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Direct shifts of a new start-up need an android application or web application to overcome their connectivity issues among their customers. This start-up faces difficulties in connecting the patients, doctors, and hospitals. To overcome this problem this start-up requests a project which connects patients, doctors, and hospitals. So to fix their connectivity issues this research work presents a mobile application. This mobile application has a dynamic work function of registration, hiring, reviewing, and appointment fixing. In registration, the details of clinicians are obtained and stored in our database for validation and later uses. Then by using the data given on the registration the clinicians are segregated according to the area of specialization and recruit according to the purpose work given. The availability and fixed appointments of the respective doctors are presented simply. Finally, the patients are connected to the doctors. Through these applications, the patient can see the available slots of a doctor and their area of specialization. They can also fix their appointments with the respective doctor. Patients are asked to give their reviews and star rating of that doctor which is displayed to other patients and stored in our database. It is used for ranking the doctors in that locality

Global mission is to reduce the carbon footprint by using “Renewable Energy resources”. It is important to speed up the development of Renewable Energy Resources like Solar, Wind, Hydro electric et al. Implementation of Renewable Energy helps to tackle the climate change issue, as most of the energy resources are currently fossil fuel based. Information on installed capacity of Solar PV Panels and Wind Turbines along with forecasted load can enable grid operators to ensure optimal and reliable operation of system. Deep learning framework is used here to detect the Wind Turbines and Solar PV Panels in Satellite images. The current work aims to remove the manual effort which is currently involved in surveying the renewable energy resources. Building-level or neighborhood-level information on Solar PV panels and Wind Turbines enable analysis of Solar PV panels and Wind turbines deployment. Carbon footprint and Payback period can be calculated using the Deep Learning model outcome approximately for the installed locations and proposed locations. Dataset was acquired from Google Maps (Satellite view) for this work.

We report the first monolithic integration of 3D Complementary Field Effect Transistor (CFET) on 300mm wafers using imec's N14 platform. A monolithic CFET process is cost effective compared to a sequential CFET process. The small N/P separation in a monolithic CFET results in lower parasitics and higher performance gains. In this paper, using a CFET fabrication process flow, we demonstrate functional PMOS FinFET bottom devices and NMOS nanosheet FET top devices. Process development of all the critical modules to enable these devices are presented. Monolithic CFET integration scheme could enable the ultimate device footprint scaling required in future technology nodes.

Thanks to the technological developments, there has been an unprecedented increase in the demand for electrical power in the recent past. The dwindling conventional energy resources make us increasingly dependent on renewable energy resources. Hence the incorporation of distributed generators(DGs) into the existing utility grid has become need of the hour. In such a distribution system, the occurrence of symmetrical or unsymmetrical faults is highly dangerous. Relays and circuit breakers must be employed at appropriate locations to enhance protection and reliability of the system. This results in the utmost urge to take care of the coordination of these protective systems. In this work a 33 bus radial system has been adopted for the analysis. Distributed generators like Wind Energy Conversion Systems(WECS), Diesel generators and Solar based generators have been included in the system and the complete performance analysis has been done through load flow and short circuit analysis using the ETAP software. The response of the DGs during faults have also been analysed and relay coordination for various faults have been evaluated. This paper gives a detailed analysis on the adopted test system at various operating conditions with the above mentioned types of DGs.

Optimal location and sizing of the DGs including stability constraints is being attempted in this paper. In case of an autonomous micro-grid, it becomes inevitable to ensure the stability of the system. Hence critical clearing angle of the generators is included as a stability constraint in the formulation of the objective function for the optimal location and size of the DGs in the micro-grid. The proposed methodology enhances the stability of autonomous micro-grids on post contingency conditions. Case study analysis is performed upon the standard 33 bus radial distribution system to validate the proposed technique and the resilience needed during contingencies are analyzed.

