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As mobile network operators come to terms with the inevitability of falling revenues from traditional revenue streams, many have begun exploring alternative revenue models. A prominent approach has been to encourage the development of revenue-generating services by exposing network resources to developers through an application programming interface (API). The objective is to use common Internet Protocol (IP) technologies such as web services that appeal to a wider developer audience. This movement is particularly important for developing countries due to the rapid proliferation of mobile broadband networks and the emerging entrepreneurial opportunities that exist within the mobile development space. Notably, what has been missing in this sector is a simple toolkit that developers can utilise to create prototypes. This paper presents a model for telecommunication service exposure and describes an implementation involving a mobile application, an application server and a protocol bridge that translates mobile requests to the internal telecommunication protocols.

In this paper, we propose a code-based discovery protocol for device-to-device (D2D) communications. To realize proximity-based services in D2D communications, such as mobile social networks and mobile marketing, each device should first discover nearby devices, which have mobile applications of interest, by using a discovery protocol. The proposed discovery protocol makes use of a hash function-based discovery code that contains compressed information of mobile applications in a device. When a device receives a discovery code broadcasted by the other device, the device can approximately find out the mobile applications in the other device. The proposed protocol is capable of quickly discovering massive number of devices while consuming a relatively small amount of radio resources. By simulation, we show that the proposed protocol greatly outperforms a simple name-based protocol.

Due to the rapid spread of smart phones and SNS (social network services), the use of Internet applications has increased and their need for bandwidth has begun to exceed the capacity of 3G networks. This has caused a reduction in speed and service quality and has underscored the need for network companies to invest in additional bandwidth. The increase in mobile network users has caused identity management problems for mobile service providers. This paper proposes improved IDM3G [8] to solve user ID management and security problems on mobile internet application services over 3G networks along with an additional authentication management protocol. The proposed I2DM protocol breaks up loads, which are allowed by the existing IDM3G protocol's mutual authentication via mobile operator process, by sending some parts to an Internet application service provider to enhance mobile and ID management at the service provider and by reducing the network and process loads from information handling and packet transmission. This optimized protocol should improve the performance of the 3G mobile network.

The development of mobile data services and products calls for participation and collaboration amongst many actors with different expertise. However, building powerful value network is challenging and requires a detailed examination of a number of design constructs and their interrelationships. This research provides an intuitive model to help effectively design such networks. The model is illustrated using NTT DoCoMo's i-mode case. It is argued that the model offers a useful methodical approach for telecoms providers to develop a thriving value network capable of creating significant mobile innovations and benefits.

Today 3G mobile systems are on the ground providing IP connectivity for real-time and non-real-time services. On the other side, there are many wireless technologies that have proven to be important, with the most important ones being 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) and 802.16 Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMAN), as well as ad-hoc Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) and wireless networks for digital TV and radio broadcast. Then, the concepts of 4G is already much discussed and it is almost certain that 4G will include several standards under a common umbrella, similarly to 3G, but with IEEE 802.xx wireless mobile networks included from the beginning. The main contribution of this paper is definition of 5G (Fifth Generation) mobile network concept, which is seen as user-centric concept instead of operator-centric as in 3G or service-centric concept as seen for 4G. In the proposed concept the mobile user is on the top of all. The 5G terminals will have software defined radios and modulation scheme as well as new error-control schemes can be downloaded from the Internet on the run. The development is seen towards the user terminals as a focus of the 5G mobile networks. The terminals will have access to different wireless technologies at the same time and the terminal should be able to combine different flows from different technologies. Each network will be responsible for handling user-mobility, while the terminal will make the final choice among different wireless/mobile access network providers for a given service. The paper also proposes intelligent Internet phone concept where the mobile phone can choose the best connections by selected constraints and dynamically change them during a single end-to-end connection. The proposal in this paper is fundamental shift in the mobile networking philosophy compared to existing 3G and near-soon 4G mobile technologies, and this concept is called here - the 5G.

