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International audience; There is an increasing industrial and scientific demand for large scale monitoring of gas concentration, e.g., to abide with constraints on pollutants for environmental safety. This paper aims to show the potential of the very recent ImSPOC technology for gas monitoring. We present the ImSPOC operating principle, some of the developed prototypes and two illustrative examples in the monitoring of methane and carbon dioxide in controlled environments.

This study focuses on a novel snapshot Fourier Transform imaging spectrometer based on an array of Fabry-Perot interferometers. This device fully relies on signal processing in order to provide intelligible outputs and thus requires a precise characterisation. In this paper, we present a strategy for estimating the thickness of the Fabry-Perot cavities, as this information is typically not precise or even available. This is a fundamental step for obtaining calibrated acquisitions with this device and for allowing further data processing and analysis. The proposed technique relies on the device optical model and has proven effective with respect to alternative strategies when applied to real acquisitions.

Internet of Things (IoT) is not new in the market; however, they are becoming more dominant in various operations and applications. These pervasive infrastructures can collect different data in a given environment such as temperature, pressure, light sensitivity, and so on to enable remote condition monitoring. Subsequently, these collected data can be used for many purposes depending on the user's requirement. Currently, there are colossal interests from researchers to know how to use these infrastructures to collect and send data over different protocols to the cloud for efficient remote handling from anywhere in the world. In this paper, we design and implement an infrastructure based on Pycom development board FiPy and sensor shield Pysense to collect and send data to the remote cloud over Wi-Fi and Long Range (LoRa) protocols. The intelligible set up is beneficial for observing and managing data in the cloud.

Internal erosion is considered to be a major cause of flooding in earth dams. Though the mechanism of initiation is well defined (i.e. suffusion, backward erosion, contact erosion and concentrated leak), the ability to detect it and prevent catastrophes from happening is still being investigated. This study focuses on backward erosion also known as piping. It aims at using geophysical techniques, mainly seismic, to monitor water seepage in porous media and detect the initiation of backward erosion in a controlled environment. For this purpose, a laboratory setup was built to better understand the effect of piping evolution on the seismic response. The seismic activity was monitored in energy and rate with the increase in hydraulic head (increase in flow) highlighting the presence of major events that accelerated towards the end of the experiment leading to the collapse of the sample.

Here we describe the design and fabrication of novel coplanar waveguide applicators, which facilitate real-time observation of separated electric and magnetic field effects on biological systems. S 11 parameters and temperature changes across these waveguides was characterized, and the feasibility of simultaneous microwave excitation and microscope observation was confirmed by tracking the motility of a protozoan fish parasite, Spironucleus vortens. This paves the way for in-depth studies into the biophysical effects of electromagnetic fields (up to 3GHz) on a range of biological systems. Applications extend from optimization of therapeutic intervention (e.g. thermal ablation and elec-troporation) to understanding putatively hazardous effects from environmental sources of non-ionizing radiation.

International audience; Fuzzy AHP is today one of the most used Multiple Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) techniques. The main argument to introduce fuzzy set theory within AHP lies in its ability to handle uncertainty and vagueness arising from decision makers (when performing pairwise comparisons between a set of criteria/alternatives). As humans usually reason with granular information rather than precise one, such pairwise comparisons may contain some degree of inconsistency that needs to be properly tackled to guarantee the relevance of the result/ranking. Over the last decades, several consistency indexes designed for fuzzy pairwise comparison matrices (FPCMs) were proposed, as will be discussed in this article. However, for some decision theory specialists, it appears that most of these indexes fail to be properly “axiomatically” founded, thus leading to misleading results. To overcome this, a new index, referred to as KCI (Knowledge-based Consistency Index) is introduced in this paper, and later compared with an existing index that is axiomatically well founded. The comparison results show that (i) both indexes perform similarly from a consistency measurement perspective, but (ii) KCI contributes to significantly reduce the computation time, which can save expert's time in some MCDM problems.

International audience; —Path-biased random testing is an interesting alternative to classical path-based approaches faced to the explosion of the number of paths, and to the weak structural coverage of random methods based on the input domain only. Given a graph representation of the system under test a probability distribution on paths of a certain length is computed and then used for drawing paths. A limitation of this approach, similarly to other methods based on symbolic execution and static analysis, is the existence of infeasible paths that often leads to a lot of unexploitable drawings. We present a prototype for pruning some infeasible paths, thus eliminating useless drawings. It is based on graph transformations that have been proved to preserve the actual behaviour of the program. It is driven by symbolic execution and heuristics that use detection of subsumptions and the abstract-check-refine paradigm. The approach is illustrated on some detailed examples.