Thanks to the mammoth benefits, integration of Distributed Generators(DGs) is becoming attractive in distribution systems. Penetration of DGs changes the unidirectional structure of radial systems, leading to reversal of power flow. However, the existing relays are non-directional and hence operate based on the magnitude of the short circuit current. This leads to mal-operation of the relays if left un-attented to, even though for low penetration levels, the effects are negligible. This work addresses this issue by optimally sizing and siting the DGs in the non-autonomous micro-grids. Hence a huge investment cost needed to replace the existing relays is saved. The optimal sizing is done considering the installation and fuel cost of DGs using the particle swarm optimization algorithm and the optimal siting is done analytically using ETAP software. MATLAB is used to solve the PSO algorithm. Standard 33 bus test system is used to validate the proposed algorithm.

We consider the problem of assigning a group of users with different rate requirements to a set of frequency bands, which may have different bandwidths, when the users access the channel via carrier-sense multiple access (CSMA). For example, in systems that employ dynamic spectrum access (DSA), secondary users may interleave their transmissions into space-time-frequency slots left open by primary users. The set of primary users that are active at a given time may leave a set of available channels that have unequal bandwidths. The use of CSMA by the secondary users reduces the need to coordinate transmissions among the users allocated to a particular frequency band, but it also results in potential collisions, which reduce the overall data rate that can be accommodated in the band. This is especially true when the presence of a finite sensing delay is considered. In this paper, we consider the layer problem of allocating users to the available frequency bands to minimize the bandwidth used (to accommodate other groups of secondary users), while taking into account the CSMA interactions of assigning multiple users to a band. We formulate this as a new form of bin packing problem, in which the size of the bin depends on the number of users that are assigned to the bin. A near optimal solution to this problem is found numerically using the Gurobi solver, and the performance is compared with the suboptimal first-fit algorithm, which has complexity that is appropriate for online implementation. Simulation results are provided to compare the optimal and online algorithms in terms of efficiency in allocating the bandwidth to the users and their complexity.

Epilepsy is a neurological condition affecting 50 million people worldwide. Patients suffer from recurrent seizures that disrupt various aspects of normal life and lead to brain damage and other comorbidities. Unfortunately, up to 40% of epilepsy patients have medically refractory epilepsy (MRE), which is unresponsive to medication. For these patients, the only solution is surgical removal of the region of the brain causing the seizures, or the epileptogenic zone (EZ). However, surgical resection is contingent upon correct identification of the EZ, a challenging task that is currently done by visual inspection of hundreds of channels of information. Unsurprisingly, resection has a 50% long-term failure rate, largely due to misidentification of the EZ. Repeated invasive monitoring to increase the accuracy of EZ identification is also not a desirable option because it is both dangerous and expensive. We have developed a computational tool, EZTrack, to help clinicians identify a patient's EZ using intracranial EEG data. EZTrack employs a novel algorithm to analyze the brain as a network during different seizure and non-seizure time periods in order to isolate the likely location of the EZ. In preliminary testing of EZTrack on data from 19 patients who underwent surgical resection, we were able to correctly predict all of their outcomes. EZTrack holds far-reaching implications for epilepsy patients, including reduced hospital stays, decreased costs, lowered risk of comorbidities, and better surgical outcomes. With EZTrack, patients who undergo the formidable procedure of surgical resection will have a significantly greater chance of actually living life seizure-free.

A robust, nonlinear tracking control strategy is presented for an aircraft equipped with synthetic jet actuators (SJA). The control law is designed to be easily implementable, requiring no observers, function approximators, or adaptive laws. By exploiting minimal knowledge of the structure of the nonlinear SJA dynamic model, a matrix decomposition technique is exploited to compensate for the input-multiplicative parametric uncertainty inherent in the SJA dynamics. The control law is shown to yield global asymptotic trajectory tracking in the presence of parametric uncertainty, actuator nonlinearity, and unknown, nonlinear external disturbances. A rigorous Lyapunov-based stability analysis is utilized to prove the theoretical result, and numerical simulation results are provided to demonstrate the performance of the proposed control law.

