Search

In 2011, the water source for the City of Queretaro was drastically changed to reduce groundwater depletion and compaction, and to mitigate ground fracturing issues and damages to infrastructure. Groundwater extraction was reduced by almost half and the missing portion was compensated by water imports. Here we use four InSAR ground deformation time-series covering 16 years (2004–2020) to observe if this change efficiently reduced subsidence and ground fracturing. We found that subsidence rates have greatly decreased since 2011 as a result of the change in groundwater management. We note, however, that subsidence still occurs in Queretaro.

According to the UNESCO World Water Development Report 2019 [1], one half of all people with insufficient access to drinking water are located in African states. In the sub-Saharan region the percentage of those with access to clean drinking water is at 24% only. The exploitation of new water sources by means of laboratory water quality analysis may lead to costs of about 30$ each [2]. In view of the above, a low-cost sensor system has been developed that intends to provide a feedback on the general quality of a water probe and gives a statement on the possibility of dissolved chemicals in the probe.

A water quality prediction system (WQPS) and method for determining water quality of a water source include one or more sensors located at said water source present at one or more geographical locations, the sensors configured to obtain parameters associated with a said water source and transmit obtained parameters to at least one computing device of a fog networking; and the at least one computing device configured to process said obtained parameters to determine the water quality of water source located at geographical locations, and transmit determined water quality on a display of a user device that triggered determination the water quality of said water source, wherein said one or more geographical locations are different physical locations associated with a water.

Water quality monitoring is an important issue of worldwide concern to investigate if the water quality measurements are suitable for national standards or not. Remote sensing data can be used to effectively assess water sources. Different sensors are recently used for water quality investigation; these sensors are differed according to their spectral, spatial, and temporal properties. This paper proposes a framework for future enhancement for water quality monitoring using remote sensing. The authors evaluate and analyze most of the recent methodologies that used remote sensing for monitoring the water quality parameters in terms of benefits and limitations. Five quality parameters are examined including 1) optical parameters (Chlorophyll-a (Chi-a), Total Suspended Sediments (TSS), and turbidity), and 2) non-optical parameters (Total Phosphorus (TP) and Total Nitrogen (TN)).

Mumbai which is home to 20.41 million people and contributing roughly up-to 6.18% of India’s economy is the seventh most populated city in the world. Mumbai is surrounded by a long continuous coastline of 167Km. It gets an excess of 1,800mm rainfall during the monsoon months of June to September. But even after having abundant rainfall during the months of June to September, Mumbai faces acute water shortages in the remaining months due to the ever-increasing demand and improper management of water sources. In order to avoid such problems, we need to predict the water demand that will be required in the coming years so that we will get an ample amount of time to prepare for it and chalk up a plan for efficient water usage. Here we are proposing water prediction and requirements forecasting to enable the actual requirements and storage accordingly. The proper planning thereafter for the water can be done and shortage problems can be eliminated or removed to the maximum extent.

Access to a safe and sustainable water source is a major problem especially in rural areas of developing countries. Water monitoring in different water resources has been practiced to ensure safe drinking water. However, manual monitoring of safe drinking water is known to be inconvenient since it requires high operational and transportation costs, and time-consuming. This work develops a water quality monitoring and potability classification system utilizing an Internet of Things framework. Portable sensor nodes capable of collecting physicochemical properties of water are deployed in different water sources from rural household areas. Data collected by nodes are being sent out wirelessly to a base station in real-time. The base station performs potability classification using ensemble learning. In addition, the base station sends the result of classification to households using 2G/3G communication. Also, the predicted output and the actual sensor data are being sent to a cloud server for remote monitoring via a web interface. Results show that the system achieves a 93.33% match with conventional industrial water laboratory tests. Moreover, the system is able to communicate the water potability status to households with minimal delay.

