and conventional PID controllers.

Highly efficient passive Light Emitting Diode (LED) driver configurations are studied and examined in this paper. The technology based on the LED becomes a promising lighting technology to exchange inefficient energy lamps. For outdoor applications, the LED drivers based on passive elements are appropriate in extreme weather conditions. A comparison of LED driver configurations is presented. Each LED driver configuration is validated through simulation, and their waveform characteristics are examined and analyzed.

With the advent of distributed generation (DG), the need for efficient power electronic converter is increasing as the incorporation of renewables with battery unit and loads rely heavily on them. This paper suggests an original structure of high-gain DC to DC converter named as 'Two-Tier converter' with the reduction in voltage stress. The configuration is resultant of stacking two-stage of the classical boost converter. The voltage gain offered is high for even lower values of duty cycle as the relation of gain is quadratic. Also, the converter current at the input is continuous, and the load configuration offered is grounded. Analysis and operational modes of the proposed converters and effect of the effective series resistance of inductors on voltage gain are presented in detail. A comparative analysis of suggested and new high-gain converters is presented in detail. The suggested configuration is confirmed using detailed simulation studies.

Pumps play a pivotal role in both energy and water conservation. They account for the 20% of the world's total energy consumption and thus monitoring it becomes more relevant to decrease an energy wastage. The performance of the pump deteriorates for various reasons, such as cavitation, sedimentation of silt and water hammering, electrical and mechanical faults. Performance of the pump under silt-laden and identification of silt is seldom studied. It causes severe damage in the pumping system. Identification of sludge particles can productively result in energy savings, water conservation, and energy efficiency. With the advent of machine learning and artificial intelligence, pumps can incorporate these methods to become self-reliant in the identification of type and concentration of silt while pumping the fluid. Machine learning is a modern advanced technology, which leads to predict the anomalies of the machine in ground level. This paper presents the how to identify and predict sludge problem in water pumping system using machine learning algorithm.

The present study designs a novel ΔΣ-based PID controller for controlling the rotor side converter (RSC) of a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind energy conversion system (WECS). The proposed controller essentially uses ΔΣ modulators to represent the analogue signals in single-bit which is ideally suited for FPGA or application specific integrated circuit implementation and offers numerous advantages due to its inherent parallel nature. The performance of the controller is compared with various controllers including a conventional PID, Q and Dynamic Fuzzy-Q learning (DFQL) based intelligent controllers. The results of the simulation on WECS consists of 20 wind turbines and 20 DFIGs, illustrate that the ΔΣ based PID controller could perform better compared to conventional PID and Q-learning based controllers.

Optimal siting and sizing of Distributed generators (DGs) and capacitors helps in enhancing the overall performance of distribution system. A proficient method to optimally allocate DGs and shunt capacitors in distribution system is proposed in this paper. The major objectives of the work are power loss reduction, voltage profile improvement and operating cost minimization. A standard IEEE 33 bus test system with constant power load at various load levels is considered for the analysis. Optimal siting of DGs and capacitors is carried out using sensitivity analysis technique. Further Flower pollination algorithm is employed for optimal sizing of DGs and capacitors and the results are compared with few other noteworthy methods. Scopus