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Security and usability are two essential aspects of a system, but they usually move in opposite directions. Sometimes, to achieve security, usability has to be compromised, and vice versa. Password-based authentication systems require both security and usability. However, to increase password security, absurd rules are introduced, which often drive users to compromise the usability of their passwords. Users tend to forget complex passwords and use techniques such as writing them down, reusing them, and storing them in vulnerable ways. Enhancing the strength while maintaining the usability of a password has become one of the biggest challenges for users and security experts. In this paper, we define the pronounceability of a password as a means to measure how easy it is to memorize - an aspect we associate with usability. We examine a dataset of more than 7 million passwords to determine whether the usergenerated passwords are secure. Moreover, we convert the usergenerated passwords into phonemes and measure the pronounceability of the phoneme-based representations. We then establish a relationship between the two and suggest how password creation strategies can be adapted to better align with both security and usability.

In recent years, research and development of high-efficiency perovskite solar cells (PSCs)have gained momentum. However, the inherent issues of high-temperature stability and hysteresis have constrained the device from commercial feasibility. Researchers have proposed different electron transport layer (ETL)based PSCs to minimize the aforesaid issues. In the recent research, CeO x /PCBM ETL based PSC device has been developed with power conversion efficiency (PCE)of 16.85% and improved stability. In the present work, the above-mentioned device has been simulated and calibrated using the SCAPS 1D simulator to provide the scope for further improvement in terms of the overall conversion efficiency of the device. Moreover, the device is optimized by parametric variation such as doping and thickness of CeO x and PCBM ETL layers. The PCE has significantly improved to 18.36% with variation in thickness of CeO x /PCBM in the range of 60 nm to 120 nm/50 nm to 10 nm respectively whereas doping density of CeO x has been varied from $1\times 10^{15}\text{cm}^{3}$ to $5\times 10^{18}\text{cm}^{-3}$ .

Solar photovoltaic energy market has witnessed enormous growth worldwide in last decade. The solar photovoltaic power plants can be implemented at any scale varying from a small rooftop of a house to utility's mega project range of hundreds of MWs. With growing interest in developing PV plants, it has become imperative to understand the performance characteristics and parameters affecting the energy yield of PV modules. The paper presents the insights to solar PV module. A comprehensive analysis of factors contributing towards module losses is provided. The output performance vis-a-vis varying environmental conditions has been discussed. For performance analysis, a 310Wp polycrystalline module is simulated for different physical conditions by using PVsyst software. The module performance gets affected mainly due to change of irradiance levels, operating temperatures, shading effects and other correlated factors. The power output varies significantly with any deviations from standard test conditions. The selection of suitable site, technical design, right installation and regular maintenance would improve the performance of solar PV plant making it economically viable source of energy.

India has gargantuan renewable energy sources. The ministry of new and renewable energy, Government of India has adopted rigorous process of implementation of number of encouraging renewable energy programs. A road map has been provided in various policies to shore up the deployment of renewable energy across the country. The distributed solar photovoltaic (SPV) power plants are envisaged to have record growth in India owing to due technology diligence, reducing costs and supportive government policies in renewable rich states. Distributed SPV will gradually become a vital component of energy mix of country. The small gestation period of these plants would help to meet power shortages and improve the grid situation. The issues and challenges of connectivity of distributed energy sources into grid are being addressed by adopting suitable technologies and policies framework. The paper provides the comprehensive study of development of SPV power plants in India.

This paper presents the optimal placement of distributed generation (DG) in locational marginal price (LMP) based electricity market. The problem formulation for optimal placement of DG is based on maximization of social welfare subject to operational and security constraints. In this paper, an algorithmic approach has been used based on LMPs and CPs for optimal placement of DG. LMP at a particular location provides an economic signal to the consumers and suppliers for their power consumption and generation, respectively. CP at load bus is defined as the product of LMP and real power demand at that load bus. The system buses have been ranked for optimal placement of DG based on decreasing order of LMPs and CPs. Various cost characteristics are assumed in test system to examine the proposed methodology. The proposed methodology has been tested on IEEE 14-bus system. The simulation results clearly present the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.

The congestion management plays an important role in power system operation in deregulated environment. Network congestion may lead to market inefficiency, increase in electricity prices and result in market power. Thus congestion management of transmission network has become a key and crucial task of system operators to ensure efficient, economical, secure, and reliable operation of electricity markets. This paper presents a bibliographical survey of literature available on congestion management. The general concepts, background of research & development and future directions related to congestion management methodologies in different electricity markets are presented based on 193 citations referenced in bibliography.

In this research paper, three aproaches reverse, absolute and dominant pertaining to MW mile are simulated for the cost evaluation of transmission wheeling. The approach based on applying MW-MILE on a 14-bus transmission network system is used to determine wheeling rate. Allocation of costs of wheeling on the respective wheeling transactions have been achieved. This research paper serves as an evaluation of the methodology, which has been adopted and being practiced in the markets.

This paper presents an investigation on incentive based demand response program (DRP) in deregulated power system environment. The major issues which are addressed in this paper, under demand response scenario are (i) demand curve flattening (ii) locational marginal pricing (LMP), and (iii) nodal voltage profile. The various issues mentioned above are compared under the power system modeling without and with incentive based DRP. The simulation work is carried out on IEEE 9-bus system by selecting practical load curve of Punjab State Transmission Corporation Limited from India. The results reveal that incentive based DRP is an effective way of tackling peaking electricity crisis under restructured power sector scenario.

This paper addresses the problem of congestion management in deregulated environment by utilizing bus impedance matrix. The use of bus impedance matrix is explored to determine the sensitivities of line flows in congested transmission lines as a function of bus injections. A congestion management optimization problem is formulated to minimize the cost involved in re-dispatching the generators based on incremental and decremental bids subject to line flows (as determined from bus impedance matrix based sensitivities) congestion constraints and bounds on rescheduled power generations. The benefit of this approach is that in contrast to conventional load flow jacobian matrix based sensitivities, the bus impedance matrix based sensitivities are independent of the selection of slack bus; therefore it guarantees a fair rescheduling of generators and allocation of congestion cost in deregulated environment. The effectiveness of proposed methodology is proved with case studies on a 4-bus and IEEE 30-bus system and results obtained are compared with that of conventional jacobian matrix based approach.