This paper describes control models of large-scale cyber - physical water supply systems in cities of various countries-Asia (China and Singapore), the United States, England and Europe, and Russia are analyzed. Deficiencies in control models were identified due to current potential threats of water scarcity, degradation of water sources, and risks of chemical and biological contamination.

Soil exploration is required in many different activities, ranging from detecting minerals or pollutants to finding water sources. Yet, penetrating soil is extremely challenging because of high pressures and friction even in a few centimeters of depth. In nature, earthworms move inside soils by peristalsis, i.e. by wave-like deformation traveling along their entire soft body. Taking inspiration from these animals and understanding their peristaltic locomotion offer interesting solutions for achieving soil exploration. To this aim, we fabricated and assembled a soft robot able to generate controlled and tunable peristaltic deformations. We systematically experimented peristaltic locomotion in a granular medium and compared it to movement on a planar surface. Our results show that locomotion based on peristaltic waves of a soft robot in granular media is possible, generally slower than locomotion on planar surfaces. This helps in reducing friction during the robot penetration in soil. Interestingly, our results also show how the wave patterns and actuation frequency differently influence the speed and the direction of movement in the different media, providing guidance in developing future soft robots for soil exploration.

Rapid urban development and accompanying population growth in the UAE have placed significant stress on the country's limited fresh water resources. Achieving a sustainable water cycle is critical for meeting the increasing demand for water. Wastewater is an essential water source that can meet a significant part of the water demand. However, propagating the use of treated wastewater requires overcoming technological, institutional and social barriers. Additionally, it is important to develop an economically viable model for the concerned stakeholders, to ensure the widespread sustained adoption of this strategy. In this paper, we present the challenges and opportunities faced during the commercialization of wastewater reuse through a case-study approach of a privately-owned local sewage treatment plant in the Emirate of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (UAE).

Mine water inrush disasters served as severe accidents in China cause severe economic losses and threaten the safety of coal mine production. The existing mine water sources discrimination methods have to let miners collect water samples of different place in situ , which make dynamic online analysis virtually impossible. This paper proposes a novel inrush water source discrimination model using laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) technology and convolution neural network (CNN) to achieve mines inrush water source online discrimination which can reduce humankind involvement. Experiment collected 161 items water samples of four different water sources of Xinji No. 2 coal mine. The LIF auto launched 405-nm lasers into water samples to calculate reflected fluorescence spectra. An improved smoothing method is proposed to reduce high-frequency random fluctuations of fluorescence spectra and further to compute auto-correlation fluorescence spectra features. Based on CNN frame and spectra features, mine waters source online discrimination model is constructed. Experiment randomly selected 80 percent of samples of all for training CNN model, the remaining for testing the proposed model. Theoretical analysis and experimental results demonstrate that the recognition rate of the proposed method achieves 98%.This method is an effective assessment method to discriminate inrush water source types of mines. It provides a new train of thought to solve online discriminant inrush water source types of mines.

This article discusses the problem of segmented sky in images of water areas. The discovery of contours of water sources in an image is related to the separation of the sky as an air mass, not a water source. Sky and water have RGB in the blue rock. An algorithm that differentiates the sky from the water is implemented. The application was implemented on MATLAB and tested on various images.

we present an architecture to integrate augmented reality (AR) elements to a board game. Our serious board game is aimed at creating consciousness about water source’s preservation in a rural community.

In this modern world agriculture plays a vital role in the development of the country, economy and its people. Agriculture depends a lot on the source and supply of water and that becomes a major issue in places which rely solely on the monsoons as their primary source of water, since the monsoons are not evenly distributed all over the country every year. In such cases, the scheduled watering of the crops can get hampered, and that might in turn hamper the quality and quantity of crops produced. To overcome this problem, the proposed smart irrigation system can be employed in the field of agriculture. In agriculture, apart from a water source, two more aspects are of prime importance, namely, the moisture content of the soil and its fertility. In this system, based on the soil type and the moisture levels, water will be provided to the agricultural field. At present, there are several techniques available to reduce the dependency on seasonal rain for agriculture. Mostly these techniques use electricity. However, in this paper our aim is to propose a low cost, sustainable solution to the problem of water supply in indoor cultivation, farms and agricultural fields.