In this paper, a class of nonlinear networked control systems (NCS) operating over a shared-channel are considered. For sensor networks and networks requiring information collaboration among various devices, the objective to reduce contention and use the bandwidth limited network resources more efficiently can be achieved by developing “smart” sensors. Model-based control and event-based triggering can be fused such that smart sensors determine the “value of information” for stable operation of control systems. A context-aware feedback policy can be developed for a class of nonlinear NCS based on the informational value of sensor measurements that minimizes network usage or traffic. The developed aperiodic feedback policy guarantees global asymptotic tracking of output states of an uncertain system along the desired time-varying trajectory. A direct adaptive parameter update law is formulated to estimate the uncertain system dynamics that can further reduce feedback requirements. A piecewise continuous tracking controller is developed and validated using extensive simulation results for nonlinear scalar and coupled MIMO systems.

This paper discusses effect of design parameters of liquid cooled CCTWT collector on its thermal performance. Design parameters like collector thickness, cooling channel aspect ratio, Coolant flow rate, channel width, channel height, fin width and number of channels are used to derive analytical model and demonstrate effect of individual parameter on Collector thermal performance. This Analytical model demonstrates approaches to increase thermal performance of collector and bring down total thermal resistance and pressure drop of collector. Nusselt number, Reynolds number and Heat transfer coefficient are used to indicate individual channel performance, while total thermal resistance and pressure drop are used for collector thermal performance.

Network traffic in the transport layer of end-to-end congestion networks plays a vital role in effecting the throughput in the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer. Common queue length management techniques on nodes in such networks focus on servicing the packets based on their Quality of Service (QoS) requirements (e.g., Differentiated-Services, or DiffServ, networks). In this paper, a continuous control strategy is suggested for a DiffServ network to track the desired ensemble average queue length level specified by the network operator. A Lyapunov-based stability analysis is provided to illustrate global asymptotic tracking, and simulations demonstrate the performance and feasibility of the controller, along with showing global asymptotic tracking of the queue lengths in the Premium Service buffer.

In the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer of a wireless network that uses Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA), the performance is limited by collisions that occur because of carrier sensing delays associated with propagation and the sensing electronics. In this paper, we use a continuous-time Markov model to analyze and optimize the performance of a system using CSMA with collisions caused by sensing delays. The throughput of the network is quantified using the stationary distribution of the Markov model. An online algorithm is developed for the unconstrained throughput maximization problem. Further, a constrained problem is formulated and solved using a numerical algorithm. Simulations are provided to analyze and validate the solution to the unconstrained and constrained optimization problems.

Bloom Filter (BF) is a simple but powerful data structure that can check membership to a static set. The trade-off to use Bloom filter is a certain configurable risk of false positives. The odds of a false positive can be made very low if the hash bitmap is sufficiently large. Bin Bloom Filter (BBF) has number of BFs with different false positive rates based on their significance. Cuckoo Search (CS) is employed to assign different false positive rates to BFs which minimize the total membership invalidation cost. The experimental results have demonstrated for spam filtering using CS for various numbers of bins.

The conventional method of cooling the electronics by a cold plate, forces the electronic designer to spread all the heat dissipating components in single plane at the bottom. The proposed scheme, allows to populate the electronics is on both sides of the plate thus increasing the packing density and decreasing the volume. The various layout options, with the improved cooling were analyzed, using FloTHERM for fluid flow and heat transfer to arrive at a module with improved electronic performance, greater reliability, smaller volume (75% of the existing unit) and lesser weight (nearly 50 % of the existing unit). The chassis was fabricated with the most optimum layout and the test results show a highly favorable temperature distribution.

A clean SWS stuffing method (Hot Stuffing) has been developed for improving the heat-dissipation capability of a helix traveling-wave-tube slow-wave structure (SWS). This method has been compared with the traditional method of cold-stuffing. Special fixtures have been designed and feasibility of this method has been verified by experimental tests on SWSs using tungsten-rhenium helices and APBN support rods.

