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The interaction mechanism between displacement damage and ionization damage in SiO2 layer has been researched on gate-controlled lateral p-n-p transistor (GLPNP). The sequential irradiation experiments of 400-keV O ions with high dose rate $\gamma $ -rays were carried out, and the degradation and defect evolution results of the device were analyzed by the reciprocal change of current gain change, gate sweep (GS) curve, and deep level transient spectrum (DLTS) results. The results show that there is a negative direct synergistic effect between 400-keV O ions and Co- $60~\gamma $ -rays in GLPNP. At the same time, combined with the GS curve and DLTS results, it can be concluded that the displacement defects of 400-keV O ions in SiO2 layer of GLPNP transistors will capture the holes generated by Co- $60~\gamma $ -rays, thus forming a large number of positive oxide charges ($N_{\mathrm {ot}}$). These $N_{\mathrm {ot}}$ are like “space charge wall,” hindering the movement of protons and holes to the Si/SiO2 interface, and thus inhibiting the generation of interface trap ($N_{\mathrm {it}}$). Due to the decrease of $N_{\mathrm {it}}$ and the increase of positive $N_{\mathrm {ot}}$ , the damage of transistor is weakened. The experimental results show the effects of displacement damage on the ionization effect in SiO2 layer and, more important, provide direct evidence for the space charge model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Propulsion, levitation and guidance characteristics are the key technology of electro-dynamic suspension Maglev train. An air-core integrated linear synchronous motor with asymmetric primary combined coils is introduced, which can not only simultaneously realize the propulsion, levitation and guidance performances, but also analyze the electromagnetic performance variation of linear synchronous motor under pitching condition. The novel three-dimensional analytical method is proposed for analyzing the transient electromechanical characteristics of the linear synchronous motor. Firstly, the topology structure and operation principle of the linear synchronous motor with pitching attitude are proposed. Secondly, the three-dimensional analytical methods and expressions of electromechanical characteristics are obtained by equivalent circuit method and Fourier decomposition method, such as levitation force, guidance force, propulsion force and pitching torque, etc. Finally, the three-dimensional electromechanical characteristics of the linear synchronous motor are calculated under pitching operation conditions in high-speed maglev train, and the correctness of the analytical theory is verified by the finite element analysis and measured data of on-board motor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, an electrodynamic suspension (EDS) maglev scheme with a novel coil topology named traveling magnetic electromagnetic Halbach array (TMEHA) is proposed and investigated in which thrust and lift forces are simultaneously created above a conductive flat guideway. First, the topological structure and principle of the TMEHA-EDS is introduced. Then the effectiveness of the TMEHA is analyzed qualitatively according to the analytic model based on harmonic analytical theory. Third, the 2-D analytical model of the TMEHA-EDS is proposed, and the thrust, lift force, efficiency, and the lift-to-weight ratio of the TMEHA-EDS are analyzed. Finally, a TMEHA-EDS prototype is manufactured, and experiments are carried out to verify the predicted results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A quasi-three-dimensional (3-D) analytic method is presented for calculating the performance of single-sided linear induction motor with the ladder secondary. To simplify the analytic model, the ladder aluminum plate is equivalent to the flat-solid one, and the equivalent conductivity is derived and given. In the direction of the motion, the finite primary length and end effect are considered by the method of the Fourier transform and Residue theorem. In the transverse direction, considering finite width of the primary core and the region between the overhang of the primary windings and the secondary, the equivalent integral length is given. Finally, the thrust, vertical force and secondary efficiency are calculated and compared with the results of the 3-D finite-element method and experiment, it is shown that the method presented in the paper is much simpler and the accuracy of the analytic method is verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the linear induction motor commonly work with a laterally asymmetric secondary as it is applied to pull rail vehicles, this paper presents a complete equivalent circuit model considering the asymmetry to predict thrust, vertical and transversal forces. First, six correction factors are presented to quantify the variations in the air-gap magnetic flux and secondary induced current as the linear induction motor operating with a laterally asymmetric secondary. Second, it develops a circuit model based on the existing T-model for the rotary induction motor and two correction factors for the magnetizing branch, which is used to indicate the electromagnetic variations in the air-gap flux and secondary plate due to the asymmetry. Third, the mathematical expressions for the thrust, vertical and transversal forces are derived by applying the equivalent circuit model. Then, the six correction factors are calculated with a prototype motor, and the results of them are comprehensively analyzed. Finally, the characteristics in the prototype motor are calculated with the mathematical expressions in a range of rated speed, and validated by the experimental measurements carried out on a test rig and line for linear motors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the role of hydrogen in radiation degradation of AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs), the performance degradation of the hydrogen untreated and pretreated devices is compared under the exposure of carbon ions. The energy of carbon ions is chosen as 7.6 MeV, and the maximum fluence reaches 4 × 1012 cm−2. By electrical character measuring, it is found that the positive shift of the threshold voltage and the decrease of the transconductance occur after to the irradiation. Hydrogen pretreatment accelerates the shift of threshold voltage and the decrease of the transconductance. The threshold voltage of the device is almost unchanged under 1-MeV electron irradiations. This means that