The nearly ubiquitous access to the internet and interactive content of the WWW has made people a powerful means to access, exchange, and process information. Geographic information/data is the most important and costliest part of GIS, and it could become quickly out of date and thus need to be constantly updated. With the rapid evolution of mobile communication technologies (3G, 4G, etc.), feature-packed mobile phones might become the default physical interface for ubiquitous computing applications, providing the foundation for new interaction paradigms to perform real-time data updates and information exchanges without any limit of space and time. The integration of geospatial information and mobile Internet is simultaneity driven by market demands and technologies. Mobile Geographical Information Service extends unlimited information on the Internet and the powerful service functions of GIS to mobile devices users. The wired Internet and the wireless/mobile internet should not be considered to be mutually exclusive, but used in conjunction with one another in a supportive capacity. Supported by 3G data technologies/services, Mobile GI Services create a new channel of business practice, and thousands of potential applications and services. A complete end-to-end mobile GI services solution is described for organizations interested in offering mobile GI services to consumer or business subscribers.

The rapid growth of the mobile Internet in Japan leveraged new content providers specializing in the mobile Web. With the saturation of the Japanese mobile Internet, many content providers have faced downturns in the new landscape. Some exceptions provide hints for turning point analysis, and new directions for consumer-based mobile business. The author describes the current mobile Internet business model landscape in Japan with a perspective from mobile Web 1.0 to mobile Web 2.0. It also indicates differences from the PC Internet in terms of the portal growth model.

The wide deployment of wireless networks and mobile technologies and the significant increase in the number of mobile device users have created a very strong demand for emerging mobile commerce applications and services. Wireless advertising is one of the important and hot subjects in m-commerce and wireless application. This paper reports a wireless advertising system (SmartMobile-AD) in terms of its supporting business process, functions, system architecture, and built-in technical solutions. The system supports the wireless advertising workflow for wireless service companies and publishers (or portals) to manage and deliver multimedia mobile ads to mobile users over the wireless Internet. The paper provides the insights on mobile ad targeting, delivery, tracking, and performance measurement. Furthermore, the paper presents the application examples of the system.

This paper presents the security strategy used by WAP and I-Mode. It includes security transport protocol, the type of certificate, the performance of gateway, smartcard and authenticate scheme. It will first be illustrated from the architecture, and then discussed application situation. All of these schemes of WAP will be compared with the similar adopted technology of I-Mode. Through comparing, deficiencies of both WAP and I-Mode were uncovered. Methods to resolve these security problems were proposed at the end of this paper. The overall results derived from this work show WAP has more detailed, more general and more secure security scheme than I-Mode.

Article describes DoJa applications as part of Internet based applications. Comparisons with other realizations are cited. I-application interactions with Internet, variety of i-applications are described as well as application linking and Java application manager connection to Internet. Principles of DoJa applications as part of I-mode services are taken up. Further development of DoJa i-applications as part of Internet based applications is considered.

Internet technologies and mobile computing started to converge to enable wireless Internet access through portable devices. This article represents a review of the main technological, architectural and business issues related to the existing wireless web technologies, i.e. WAP, i-mode and J2ME. It includes a critical analysis of the main assets and weaknesses of these technologies as well as their current status and the trends that affect their market share and customer basis in the foreseeable future.