Scan compression techniques are widely used to contain test application time and test data volume. Smart techniques exist to match the scan compression CoDec (compactor-decompressor) module with the DUT (design under test), to realize high levels of compression with no loss of coverage. DUT partitioning is often desirable for ease of implementing sub-chips and integrating them into an SOC (system-on-chip). This paper presents various multi-CoDec configurations for partitioned DUTs to enable efficient scan testing, which address the requirements of reduced test mode power with no compromise in test quality. Different configurations are examined, tradeoffs discussed, and the most suitable one amongst them identified. It is shown how the preferred configuration can be architected with low implementation overhead (with no new requirements for bounding when creating the individual partitions), and how the different CoDec – DUT partitions can be operated together to meet dual goals of high quality and low power, with no increase in test time. Experimental data is presented on industrial circuits to illustrate the benefits.

Topology Control (TC) algorithms are generally applied to tactical network environments to create or maintain connectivity graphs with specific topological properties. In the context of this work, network topology defines the connectivity and link properties between nodes in the network. While protocols in the communications stack are traditionally designed to adapt to different traffic demands and underlying changes in network topology, TC algorithms offer an opportunity for applications to become proactive, and to drive changes in network topology. In most cases, topology control is achieved through a number of independent control strategies such as power management, node mobility or spectrum allocation, each of which operates at a different time scale, with different constraints and capabilities. In this work we introduce a mixed topology control strategy for highly dynamic tactical networks. The proposed approach combines two controllers (one for transmit power and one for node mobility) to enable a self-regulating link maintenance algorithm that compensates for short term variations in link conditions while supporting a more permanent, slower adaptation based on node position. While applied for transmit power and node mobility in this paper, the approach is generic enough to be extended to different parameters. After describing the control formulation and its stability analysis, we introduce simple leader-follower scenarios simulated in NS-3 to illustrate the capabilities and properties of the proposed approach.

Networks of cooperating agents are investigated for formation and coverage control, target tracking, flocking, and consensus applications. Within these applications, agents are required to coordinate to make appropriate decisions and achieve desired goals; hence, the ability to maintain connectivity with other agents is paramount. In this paper, we propose a two level control framework for connectivity maintenance and cooperation of multi-agent systems. Each agent is equipped with an omnidirectional camera and wireless communication capabilities. Image feedback is the primary method to maintain connectivity among agents with wireless communication that is only used to broadcast information when a specific topology change occurs. All agents in the team are categorized as clusterheads or regular nodes. A high level graph is composed of all clusterheads and the motion of the clusterheads is controlled to maintain existing connections among them. A low level graph composed of all regular nodes is controlled to maintain connectivity with respect its specific clusterhead.

Fast changing radio channels in a CDMA based cellular network have detrimental effects on the control efforts required to regulate the Signal to Interference plus Noise ratio (SINR) to the desired level, especially for highly mobile terminals (MTs). The motivation behind introducing a prediction-based power control algorithm is to meet the problems associated with rapid changes in the channel gain (by orders of magnitude between power update intervals) influenced by fading and exacerbated by the MTs coming out of the ‘deep faded’ zone. For a fast fading channel, a reliable prediction of the channel coefficient is required for accurate control design. For this purpose, we propose to use a linear prediction filter to estimate the channel fading parameter, and this information is fed to the controller. The controller uses local SINR measurements from the current and neighboring cells to maintain the SINRs of all the MTs present in the acceptable communication range. A Lyapunov based analysis is provided to explain the bound that the SINR error reaches, the size of which can be reduced by choosing appropriate control gains. The power control algorithm is simulated on a cellular network with distributed cells and the results indicate that the controller regulates the SINRs of all the MTs with low outage probability.

The paper presents the Thermal analysis of Magnetron Injection Gun (MIG), which is used to provide a high quality hollow beam of electrons for Gyro devices. Thermal analysis of 16 KV MIG is carried out to minimize heater power required for maintaining more than 950° C at cathode emitter surface to get 2A of beam current for temperature limited mode of operation in Gun Collector module for Gyro TWT. After detailed analysis minimum heater power of 33W is estimated as requirement. Further reduction in heater power to 25W is achieved by decreasing the heat conduction path through structural change.

