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Today, data center networks (DCNs) are built using multi-tier architecture. These large-scale networks face many challenges, such as security, delay, low throughput, loops, link oversubscription, TCP Incast and Outcast, etc. In this paper, a TCAM (Ternary Content Addressable Memory) based routing technique is proposed, augmenting the routing capabilities of multi-tier architectures in large scale networks. The routing complexities in these architectures are rectified and improved by implementing an additional TCAM based routing table in Leaf/ToR switches for a specific number of compute nodes in particular Pods, and it is scalable to whole datacenter nodes. To test the model, we implemented two prototype models: one depicting our proposed TCAM based switch and the other is a typical Top-of-the-Rack (ToR) switch and compared the performance of the proposed model and if any overhead introduced in it. The preliminary results show that our TCAM based routing table technique is fast and it forwards the network packets at line-rate, does not introduce considerable latency, on-chip resources power consumptions is less than 3%, and helps to solve or mitigate the above critical problems that are present in the current large DC's three-tier architecture, especially in Top of the Rack and aggregation layers switches. more...

An Intrabody Nanonetwork (IBNN) is composed of integrated nanoscale devices, implanted inside the human body to collect diagnostic information and tuning medical treatments. The non-invasive continuous monitoring and precision of these nanoscale devices in the diagnostic of diverse diseases is improving advanced monitoring, therapeutic, and telemedicine services. The unique feature constraints of these nanoscale devices (such as inadequate energy, storage, and computational resources) along with the molecular absorption thermal challenges due to Electromagnetic (EM) communication in the Terahertz band (THz) are the primary limitations in enabling efficient routing in IBNNs. Our proposed protocol explicitly addresses these challenges and proposes a routing scheme, which enables temperature-aware energy-efficient data transmission to avoid hotspot formation and controlled energy consumption. Furthermore, our proposed temporal correlation based data decision approach allows only those Nano Bio Sensors (NBSs) to transmit the periodic data packets that have updated information for avoiding unnecessary energy consumption and antenna radiation exposure on biological cells. The presented work also considers the instant data retrieval requirement of the healthcare system and introduces an on-demand data retrieval approach that ensures instant transmission of updated information to the healthcare system. The effectiveness of our proposed scheme is evaluated by comparing it with the flooding scheme and thermal-aware routing algorithm (TARA) using the Nano-SIM tool. The results obtained from extensive simulations validate that our proposed protocol achieves 75% - 85 % low temperature rise and improved network lifetime. more...

Intrabody communication using Electromagnetic (EM) waves in Terahertz (THz) band improves the scope of Intrabody nanonetworks (Intra-BNNs) for a wide range of applications such as continuous cellular level monitoring, disease diagnosis, and treatment. The emerging potential of EM-based communication is primarily challenged by molecular absorption noise and channel modeling in the THz band, which require serious consideration. The presented work primarily focuses on the thermal impact of molecular absorption noise on the biological medium during data routing decisions. In this work, we propose a Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithm based routing scheme that ensures the optimal global selection of Nano Bio Sensors (NBSs) for data reporting to avoid hotspot formation and temperature rise. The obtained results confirms that proposed SA algorithm-based routing scheme outperforms the state-of-the-art schemes with the minimal complexity. more...

Nanosensors outstanding capabilities of detecting fine-grained information are enormously increasing their scope for diverse healthcare applications. Due to characteristics of monitored phenomena, detected information can be highly time correlated, that can be exploited to addresses the primary challenge of energy consumption in Intrabody nanonetworks. In this work, temporal correlation is employed for proposing an energy efficient data collection solution for obtaining real-time physiological information. Furthermore, the proposed scheme also takes advantage of exponential weighting moving average for combining past trends in making data transmission decisions. Simulations are carried out using the Nano-SIM tool for evaluating the performance of our presented scheme. Results show that using temporal correlation for data collection decreases communication and data exchange that leads to low consumption of energy resources and minimum end-to-end delay. more...

The spatially distributed nanosensors move through the body for detecting different physiological information which is collected by the nanorouter for further disease diagnosis and treatment. The presented study addresses the primary challenge of data collection with minimum energy consumption by proposing a novel approach that exploits the moving nature of Intrabody nanonetwork. The adaptive and self-organized mobility of nanorouter is achieved by employing Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) model. The PSO based nanorouter mobility model covers how efficiently data is collected from the targeted event area. Efficient collection of data encompasses aggregating data from a maximum number of nodes to ensure a certain level of data accuracy as well as without consuming significant energy resources. The simulation results validate that nanorouter mobility assists in prolonging network lifetime as well as data collection from the maximum number of deployed nanonodes also guarantees increased reliability and accuracy of detected information. more...

Wireless communication for nano-nodes which can be implanted will revolutionize area of health-care and disease detection system. Electromagnetic (EM) waves spread in biological tissues and its diffusion affects molecular absorption which results in thermal effects. When implanted nano-nodes are increased, communication among nano-nodes is also increased that can lead to a temperature rise in surrounding biological cells. Our aim is to analyze the affect of nano-node density on heat generation. Simulations are conducted using NanoSim tool for analyzing the temperature rise due to node density. Results shows by increasing nodes density, the body temperature will also increased due to the high rate of packet generation and packet forwarding. more...

Many researcher has paid their to explore and monitor the under water environment. There are lot of application of Underwater WSNs like environment monitoring, exploration of under water surfaces, disaster preventions assisted navigation etc. Underwater sensors are totally different from the terrestrial sensors. Terrestrial sensor network uses the radio signal and underwater sensor network uses the acoustic signal. As the radio signal has not good strength that it can propagate in the water. The Radio signal can propagate over the large distance as compared to the acoustic signals. Therefore, acoustic signal are used. In this paper, we propose Energy Hole Repairing Depth based routing protocol (EHRDBR) and Interference-Bandwidth aware Depth based routing (IBDBR) protocol. In both protocols, nodes move toward the specific area where the other node dies and cover the energy hole. In EHRDBR, forwarder node is selected on the basis of the interference residual energy, and depth parameters. In IBDBR, interference, bandwidth, residual energy, and depth parameters are used to select the forward node. Our protocols have performed better in network lifetime, throughput and ene to end delay. more...

The main purpose of the Wireless Sensor Network protocols is to enhance the network life time and balance the energy consumption in network. Sensor nodes send their data to the BS. So the nodes which are far away from the BS need more energy to send data. To overcome this problem we introduce a multilevel hierarchical protocol which enhances network lifetime and balance energy consumption. Initially, we introduce up to 5 levels in which whole network is divided into different levels based on the distance of node from the BS. We evaluate our protocol performance with LEACH and with 2, 3, 4, and 5 level schemes. We observe that our proposed technique outperforms LEACH protocol in life-time of the network, energy consumption, throughput and delay of the packets. Simulation results prove increase network Life time and high throughput with minimum delay. more...

In order to increase network life time scalable, efficient and adaptive routing protocols are need of current time. Many energy efficient protocols have been proposed, the Clustering algorithm is also a basic technique used for energy efficiency. In this paper we propose an energy efficient routing protocol that is based on Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm of Bio Inspired. The presented protocol efficiently utilized characteristics of ABC algorithm such as foraging principle and waggle dance of honey bees. Waggle dance technique is used to find Routing Node (RN) that has maximum energy. Simulation results proves increase network life time and high throughput with minimum delay. more...