The Japanese giant operator DoCoMo successfully promoted its pioneering but proprietary i-mode mobile services in the beginning of 1999. However, her overseas diffusion since 2002 was even slowly moving by gaining only one-tenth of Japanese domestic subscribers for two years' expansion. The purpose of this paper is to study the diffusion on the case of international technology transfer of Japanese i-mode. We focused five earlier overseas i-mode licensed operators located in Taiwan, Netherland, Germany, Belgium, and France from the perspective of institutional economics to explore the possible deficiencies of internationalization. We found four strategic institutional levers that stimulated i-mode diffusion in the domestic area of Japan better than the overseas. First, the leadership of operator would enhance the bandwagon effect of i-mode marketing. Second, the higher subscribing scale would provide higher network effects and economies of scale to the allied mobile device and content providers. Third, the lower mobile penetration rate curtailed efforts to remove the switching costs which made users locked by certain mobile operators. Fourth, the more capable coordination of mobile operator over complements would not only consolidate the technological evolution sooner but also integrate vertically among the mobile complements for launching mobile services credibly. In conclusion, the authors propose some strategies to internationalize a new standard by co-branding with the local reputable vendors and by the penetration pricing as the incentive for inducing switch. Besides, we suggest a plausible policy of cannibalization to facilitate the mobile migration at the standpoint of industry policy.

Since NTT DoCoMo's i-mode Java environment is open to a wide public, we educators can become a content provider for mobile phone users. In this study, we have developed basic exercises as Java applications in increasing general knowledge on such subjects as Japanese, English, mathematics, etc. High-school and college students can individually utilize the exercises anytime anywhere, for their preparation of the examination of employment and so on. The exercises are equipped with the functions that students solve them repeatedly toward full marks and refer to short explanations of the problems after solving. For evaluation, more than one hundred students downloaded the exercises from our Web site. We recorded the final score and the number of repetitions of every exercise for every student. Moreover, the students were requested to answer a Web questionnaire. Those results are helpful in developing user-friendly Java applications. Work is underway to deliver the exercises extensively to mobile phone users.

In this paper, we propose a lightweight and secure wireless certificate management protocol that is applicable to the wireless Internet that has a constrained communication environment and the mobile phone that has fundamental limitation of performance, and show the implementation results of the scheme based on the mobile phone.

In the wireless network, the movement of mobile users presents a scenario of access to the Internet that is substantially different from the wired network. Content requested by a mobile user depends on the mobile user's location, moving state and its profile. Considering the characteristics of mobile users' access to the Internet, the article estimates the response time and analyzes the cache requirement and the bandwidth requirement of wireless Internet, and then improves the web prefetch scheme by using agent. The improved scheme can improve the hit probability of prefetch to minimize the access latency and improve the quality of wireless Internet services. Finally it presents some results to verify the scheme.

Several mobile services, such as mobile auctions, mobile financial services, and multi-party interactive games, require support for transactions. This is a difficult challenge due to both intermittent connectivity and potential failures in part(s) of wireless infrastructure. In this paper, we present a multi-network access based wireless architecture and related protocols to enhance the dependability performance for transactions. The key idea is to allow group users to utilize access to one or more wireless networks to complete different steps of a transaction. We also present some preliminary results for transaction performance across multiple networks.

Mobile Internet needs applications, especially the "killer applications". Data synchronization is one of the key concepts behind much of today's computing systems and networking protocols and it is one of the most important services of mobile Internet that can bring a new experience to users. A novel Chinese data type called vMobile Chinese data type based on XML for the protocol of data synchronization is introduced in this paper, and China Mobile Internet Application protocol Special Group (CMIS) has adopted it as a standard. After introducing the SyncML protocols, in this paper, we focus on the introduction of vMobile data type and its elements, which can be transmitted, using SyncML between two arbitrary devices that need to synchronize the personal data each other.

Recently, mobile computers have become to communicate with each other by using a wireless LAN protocol, for supporting various Internet services. In case that a mobile computer changes a location with high speed, less messages are exchanged between the mobile computer and the Internet. This work proposes a novel routing protocol CB-WSCP for a mobile clustered networks in which mobile computers with almost the same velocity and communication with each other by multihop transmission form a cluster. Here, communication between a cluster and a base station is available while at least one mobile computer in the cluster is within a transmission range of the base station. Hence, it is required to support sporadic communication. For achieving wider bandwidth even though the cluster moves with a high speed, a proposed protocol achieves switching of gateways and updating of routing tables.