Fires in agriculture are spreading rapidly (the rate of propagation depends on meteorological conditions), with large areas being hit and potentially threatening nearby buildings, equipment and stacks. Fires are difficult to access (limited load carrying capacity and throughput for mobile firefighting equipment) and can be extended to forest stands. There is often a lack of water to extinguish at the site of the fire, with water sources generally located at great distances. A part of the paper is also a description of the situation before the fire and ascertaining the causes of the fire. At the end of the article there is mentioned fire protection of machines with proposed protection of agricultural machines.

Accurate mapping of Dynamics of surface water is essential for supporting sustainable water source management and socio-economic development. To obtain a dynamic map of surface water, we obtained all available Landsat TM, ETM+, and OLI images (16760 scenes) of Huai River Basin from 1989 to 2017 based on Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. The water surface extraction method combining vegetation index and water index was used to map the spatio-temporal pattern of the surface water body. Results show as follows: (1) the maximum, average and seasonal surface water area in the Huai River Basin shows a downward trend in the past three decades, but the minimum surface water area shows a slight upward trend; (2) both the number of maximum and the minimum surface water body show a downward trend in the past three decades; (3) the changes of numbers of surface water bodies are mainly depended on the number of small surface water bodies, and the changes in the area of water bodies are mainly controlled by larger surface water bodies area. The results of the Surface water mapping are expected to provide detailed information for optimizing water structure and water source management which are critical issues in this region.

The growing population of Surakarta will impact the use of groundwater as a source for daily needs, meanwhile its quantity is decreasing because of the growing number of industries and hotels. The purpose of this study was to determine the depth of groundwater, determine potential water sources based on the thickness of aquifers, and map the depth of groundwater distribution using GIS software. This research was carried out in 11 points in the northern part of Surakarta using Geoelectric method. The results of the study showed that the depth of groundwater in the northern part of Surakarta is within 1.16 – 27.33 meters for shallow aquifer and 40.83 – 101.35 meters for deep aquifer, which were found in sandy layers.

Snow and ice in the Tibetan Plateau are important water source of Asia, as many famous rivers originate from this plateau. To ascertain the change of snow and ice under the global warming background, we used thirty years Landsat images and observation data to analyze this change. Utilizing the classic Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) algorithm to extract the area of snow and ice in the Babao River basin. The results indicated that the annual river discharge, average precipitation and temperature were all increased in the Babao River basin. However, the annual average snow and ice area obviously decreased with fluctuations from 1986 to 2017, which was correlated with the temperature rise. The river discharge increase was benefit from the precipitation increases and snow and ice melt. This study provides a reference for the research about snow and ice change in the Tibetan Plateau or other regions.

This paper proposes a distributed continuous-time epidemic model, called networked SIWS (Susceptible-Infected-Water-Susceptible) model, for an SIS type waterborne disease spreading over a network of multiple groups of individuals sharing a water source. A sufficient condition is obtained for the healthy state, at which all individuals are not infected and the water is not contaminated, to be globally asymptotically stable. The effects of the shared water source on the disease spreading are analyzed through the comparison of the basic reproduction number with the networked SIS model without water and demonstrated via simulations.

The paper has been focused on the fabrication of a sensing platform integrating an array of sensors with distinct applications: pH, nitrites and pesticides detection. All sensors are fabricated using micro-nano technology and are electrically connected to a multichannel potentiostat that runs the electroanalytical measurements. Integration of the sensor array into a platform has been made: the module for independent measurement of 3 sensors, electrochemical sensors, multichannel potentiostat and laptop which hosts the potentiostat control software and a Labview application for data acquisition.