the displacement damage leads to the shift of the threshold voltage. The height of Schottky barrier hardly changes in the hydrogen pretreated devices, showing that the ionization defects such as the formation of interface states under the gate are not the main cause of device degradation. Deep level transient spectrum (DLTS) results show that the irradiations cause the increase of gallium vacancies, and the hydrogen pretreatment inhibits its formation. According to the first principle calculation, the existence of hydrogen in GaN layer can reduce the formation energy of and the number of charges of the defects. It is speculated that hydrogen atoms participate in the evolution of radiation defects, which changes the types and number of defects in the devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrical degradation in AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) is examined under irradiation with 7.6-MeV carbon (C), 20-MeV oxygen (O), and 30-MeV fluorine (F) ions in situ. To characterize the radiation damage in the HEMTs, the ionizing dose Di, displacement dose Dd, and number of vacancies versus the chip depth in the devices have been calculated for heavy ions. As expected, in all three types of HEMTs, the output current decreases more than 30% and threshold voltage positive shifts after the irradiation fluence of 4 × 1012 ions/cm2. The performance degradation of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs is caused by radiation-induced charged defects. Based on calculation and experimental results, it is shown that the nonionizing energy loss (NIEL) method is not suitable for estimating the degradation of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs either considering gallium vacancy or considering both gallium vacancy and nitrogen vacancy. In the same displacement damage dose, the threshold voltage degradation rate depends on the type of incident particles and independent of the channel length. The damage caused by carbon ions is the smallest and the damage caused by fluoride ions is the largest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of ionizing radiation-induced defects in gated lateral p-n-p (GLPNP) bipolar transistors at different temperatures is investigated. The experimental results show that when the irradiation dose is less than 25 krad, the change in the reciprocal current gain (Δ (1/β)) increases by increasing the temperature gradually at a given dose. When the dose is more than 25 krad, Δ(1/β) increases first and then decreases at 200 °C by increasing the temperature at a given dose. Gate sweep (GS) technique and deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) analyses show that the positive oxide trapped charges decrease by increasing the temperatures. When the temperature is less than 200 °C, the number of the interface traps gradually increases by increasing the temperature, but when the temperature increases to 200 °C, the number of the interface traps decreases. It indicates that the formation of the positive oxide trapped charges was inhibited at different temperatures above room temperature, and the formation of the interface traps was promoted at less than 200 °C and annealed significantly at 200 °C. Moreover, the change in the number of the interface traps in the transistors induced by the irradiation under different temperatures decides the degradation of the current gain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid dc circuit breakers (HCBs) usually require a large number of insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) with high turn-off capability for series and parallel connections. This requirement entails excessive cost. Compared with IGBTs, integrated gate-commutated thyristors (IGCTs) are another kind of fully controlled power device with high surge current and voltage capability but are low cost. However, the weak turn-off capability of IGCTs hinders their application to high-powered HCBs. On the basis of the complementary advantages of IGBTs and IGCTs, this paper proposes a mixture solid-state switch (MSS) for HCBs that uses the switching action of several IGBTs to create a low-current condition that favors the turning off of large-scale series-connected IGCTs. The MSS topology can significantly reduce cost while maintaining the excellent performance of traditional solid-state switches. This study also introduces two different turn-off modes for MSS, namely, single oscillation and multiple oscillations. Finally, 25 kV/20 kA prototypes in both modes are developed to verify the effectiveness of the MSS topology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on gated lateral p-n-p (GLp-n-p) transistors, the correlation between the high dose rate (HDR) and low dose rate (LDR) irradiations during the switched dose rate experiments is investigated. Experimental results show that a significant deviation of the current gain degradation caused by switching dose rate irradiations from that by individual LDR ones is found. It is also observed that, after the switching of dose rate from HDR to LDR, the positive oxide-trapped charges induced by the HDR irradiations would influence the recombination of interface traps produced by the LDR irradiations, leading to an abnormal evolution of the excess base current and excess collector current for the GLp-n-p transistors. The decrease in the positive oxide-trapped charges from HDR to LDR is not caused by an annealing effect. The evolution of positive oxide-trapped charges could influence the formation of interface traps during switched dose rate experiments. All the experimental results indicate that the degradations in the GLp-n-p caused by the HDR and LDR irradiations are not two independent processes for the switched dose rate technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the influence of the flat and cap secondary, which are usually applied in the linear metro system on transverse forces of linear induction motors, is calculated and analyzed. First, the cap-aluminum plate and lamination back iron of the cap secondary caused relative difficulty in the analytical calculation. Then, the equivalent of the cap-aluminum plate and lamination back iron is presented, and two equivalent coefficients are obtained. The two types of the asymmetry are discussed and the different magnetic motive forces are presented. Second, the analytical model and the method of the linear induction motor are presented. Third, for a cap secondary in practice, the two equivalent coefficients are calculated and discussed. Then, the flat and