For supporting mission-critical applications in a mobile network system, hybrid checkpointing has been proposed. In a recent mobile network, wireless LAN protocols such as IEEE 802.11 and HlPERLAN are getting popular and communication with mobile computers is realized by using mobile IP in the Internet. This paper proposes a novel hybrid checkpoint protocol. Here, message logging for mobile computers is achieved based on broadcast property of wireless LAN protocols. In addition, by extending mobile IP, network overload in recovery is avoided. For both check- pointing and recovery in the proposed protocol, all required information is piggied back to messages. That is, no additional message is required.

Summary form only given. DoCoMo's Internet access from a mobile telephone is drastically growing and the total mobile Internet users are approaching 64 million out of which over 38 million, approximately 60%, is DoCoMo's I-mode service users. In the span of only 4 years, since the I-mode service introduction in February 1999, the I-mode business has achieved unprecedented growth. I-mode traffic volume measured in packets is also growing year after year. Approximately 20% of ARPU (average revenue per user) is from the I-mode business. It is clear that I-mode, DoCoMo's flagship mobile Internet access business is still growing while handset features and functionalities are enhanced and new services added. Providing a ubiquitous mobile multimedia environment where users can enjoy convenience and value is our goal at NTT DoCoMo.

The objective of this paper is to present an experience in the challenge of using Internet and mobile Internet technologies for the development of a Web/WAP (wireless application protocol)-based medical application with data mining support. This medical application is focused on the development, diffusion and use of the technology in response to specific domain needs of medical experts in the area of cardiology, especially for the patients after by-pass operation.

The cellular industry has been very successful in providing voice services to consumers and business. The next big opportunity for wireless networks will be differentiation based on data and multimedia services. Wireless service providers face ever-increasing pressure to offer innovative services, new capabilities, and make more efficient use of spectrum. In order to meet these needs, existing wireless networks have evolved with new technology both in the air interface and the core network. Specifically, the wireless mobile data communication technologies have evolved from the circuit switched second-generation (2G) networks to 2.5G and then to the third generation (3G) networks and beyond. The paper describes how the revolution of wireless communications, the wireless mobile data industry, evolution of wireless mobile data communication technologies, the wireless mobile data market and the failing barriers to wireless data proliferation.

Combination of the exponential growth of Internet and the explosive increase of wireless Internet marks the trend-an increasing demand for wireless Internet. This work discusses next generation wireless Internet, mainly focusing on the next generation cellular mobile system 4G (4th Generation), WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network)/WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Network) for future, and IPv6 backbone of future network. For 4G, its definition and features are discussed, also some of its trends are presented after the example of NTT DoCoMo's success and the analyses of competition of i-mode vs. WAP. For WLAN/WPAN, some standards and specifications, such as IEEE802.11, IEEE802.15, homeRF, HIPERLAN2, Bluetooth, etc., are compared and some prospects are proposed. For IPv6 backbone, its advantages and the way to realize it are considered. The paper concludes with some tendencies worldwide from the viewpoint of technology and market.

A portable monitor for ambulatory healthcare using an i-mode cellular phone is proposed. This monitor consists of tiny unit and a cellular phone with Java platform. The unit includes a common module and a functional module. The common module provides a shared interface (analog to digital conversion, signal processing and data communication protocol conversion and etc.) for diversity of the biosignals. The functional module is replaceable and applicable to various pick-up sensors for different vital signs. An i-mode digital cellular phone with Java supported Internet browser is connected to the common module via the PDC connector. When a client signs in the i-mode server first time using his/her cellular phone, i appll (Java program for an i-mode cellular phone) will be automatically downloaded into the phone and initiated. The common module identifies which kind of signal is incoming from the functional module and then launch the corresponding software package to detect the signal. If any abnormality in the vital sign is recognized, data will be sent to specific server via an i-mode cellular phone. An interactive communication link is then setup between a doctor and a client through the wireless network.