Daheiting Reservoir is located on the main stream of the Luanhe River, 5km north of Qianxi County, Tangshan City. It is an annual regulation reservoir. It is an important drinking water source for the cities of Tianjin and Tangshan. Since the water was passed in 1982, the water environment situation is good. After 2000, with the rapid economic and social development of the reservoir upstream and surrounding areas, especially the cage fish culture in the reservoir area, the water quality of the reservoir area continued to deteriorate. In the spring and summer of each year, the water body in front of the Dam in the Daheiting Reservoir area showed obvious water temperature stratification and obvious anoxic areas. The occurrence of anoxic zone will have a series of related effects on the water quality of the water in front of the dam. This paper will analyze the water temperature stratification and water quality response mechanism of the reservoir water body based on the long series water quality monitoring data of Daheiting Reservoir. The effect of water temperature stratification on the water quality of the water before the dam in the reservoir area.

In this paper, for the four research sites, Sanhe, Dingxing, Gaocheng and Quzhou, in central and southern Hebei, crop growth simulation model method is applied and five major varieties' temperature and light production potential and rain-fed production potential in 49 years from 1959 to 2007 are simulated. The results show that temperature and light production potentials of Han 6172 and Shixin 828 are higher than those of the other three varieties, and the production potentials of temperature and light from high to low are Gaocheng, Quzhou, Dingxing and Sanhe. There are significant differences in production potential of temperature and light among different varieties and different years in various sites. However there is no significant difference in the interaction between sites and varieties. Taking natural precipitation as water source, production potential difference in different years is very significant. Sites and varieties have great influence on the potential of rain-fed production. Therefore, it is necessary to select wheat varieties suitable for local natural conditions under rain-fed condition.

Litani River is one of the most important water sources in Lebanon; nevertheless, it suffers from high level of water pollution. This fact poses risks to human health and safety, threatens animal and agricultural resources, and impacts the economy. The lack of real-time information about the environmental condition is the major cause behind poor managing and controlling of environmental disasters. Besides, Litani River is a long narrow-basin river. Hence, traditional methods and satellite-based remote sensing techniques are ineffective and aggravate overheads in terms of labor, time, and cost. The proposed approach makes use of the availability and the affordability of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to circumvent the limited capabilities of currently available methods dedicated to water pollution detection and tracking. The main objective of the proposed approach is to provide a novel solution that can assist the government authorities to enhance their ability to detect water pollution and track the sources of pollutants. It aims to demonstrate an effective low-cost tool that enables real-time detection of pollutants, identifying their nature, specifying their location, and tracking their sources. The usage of UAVs equipped with real-time image-processing modules enables efficient remote monitoring of water streams. It may highly contribute in avoiding environmental disasters rather than reacting afterwards.

The paper uses the PSO-SVR algorithm to inverse the water quality parameters based on GF-1 remote sensing image in Longquan lake where is located in Chengdu, Sichuan Province. Longquan Lake is a key drinking water source in Chengdu, so its water quality is very critical. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) optimizes the parameters of the support vector regression (SVR) inversion model to establish the new PSO-SVR inversion model, and PSO can effectively improve the efficiency and the accuracy of the SVR inversion model. At the same, the empirical inversion model was established by using the measured hyperspectral data and concentration of water quality parameters. Comparing with SVR inversion model, PSO-SVR inversion model achieves a better result in the application of suspended solids and Chlorophyll concentration inversion.

A hybrid photovoltaic-photochemical system was tested for the first time on field, under local climatic conditions and available water sources. Results show that after 3 h of sun exposure complete inactivation of E. coli was reached, and the lower irradiance received by the PV module was compensated by the cooling effect of the water being purified on top. Thus, this work demonstrated the feasibility of the SOLWAT system to contribute to palliate the lack of access to safe drinking-water and energy in developing countries, since, under real operation conditions,it was able to simultaneously produce clean water and electricity.