cap secondary are applied, and the different transverse forces are calculated and analyzed. For two types of the secondaries, the different eddy currents and air-gap flux densities are compared. Finally, the test workbench is built and the analytical result of the transverse force is experimentally validated. It shows that cap secondary has less influence on the railcar when the transverse displacement occurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, a conductive cooling cryocooler for superconductor becomes used wildly. But in the absence of liquid helium, heat conduction becomes much difficult, which means conductive cryocooler conductors are more susceptible to disturbances than conductors immersed in liquid helium. A current-sharing temperature is a key design parameter for superconductors’ performance. In this paper, we analyze the issues of current-sharing temperature in the Nb3Sn/Cu conductor. Based on the power law model, we simulate and analyze the effects of power law index, magnetic field, and moderate intrinsic-strain on the current sharing temperature of Nb3Sn/Cu conductor operating in conductive cooling cryocooler, when the temperature of superconductor is aroused by disturbance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since single-sided linear induction motors working with a lateral asymmetric cap secondary is a frequent operating condition, this paper develops an equivalent circuit model considering the asymmetric condition. First, an analysis model, which takes the longitudinal end effect and skin effect into consideration, is proposed. Second, a transversal analysis model considering the laterally asymmetric cap secondary is developed to derive its correction factors. Then, the influence of lamination eddy current on the effective air gap to transversely directed flux is contrastively analyzed. Third, the traction characteristics of a prototype motor with symmetric and asymmetric cap secondary are calculated by the equivalent circuit. Finally, these calculated results are verified by measurements carried out by a test rig of the linear motor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the performance of linear induction motors for urban rail transit, the ladder-slit secondary is designed, and the performance of linear induction motors with the ladder-slit and flat-solid secondary is calculated and compared. First, for the ladder-slit secondary, the slot combination, widths of the secondary conductor, and side bar are designed. Second, the finite-element model of the linear induction motor with the ladder-slit secondary is developed, and the influence of vertical forces on widths of secondary conductors is presented. Third, the eddy current and the transversal air-gap flux density are compared when the ladder-slit and flat-solid secondaries are applied, respectively. Finally, experiments are carried out by test lines to validate the calculated results of the force and efficiency. It shows that the ladder-slit secondary can reduce the edge effect and improve the performance. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study investigates the influence of the composite secondary with the solid and laminated back iron on the thrust, vertical force, secondary losses and efficiency in the prototype single-sided linear induction motor for metro by space harmonic method. First, a 3-D space harmonic analytical model, which can consider the skin effects, secondary constructions as well as end and edge effects, is proposed. Second, the air-gap flux and secondary eddy current density distributions along longitudinal and transverse directions are presented. Then, variations of secondary losses and efficiency with a specific number of secondary back iron laminations are comprehensively compared in the full slip, and the optimal number of laminations is obtained. Third, the propulsive and vertical forces are analytically calculated under full slip, and the efficiency in a range of rated speed is presented. Finally, these results are verified by measurements on an experimental rig of the linear motor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a novel magnetomotive forces (mmfs) distribution model along the transverse direction for the 3-D analysis of linear induction motor, and it investigates the influence of a laterally asymmetric cap-secondary on the thrust, vertical force, lateral force, and efficiency in a prototype single-sided linear induction motor for linear metro. First, the mmf distribution model and its working conditions are defined, and the model is transferred into a mathematical model. Second, the air-gap flux and secondary eddy current in a prototype linear motor with a cap-secondary are obtained by a 3-D space harmonic analytical method. Third, the thrust, vertical force, lateral force, and efficiency of the test motor are analyzed with various lateral deflection, and the power factor in secondary is also presented. Finally, these results are experimentally verified by measurements on the test rig of the linear motor, and the comprehensive effect on the operating performance can be accurately calculated by the mmf model. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Due to the magnetic distortion and nonuniform force density of the single-side linear induction motor (SLIM) caused by the lateral movement, edge, and end effects, three types of torques, i.e., the side, normal, and horizontal torques, are produced. This paper investigates these special torques of the SLIM for metro and the variations of these torques when the primary is displaced sideways from a symmetrical position. It is of prime importance to take longitudinal end effects, edge effects, overhang of the primary windings, and lateral displacement into consideration when the air-gap flux density distributions and special torques are calculated via a 3-D analytical method. The air-gap flux density distributions along longitudinal and transverse directions, as well as the force density and torques with the different lateral displacements, are comprehensively investigated when the motor works in the motoring operation. The analytical results are experimentally validated by measurements on a reciprocal power-fed test rig. It shows that the horizontal and side torques, which increase the instability of the suspension system and the antirolling bar of bogie, increase almost linearly with the increase of the lateral displacement. Normal torque decreases with the increasing lateral displacement. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]