Heterogeneous networks require mechanisms for transparent protocol boosting in legacy systems and adaptive support for seamless interoperability between different wireless access methods. In this paper, we present an open performance enhancement protocol architecture that is developed to provide a generic protocol enhancing proxy (PEP) service for wireless access points and terminals. First, we describe the basic architecture and philosophy of our approach. Then some illustrative protocol boosting modules are presented with results. Finally, we describe the future work that is required in order to make the so-called wireless adaptation layer (WAL) useful in production quality environments.

NTT DoCoMo undertook the research and development of wideband-code division multiple access (W-CDMA) as the radio access method for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications-2000), the next generation mobile communications system that aims to establish global, high quality, multimedia and personal communications. NTT DoCoMo has been very active in conducting system experiments on not only radio transmission functions, but also on various control functions and hard-wired transmission between nodes. This article describes the essential results of the system experiments.

One often meets the argument that the adoption of mobile Internet services is difficult to understand due to a lack of relevant research. However, much research has already been conducted on the adoption of basic mobile and traditional Internet services that are likely to converge into the services provided by the mobile Internet. In this article, we try to categorize four research directions relevant in understanding mobile Internet service adoption. We argue that because mobile Internet services are new, a lack of studies directly investigating the adoption these services is to be expected. However, we also argue that existing research directions provide valuable points of departure for further investigating and understanding the adoption of mobile Internet services. In particular, we suggest a cross disciplinary integration of the findings of four different research directions may improve our understanding of the basic mechanisms of individuals' adoption of mobile Internet services. In this article, we exemplify such an integration by suggesting how traditional adoption models in information systems research, such as the technology acceptance model or the theory of planned behavior, may be modified and extended when applied to study the adoption of mobile Internet services.

Mobile data services integrate handheld and Internet technologies to create new value propositions (Keen and Mackenzie 2001), in a social context, over time (Rogers 1995). Yet, this value can only be realised through new behaviours, including acquiring the enabling technology, learning to use it, applying it to solve problems or add value in everyday life, and communicating what one has learned about it to other prospective users. This article explores the recent emergence of the mobile data services phenomenon in Malaysia and Singapore, and analyses survey data from over four hundred cell phone subscribers to identify a marketing model that targets the needs of early adopters, identifies the information channels that reach various types of innovators, then examines the linkages among early adopters and other segments over time and across markets.

The consumer market for mobile communication services, such as automobile cellular phones, other portable cellular phones, and radio paging services, has grown significantly. NTT DoCoMo (NTT Mobile Communications Network, Inc.) is now facing competition from the NCCs (New Common Carriers) in mobile communication services. In order to improve customer services and enhance competitiveness, it is necessary to better manage self-administered network operations. The Mobile Communications Integrated Operation System (MIOS) is a newly developed system designed to deal with the current situation in the consumer market. The administrative goals are to achieve the highest possible efficiency and cost-effectiveness and to create network operations tasks which fulfill customer service needs.

In March 1996, NTT Mobile Communications Network, Inc. (NTT DoCoMo) initiated the N-STAR mobile satellite communications service, the goal of which is to complement the terrestrial cellular system service areas and expand the service areas for maritime communications systems. This new service features a dynamic channel assignment scheme, integration with terrestrial cellular systems, and a point-to-multipoint transmission scheme. This paper describes these features, an overview of the system, system architecture, and major system parameters. Furthermore, an overview of several kinds of mobile terminals is described.

Mobile phones are quickly becoming one of the most ubiquitous wireless consumer devices. Separately, Internet services are growing by leaps and bounds. Thus, an interesting area of research is to see if and how the two can be married together to provide wireless ubiquitous access to the ever-growing Internet services. We highlight the challenges and issues in providing Internet services to mobile phones. As an example, we describe and examine a research prototype called Wireless Data Server, which provides, among other services, wireless email service to mobile phone users.