This paper presents a control design for the irrigation station by sprinkling. The proposed method is applied in order to solve the problem of managing water sources and distributions systems. The main contribution is focused primarily on conceiving T-S fuzzy model for the irrigation station. In formalism of the fuzzy-coalescence algorithm, we derive sufficient conditions to determine the model parameters. Meanwhile, additional effort is developed to achieve PI control for the irrigation station model.

Diseases and epidemics caused by pathogens in drinking water supplies not only cause deaths but also lead to an important economic and labor loss. Rapid and easy detection of these pathogens on water sources will help us to prevent the diseases associated with them. In this study, the aim is to achieve the detection of low amount of toxins by amplification of the signal by surface plasmon fluorescence spectroscopy (SPFS) and to minimize the need for sample preparation. Cholera toxin B (ChB), a truncated form of cholera toxin, was chosen as the model toxin. Capture antibody that will assure specific binding of the toxin was immobilized to the sensor surface by different methods and measurement conditions were optimized.

The article presents a use case evaluation of the robustness of a physical protection system for the Vodňany water tank, designated as a national critical infrastructure element. The evaluation will be performed based on three probable attack scenarios; the aim of these would be poisoning the drinking water source and intoxication of the population of the nearby city or destruction of the water tank and the resulting cutting off of residents from a source of drinking water. To check the robustness of the water tank itself and its physical protection system as a part of an overall robustness of the water tank area, a new software — SATANO (Security Assessment Of Terrorist Attack In A Network Of Objects) will be used. It allows for modelling physical protection system objects onto 2D maps and then simulate custom attack scenarios. This process of quantitative evaluation of a system's protection level may be accepted as part of the risk management process which is required by European Council as well as various national regulations from all operators of critical infrastructure elements.

The evaluation of small watershed management efforts is significantly meaningful to design and implement projects of protecting the water quality in water source area. In this paper, the images of GaoFen-1(GF1) and the China's first civilian high-resolution stereo mapping satellite, ZiYuan-3 (ZY-3) satellite, were used to get the land surface information in a small watershed in the water source area of middle route of South to North Water Diversion Project (SNWDP). The change of land surface was also extracted using images with different period. The effects of grain to green solutions implemented in small watershed management were then analyzed. The results indicate that high-resolution images with different periods have a great potential to monitor land cover change in small watershed and is expected to be useful for evaluating small watershed control efforts, in turn for the environment protection in water source area.

In this work, a systematic study of the dielectric properties of environmentally-relevant electrolyte liquids is presented. Excessive amount of unwanted chemicals and ions in water sources can often cause environmental and health concerns. The lack of affordable and real-time sensors for these contaminants limits effective conservation and management strategies. To tackle these problems, we propose a method to exploit indicators extracted from dielectric spectra up to 20 GHz and thereby establish a basis for developing a low-cost sensing system. Results for nitrate, sulfate, and chloride ions show that the method can be judiciously used to uniquely estimate the concentration and type of ions.

This paper presents a control design for the irrigation station by sprinkling. The proposed method is applied in order to solve the problem of managing water sources and distributions systems. This paper presents the synthesis of a Fuzzy Logic control applied to the station of irrigation by sprinkling, this method has the advantage of stability conditions of the proposed controller. After presentation of mathematical model of our station, simulation results illustrate the performance of the control strategy.

Water resources monitoring and management plays a crucial role to maintain an ecological balance. Proper survey, extraction and delineation of water bodies has to be done before any land use planning. Existing methods in the literature are subjective. An automatic and accurate water extraction method was proposed in this paper. Objective of the study was to separate water and non-water features and to delineate the water source boundaries. Qualitative analysis was done visually and results were found to be satisfactory. Quantitative validation of results was done by statistical comparison with results reported from Normalized Difference Water index method. The proposed algorithm outcomes as a quick method for extraction and delineation water areas.