International audience; In the framework of the monitoring of structures and infrastructures from environmental disasters, the COSMO-SkyMed constellation has a huge potential, thanks to up to metric spatial resolution, short revisit time, and the day/night all-weather acquisition capability ensured by SAR. This paper focuses on the scientific results of the project "Development and validation of multitemporal image analysis methodologies for multirisk monitoring of critical structures and infrastructures," funded by the Italian Space Agency. Several change-detection, data-fusion, and feature-extraction techniques, which were developed and experimentally validated in the project for COSMO-SkyMed imagery and for their integration with other data sources (including very high resolution optical data), are described and examples of processing results are discussed.

This paper reviews how the evolution of FDSOI planar architecture towards Trigate Nanowires leads to a natural Single Electron Transistor and Field Effect Transistor convergence at room temperature. On one hand, this convergence sets up technological specifications to preserve CMOS operation. On the other hand it opens the path to room temperature hybrid circuits based on single electron transistors and MOSFETs. Further on, single electron effects can be downscaled to the ultimate single atom transistors and we demonstrate the practical performance of electron pumps for metrologic applications.

Thanks to a well-controlled CMOS FDSOI technology we have recently been able to demonstrate breakthroughs in the combined use of field effect and Coulomb blockade phenomena. On one hand, we have demonstrated room temperaturehybrid circuits based on single electron transistors and MOSFETs. On the other hand, we have shown the practical performance of electron pumps designed with a single silicided Coulomb island and MOSFETs as tunable barriers for metrologic applications.

Following the recent development of Single Atom Transistors [1,2], we realized the first Coupled Atom Transistor in a small silicon nanowire MOSFET. Three independent gates control two donors connected in series between the source and the drain in a small volume of silicon. The devices, either implanted with Phosphorus (1024m−3) or Arsenic atoms, are fabricated with SOI technology on 200 and 300 mm wafers [3]. We observe resonant transport through two donors in series, and spectroscopy of a single donor state can be performed. We further demonstrate charge pumping and coherent electron exchange between the two donors involving Landau-Zener transitions.

Surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) optical fibre biosensors appear as a cost-effective and relatively straightforward technique to yield in situ (or even possibly in vivo) macromolecular detection. The biosensor configuration reported in this work uses nanometric-scale gold-coated tilted fibre Bragg gratings (TFBGs) interrogated by light polarized radially to the optical fibre outer surface. Recently, we have reported unprecedented surrounding refractive index (SRI) sensitivity for these SPR sensors, namely 10-5 refractive index unit. We have also shown that neighbouring cladding mode resonances present a differential sensitivity to slight SRI changes such as those induced by biomolecules attachment. In this work, this peculiar behaviour is exploited to assess the protein detection and quantification capabilities of these SPR-TFBGs. For this, self-assembled monolayers of biotin were formed on the gold surface of the sensors to quantify streptavidin molecules diluted in phosphate buffered saline. We demonstrate that a single SPR-TFBG can be used not only to monitor the SAM formation in situ but also to accurately quantify molecules concentrations down to 2 pM.

Eye tracking studies in medical imaging typically focus on studying radiologists' visual search process and how it relates to the clinical interpretation task at hand. In this pilot study, we have investigated gaze patterns to gain insight into their association with radiologists' expertise level as well as the presence of individual differences to facilitate personalized modeling and recognition of radiologists. First, we collected gaze data from six radiologists viewing 40 mammographic images each. Then, the collected gaze data were analyzed with two different approaches: 1) using a multilayer perceptron and 2) using a hidden Markov model. Both approaches confirmed that the experience level of a radiologist can be inferred with high accuracy by simply studying their gaze pattern. Personalized modeling and identification of radiologists was successful with both approaches with accuracy significantly higher than random guessing. The results of this pilot study confirm that a radiologist's perceptual behavior is not only a function of clinical training and level of experience, but there are individual aspects that could serve as a personal biomarker when developing models of human perception and cognition in medical image interpretation.