Object Counting is a challenging problem with different solutions based on the available computing power and the nature of data to be processed. Memory efficiency, simplicity and speed are very important requisites for algorithms to be used in modern day systems which include distributed systems and wireless sensor networks where it is extremely advantageous to do basic preprocessing of data from the sensors in the nodes itself. Reduced computing power available in the nodes poses a challenge and this can be overcome by the use of algorithms with simple steps. We present an algorithm to monitor continuity, count objects and measure parameters such as area by isolating patterns and objects from data based on simple computations. Memory efficiency, speed and flexibility of the proposed algorithm have been discussed. It has many broad applications that include counting objects on a conveyer, monitoring people in a traffic signal, pattern isolation from multicolored images and monitoring continuity in real time image data from sensors. We describe the experimental setup used to implement this algorithm.

In the reverse link of a wireless cellular network, power control is used to ensure that each link achieves its target signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), while minimizing the interference to adjacent cells. In cellular systems using direct-sequence code-division multiple access (CDMA), the SINR depends inversely on the power assigned to the other users in the system, creating a nonlinear control problem. Mobility of the terminals, along with associated random shadowing and multi-path fading, results in uncertainty in the channel state. A regulation controller is developed in this paper for a CDMA cellular system with uncertainties in the state and channel noise. The developed controller regulates the SINR to a small region about a target value. An analysis is also provided to examine how mobility and the desired SINR regulation range affects the choice of channel update times.

Advancement in the field of nanorobotics has been facilitated by the current advances in nano-bio-technology and nanofabrication methods. The important uses of nanorobots are in advancing medical technology, healthcare and environment monitoring. In bio-medical applications, nanorobots need to swim in biological fluids flowing in narrow channels of few hundred nanometer size. The dominating effects in nanometer size domains are increased apparent viscosity and low Reynolds numbers which makes the design of a propulsion mechanism a challenging task. Micro and nano size biological organisms move by generating planar waves or rotating helical flagella. In the present work, design of propulsion with helical flagella is proposed and a generalized analytical model is developed, simulated and discussed. The performance parameters of the developed model viz. velocity and efficiency have been computed based on resistive force theory and compared with those of the model available in literature. Improved performance, feasibility and generality of the developed flagellar model have been discussed.

This paper considers problem of target tracking in wireless sensor networks. In particular we aim to integrate the concept of tracking algorithm with heuristic approach to reduce energy consumption as well as gain efficient accuracy. Based on the fact that the movements of the tracked objects are sometimes predictable. In this work we intend to predict the next position of intruding object utilizing Prediction-Based method. Therefore wake-up signals are sent only to predicted neighbor nodes. The algorithm has been compared with other two schemes Direct Communication and OCO by means of simulation tools. Our Results show that our approach consumes less energy while achieves optimal accuracy. In nutshell we have integrated image processing, structure-based and heuristic approach to achieve efficient tracking scheme in wireless sensor networks.

A procedure for synthesizing multiple-input translinear element (MITE) networks that implement a given system of translinear-loop equations (STLE) is presented. The minimum number of MITEs required for implementing the STLE, which is equal to the number of current variables in the STLE, is attained. The number of input gates of the MITEs is minimal amongst those MITE networks that satisfy the STLE and have the minimum number of MITEs. The synthesized MITE networks have a unique operating point and, in many cases, the network is guaranteed to be stable in a particular sense. This synthesis procedure exploits the relationship between MITE product-of-power-law (POPL) networks and linear diophantine equations which is explored in detail here.