A number of wide-area mobile data networking technologies are in use or emerging. This paper addresses the issue of provisioning Internet access services seamlessly over different mobile networking technologies. To this end, an architecture based on the interworking of mobile-IP with existing and emerging mobile data services is presented. As a specific example, the interworking of mobile-IP with wireless ATM networking technology is examined.

For Japanese railroad companies, the management of facilities in the fields of signal, communication and track maintenance is important. We have developed and are now using a facility management system that has the functions of ledger management and automatic drawing. Although we have proposed to use portable terminals for this system as a means to collect inspection data, they are not used as expected due to the difficulties of operation and carrying. Therefore, we paid attention to i-mode cellular phones and studied the possibility to use them in place of the existing portable terminals for the facility management system. This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of i-mode cellular phone, proposes to use it as an effective means for data collection, and reports about a trial development.

Recently, information technology (IT) such as Internet, i-mode, cellular phones, and car navigation has spread very rapidly all over the world. It is expected to dramatically raise the efficiency of our society and greatly improve the quality of life. It should be noted that the progress of IT is entirely owed to that of semiconductor technology, especially silicon LSIs. Silicon LSIs provide high speed/frequency operation of a tremendous number of functions with low cost, low power, small size, small weight, and high reliability. In the last 30 years, MOSFET gate length has reduced by 100 times, DRAM density has increased 500,000 times, and MPU clock frequency has increased 2,500 times. Without such marvellous progress in LSI technologies, current successes in information technology would not be realized at all. In this paper, silicon technology from past to future is reviewed for advanced CMOS LSIs.

NTT DoCoMo is the company to "DO Communications over the Mobile Network", and has 36 million subscribers in April 2001. This presentation covers DoCoMo's multimedia services over IMT-2000. DoCoMo's IMT-2000 network (i.e., one of Japan's third generation mobile networks) allows us to have transmission speeds of 384 kbps. With the benefit of this broader bandwidth, mobile multimedia services are expected to run on top of the network. Mobile visual phones and media streaming on demand are typical applications, as well as enhanced "i-mode" services that provide us with the ability to access Internet contents written in compact HTML, and to exchange e-mails faster than ever. For such applications, we have newly developed coding technologies such as MPEG-4, and related system technologies. After introducing the applications for wireless video with its coding technologies, future challenges and directions beyond the IMT-2000 network are discussed.

In today's highly competitive wireless marketplace, carriers have to offer user-friendly innovative services to gain a competitive advantage. Furthermore, subscribers desire services that are easily or automatically customized to their specific needs and environment. This presentation examines how this can be achieved by synergistically leveraging the capabilities inherent in emerging technologies such as the wireless application protocol (WAP) and the wireless intelligent network (WIN).

Amid the continuing technological innovations of cellular phone services, the "i-mode" has leapt into the spotlight as a service in the 21st century. In addition to traditional voice communications, the i-mode, by achieving an Internet connection, offers mobile banking, ticket reservations, and other services simply with the press of an i-mode key. The user connects to the information provider via the i-mode server through the packet network; the fee is based on data volume rather than usage time. E-mail can be sent and received not only between two i-mode phones, but via the Internet as well. i-mode has gradually evolved into a multimedia service. This evolution is also having an effect on cellular phone component parts, particularly ICs, LCDs, and battery technologies. Rapid development of i-mode services, the future of these services, and their impact on IC technologies and other parts technologies that will have an important meaning in the context of these services are discussed.

Third generation (3G) wireless systems supporting voice and data services have been proposed since 1997. Standardization of those proposals was completed in 1999. However, anticipated demand for data services, particularly in the area of wireless access to Internet-based services, is driving the need to enhance the data-carrying capability of these systems beyond their current abilities. Yet, those resulting systems must continue to provide traditional voice services to an increasing subscriber base. This paper provides a brief overview of enhancements proposed to the IS-2000 system called 1XTREME that needs these needs.