International audience; This letter addresses the problem of classifying synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images of urban areas by using a supervised Bayesian classification method via a contextual hierarchical approach. We develop a bivariate copula-based statistical model that combines amplitude SAR data and textural information, which is then plugged into a hierarchical Markov random field model. The contribution of this letter is thus the development of a novel hierarchical classification approach that uses a quad-tree model based on wavelet decomposition and an innovative statistical model. The performance of the developed approach is illustrated on a high-resolution satellite SAR image of urban areas.

We demonstrate the first Single Electron Transistor (SET) with high-k/metal gate operating at room temperature (at V D =0.9 V) cointegrated with fully depleted SOI (FDSOI) MOSFET (with 20 nm gate length) to realize a hybrid SET-FET circuit. Our resulting circuit exhibits typical SET oscillations upto record milliampere range. We also demonstrate a SET-FET based Negative Differential Resistance (NDR) device with 104 peak-valley-current-ratio and also a literal gate for multivalued logic applications.

In this paper, we deal with the problem of reflectance recovery from multispectral camera output using Support Vector Regression (SVR). As standard, SVR is unidimensional, the spectral reflectance recovery requires a multi-dimensional output. We propose two ways of adaptation: the transformation of the dataset (camera output) to a scalar-valued composite data model on the one hand, and the adaptation of a recent multi-output SVR on the other hand. We compare both performances to a Wiener-based reflectance recovery. The results are quite satisfactory and the comparison points out the advantages and drawbacks of each one of the proposed methods.

We access properties of single dopants embedded in ultra-scaled MOSFET. In such nanostructures, the ionization energy of a single dopant is enhanced. We establish a new method to determine the energy spectrum of a single dopant by connecting two dopants in series and using one dopant as an energy probe for the second one. Gigahertz microwave driving of this double donor system reveals coherent charge transfert in this ultimate “atomic” transistor.

For the first time we evidence the transition from a MOSFET operation to Single Electron Transistor (SET) behavior at 300 K in scaled nanowires (down to 5 nm width). In this paper we show that on scaling nanowire width from 20 nm down to 5 nm regime, together with achieving excellent short channel effect control (DIBL=12 mV/V for L G =20 nm), we hit a dramatic transition in transport mechanism from monotonously increasing to periodically peaked I D -V G 's. This transition is brought about by process induced channel potential variability (due to disorder) in nanowires and poses a challenge to further scaling. However, we show that it provides an exciting opportunity to cointegrate Single Electron Transistors with high-k/metal gate operating at room temperature (at V D =±0.9 V!) with the state-of-the-art nanowire MOSFETs enabling large scale manufacturing of beyond Moore devices.

In this paper we present a novel approach for 3D point cloud processing with the aim of annotating objects in a scanned scene. Our method is based on human cognition to guide the 3D processing algorithms and uses semantic knowledge to manage data and identify immediate situation-dependent objectives. In particular, we have built a system that allows an automatic and flexible selection of algorithms. The selection strategy exploits knowledge to identify the geometrical features to be detected as well as the objects to be annotated at each stage of the 3D processing of the point cloud.

Summary form only given. High power lasers such as NIF in the USA or LMJ in France are being developed for inertial confinement fusion applications. However, the performance of the optics is limited by laser-induced damage (LID), which occurs, for instance, in the potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4 or KDP) crystals utilized for frequency conversion.

Using low temperature measurements we have been able to identify the influence of only about five donors in the channel the channel of an ultra-scaled MOSFET as the source of an anomalously low room temperature threshold voltage and large sub-threshold slope. Futher we observe the influence of these dopants on the low temperature threshold voltage shift as a function of applied back gate voltage. The understanding of this behavior allows us to identify resonant tunneling mediated by a single donor in the channel of a doped channel device and we show that the back gate strongly modifies the tunnel coupling. These results give new insights in dopant transport in ultra-scaled MOSFETs, which is relevant for conventional device characteristics as well as for new dopant-based device architectures [6].

This paper outlines THALES ALENIA SPACE activities in the context of reconfigurable missions with channelized amplification in Ku-band. Flexibility in Tx pattern coverage is achieved thanks to an antenna including a shaped reflector and a focal array controlled by Ferrite phase-shifter. This paper focuses on the design of the focal feed array and details the guidelines that allowed to converge on a compact architecture.