A 2-MITE is a multiple-input translinear element with two input gates. In this paper, different properties of networks of 2-MITEs are derived, especially in the case of product-of-power-law (POPL) networks, in which the output currents are products of the inputs raised to different powers. It is found that conditions ensuring the uniqueness and stability of the operating point in 2-MITE networks are less stringent than those for MITE networks with higher number of input gates. This simplifies the synthesis of these networks considerably. A graph-theoretic approach to the analysis of 2-MITE networks is presented. Necessary conditions for a set of power-law equations to be implementable by 2-MITE networks are derived. Sufficient conditions for the same are presented for the case of POPL networks with one output

Lower supply voltages and aggressive OPC on 65 nm and below technologies are causing larger variability of critical device parameters like Vt and Id. With ever increasing clock frequencies, more and more performance related yield loss can be observed even for purely digital circuits. To design more robust circuits it is required to characterize device variability within die, within wafer, wafer to wafer as well as lot to lot. Large samples of device measurements are necessary for accurate variability characterization. A novel Characterization Vehicle (CV) has been developed, which achieves an extremely efficient placement of several hundred devices by arranging them underneath the probing pads. Placed next to product chips, those Scribe CV test chips are providing Vtlin, Idlin, Vtsat, Idsat, Gmlin, and Gmsat for more than 25000 devices per 300 mm wafer requiring less than 20 minutes for testing.

Precise control of stem cell differentiation offers tremendous potential for tissue engineering. Synthetic gene networks provide a framework for understanding and engineering life. We propose to use synthetic gene networks to engineer circuits that dictate the cell fate of embryonic stem (ES) cells by controlling gene expression. These networks will be capable of turning on cell fate regulator genes in stem cells at precise times and under well-controlled and well-defined conditions based on external stimuli and the internal state of the cell. The over-expression of these cell fate regulator genes is sufficient to trigger particular differentiation path ways in ES cells. We have implemented a lentivirus delivered 1:2 multiplexer circuit for programmed differentiation. This network uses a transactivator, a repressor and one small molecule input Doxycycline (Dox). Dox selects to activate one of two cell fate regulator gene outputs, thereby pushing the ES cell along one of two differentiation pathways. Preliminary results demonstrate the ability to switch between the expression of two fluorescent proteins - EGFP and DsRed-Express based on the external input Dox. Upon integration of the cell fate regulators MyoD and Nanog into this circuit, ES cells will either differentiate into muscle or maintain their undifferentiated state. Characterization of this simple network in mammalian cells is an important first step as this circuit will serve as a basis for building more complex networks that can select between many outputs using only a few inputs to form structures that resemble complex tissues like the spinal cord.

We explore the impact of the playout buffer size on the video quality and the response time in a video streaming application. Large buffer generally improves video quality, since it accommodates wide range of rate variability. However it incurs large buffering delay, and it is not suitable for many streaming applications (e.g., video sharing). In this paper, we investigate the playout buffer requirement to ensure desired video quality, given network conditions and bitstream characteristics. We develop a unidirectional VBR video streaming model and derive an analytic expression of the minimum playout buffer requirement to achieve desired video quality. Our experimental results validate the model and analysis.

Low density parity check (LDPC) codes have become very popular in recent times due to their capacity approaching performance and are considered in the next generation digital video broadcasting DVB-S2 standard. This paper presents few results and observations obtained when some of the existing decoding algorithms are studied in the context of the standardized codes. These results with further consolidation will facilitate to arrive at the right algorithm for decoder design

In this paper, a new algorithm is presented to avoid the crosstalk problem in optical multistage interconnection networks (MIN). The algorithm routes traffic through an N /spl times/ N optical network to avoid coupling two signals within each switching element. We show that it has the best application flexibility and provides the minimum number of passes without crosstalk problem impacts to the whole network. Compared with existing routing algorithms, this new algorithm applied on Omega network has better performance in terms of running time, the average number of passes.

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) is a spectroscopic technique that detects and characterizes molecules with unpaired electrons (i.e., free radicals). Although it is closely related to nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, EPR is still under development as an imaging modality. Unlike other imaging modalities, EPR is able to take direct measurements of tissue oxygen concentration in a manner that is not dependent on complex biological processes such as ligand binding specificity or tracer metabolism. We describe the use of single-point imaging (SPI) in radiofrequency, Fourier-transform EPR. We present the techniques for performing oxygen imaging using EPR with phantoms and in vivo . We present results from a study in which the two mouse legs (one normal and the other with tumor) were imaged over time as the mouse breathed alternately air, carbogen (95% O/sub 2/, 5% CO/sub 2/), and then air again. The reconstructed images demonstrate that the SPI EPR imaging technique readily distinguishes between the normal and tumor legs and can track the changes in tissue oxygen concentration in response to percentage of oxygen in breathing gas.

At hypersonic Mach numbers, the separated boundary layer from the model base develops as a shear layer and separates the outer in-viscid hypersonic flow from low subsonic flow in the base region. Characterizing such a complex mixed hypersonic flow of the base region in a short duration facility needs adequate runtime since base flow itself takes few milliseconds to establish as well as fast response sensors and instrumentation. In the present study fast response sensors are developed and time taken to establish base flow on a typical blunt body is calculated. These experiments were carried out in a shock tunnel at free stream Mach number of 6 and free stream Reynolds number of 0.2 million. To gain additional confidence on the base heat transfer distribution, steady pressure measurements were also carried out in a conventional hypersonic wind tunnel. The studies indicate that for the above test conditions, the heat transfer and pressure distribution on the blunt body base plane is nearly uniform. The time required for the base flow establishment is 1.27 milli seconds.

Practical log-domain filter circuits might have multiple operating points in regions in which the translinear element does not obey the exponential law. In this paper, a method is proposed to implement any filter by a log-domain circuit that necessarily has a unique operating point. Any state-space description of the filter is shown to have an equivalent description that can be implemented by such a circuit. This methodology is applied to the synthesis of multiple-input translinear element (MITE) filters. As an example, shifted-companion-form (SCF) filters are synthesized. Further, it is proved that the resulting filters have a unique operating point.

TCP is the widely used transport protocol across the Internet but it was originally designed for wired networks. In satellite networks, TCP encounters serious problems due to the physical properties of the wireless medium. The high delays in GEO networks and high variability of delay in LEO systems are the most significant factors affecting TCP performance. This paper identifies and illustrates TCP performance issues in satellite links by making a detailed comparison between these two common satellite altitudes. In low altitude satellite constellations, the propagation and switching delays are highly variable because of routing changes and handovers. Previous work on variable delay has focused explicitly on the retransmit timer. This paper makes a flow based analysis of abrupt delay changes to better understand TCP performance in LEO systems. Simulations are performed with the NS 2 satellite extension using the iridium constellation. It is observed that TCP performs better in LEO than in GEO systems because of its lower latency. It is also shown that large receiver buffers and intermediate buffers can alleviate the effect of abrupt delay changes in satellite networks.

Multiple-input translinear element (MITE) networks can be used for linear/nonlinear analog signal processing where the low power consumption of these circuits outweighs the advantages of digital processing. The ideal MITE expression is valid only in the subthreshold saturation region. These networks typically have multiple feedback loops and hence, if not synthesized properly, will have multiple operating points not predicted by the ideal relationship. We present conditions on the topology of a general MITE network that ensure that the operating point, if it exists, is unique. Hence, we know that the operating point predicted by the ideal MITE expression is the only one in this case.

A field programmable analog array that uses translinear elements for computation is introduced. The system uses floating-gate transistors to implement switch networks and MITEs to create reconfigurable translinear networks. The system architecture includes 3 MITE CABs, 1 specialized CAB for implementing four quadrant and dynamic functions, and a global switch matrix used to connect them. A squaring circuit, a square root circuit, a 2nd-order translinear loop, a vector magnitude circuit, and a 1st-order log-domain filter are programmed onto the device and results are presented in order to demonstrate the reconfigurability of the system.

Multiple input translinear elements (MITE) networks can be used to implement a wide variety of static and dynamic functions. The basic product-of-power law MITE circuit is characterized by an input connectivity matrix and an output connectivity matrix. Given a desired product-of-power law function, we describe a synthesis procedure that generates the connectivity matrices. This multiple-input-multiple-output synthesis has distinct advantages over the existing multiple-input-single-output synthesis by requiring lesser (or at most the same) number of MITEs and by being suitable for automated synthesis. MITE networks in which all the MITEs do not have the same number of gates are transformed into MITE networks in which the number of gates are transformed into MITE networks in which the number of gates is the same by a procedure called completion. We describe a novel completion procedure for these product-of-power law circuits.

High influx of generators interconnecting to the transmission network lead to increased short circuit levels which can exceed the fault duties of substation equipment. This paper illustrates effective short circuit mitigation options that were considered for addressing real life utility problems, by applying interphase power controller (IPCs). Upon a brief description of IPCs, a systematic procedure involved in the selection of IPC parameters, from a system planning viewpoint is provided. The specific advantages of the IPC technology associated with the design, engineering, and scheduling considerations are also addressed.

We present a new power-efficient resource allocation scheme for downlink multiple access communications based on OFDM for indoor wireless systems. A theoretical bound on the minimum total transmit power at the base station while satisfying the bit-rate (BR) and bit-error rate (BER) criterion of the various portable users in the system is derived. As this cannot be realized in a simple manner, we present a new method for allocating subcarriers, modulation mode, and power to the signals transmitted to the different users. We present simulation results comparing the performance of our algorithm with an OFDM-TDMA system. The effect of frequency-domain correlation on the performance is also presented. We have considered an indoor wireless system with a quasi-static fading channel for our simulations. The new algorithm achieves a gain of about 3 dB over the OFDM-TDMA scheme.

A simple packet transmission scheduling scheme is proposed for a multicode CDMA network. The scheme optimizes the channel capacity and tries to meet the multirate transmission demands of all the users by utilizing information about the arrival rates of the users and the characteristic of the CDMA channel. Results show that the proposed scheduling scheme can efficiently allocate channel resource to different users so that the system throughput is maximized and the number of backlogged packets is minimized.

Wireless service providers are facing the need to plan and rapidly evolve their networks to meet subscriber demands. This includes adding switching and radio equipment. At the same time, providers want to maximize the return on their investment by yielding the most subscriber capacity from their network. As networks evolve, large numbers of base transceiver stations (BTSs) along with base station controllers (BSCs) and mobile switching centers (MSCs) are added to support subscriber growth and demand. How to deploy this equipment and maximize performance is a complex problem, which calls for sound and useful methodologies. In order to assess the performance of the network, the subscriber's impacts must be known. Without the understanding of how the subscribers will tax the network resources, the providers will not be able to make the most of their investment and ensure quality and grade of service. This paper proposes techniques for modeling subscriber demand and behavior, which is the key in determining how networks will perform as the subscriber base grows and the network evolves. These scientific techniques were developed to generate accurate representations of subscriber behavior to be used in the planning of wireless networks.

Stock markets constitute the largest electronic commerce market in the world. The tremendous growth in trading volume and the need for fast and accurate transaction execution has made the stock market one of the most technology friendly markets. The fastest growing stock exchange, NASDAQ, is a wholly electronic stock exchange with all transactions conducted over computer networks. However, the transaction model used by NASDAQ and other electronic stock markets still borrows heavily from the older traditional models used by non-electronic stock exchanges. Two important requirements of modern day stock market transactions are: (a) customer's ability to place sophisticated transaction orders to buy/sell stock, and (b) customer's ability to detect transaction delays. Modern electronic stock exchanges lack both the ability to place newer, more sophisticated transaction orders and the ability to detect delays in transaction execution. In this paper, we propose a protocol for stock market transactions that can model a new sophisticated model for transaction orders while continuing to support traditional transaction orders. The protocol is augmented with a mechanism to detect delays in transaction execution. It is further shown that the protocol proposed is secure, atomic, anonymous, private, and incurs low overhead costs.