Water is the key factor for sustainable human life. In addition to having adequate water source, the quality of water is also important. Water that is safe for human must meet standard water quality; otherwise, it is useless even though there is plenty of water. Thus, water quality must be measured regarding its physical, chemical, and biological properties. The purpose of this study is to apply time series analysis to model and predict Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) for water quality at four monitoring stations along Chaophraya River of Thailand. In this paper, we propose an α-trimmed ARIMA model which can be used to predict BOD value of the up-coming year using a collection of BOD data from the past. The main advantage of our proposed model is that it can be used with both seasonal and non-seasonal time series data. The model was evaluated on a set of BOD data that were collected during 1996–2013. The predicted BOD results are compared to the BOD results obtained from other three existing models and the results reveal that the relative errors of our proposed model are less than half of the relative errors of those three existing models.

Demands on current electrical insulating systems have increasing trend toward tolerance to environmental safe conditions. This trend of course subsequently requires finding a new way in the field of application of materials compatible with the surrounding environment, e.g. easy biodegradable. This applies particularly for electrical insulating liquids used in distribution transformers since their deployment is in large numbers — 50,000 pieces only in the Czech Republic — are often in areas with increased demands on the environment — urban areas, natural preserves or close water sources. These electrical insulating fluid therefore has excellent electrical insulation properties in addition having another important feature — are biodegradable. Therefore, when eventual unwanted leakage was occurring, they are absorbed by soil bacteria and it is not necessary to perform sanitization of the soil. This is advantage to the petroleum products. Fluids, which are in this area currently in center of legitimate interest, are natural esters. Their introduction to full application will however require the implementation of a number of following studies so that these substances can fully cope with properties of currently used mineral oils. Mineral oils have excellent electrical properties, but they are intolerant to the environment. One of the essential aspects of the verification of the long-term durability of natural esters, namely the rapeseed oil to long term thermal exposure. This verification is necessary for electrical insulation fluids especially because of their operation in transformers, where they become liquid component of the insulating system. The liquid in transformer are subjected to permanent thermal stresses during operating mode. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the life time of natural esters and compared it with selected synthetic and mineral oil.

Fecal contamination in bodies of water is an issue that cities must combat regularly. Often, city governments must restrict access to water sources until the contaminants dissipate. Sourcing the species of the fecal matter helps curb the issue in the future, giving city governments the ability to mitigate the effects before they occur again. Microbial Source Tracking (MST) aims to determine source host species of strains of microbiological lifeforms and library-based MST is one method that can assist in sourcing fecal matter. Recently, the Biology Department in conjunction with the Computer Science Department at California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo (Cal Poly) teamed up to build a database called the Cal Poly Library of Pyroprints (CPLOP). Students collect fecal samples, culture and pyrosequence the E. coli in the samples, and insert this data, called pyroprints, into CPLOP. Using two intergenic transcribed spacer regions of DNA, Cal Poly biologists perform studies on strain differentiation. We propose using k-Nearest Neighbors, a straightforward machine learning technique, to classify the host species of a given pyroprint, construct four algorithms to resolve the regions, and investigate classification accuracy.

In this research, we built the fire fighting support system for supporting the fire fighting of the volunteer fire company. This system is the mobile application based on Web-GIS. By using this system, the fire corps volunteers can confirm the fire fighting water sources around the fire site in real time. In fire fighting, secure of the fire fighting water sources are the most important. Therefore, this system can expect a big effect from the fire fighting of the volunteer fire company, since the fire fighting water sources around the fire site can be visually confirmed on a mobile terminal device.

Geladandong Ice Field is one of the largest ice fields in central Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, also the water source of Yangtze River, Selin Co Lake and Chibozhang Co Lake. In this study, we aim to monitor the glacier flow rates and its change in 1990s and 2000s by Differential SAR Interferometry and offset tracking. We obtained SAR images acquired by ERS-1/2 and Envisat/ASAR in 1990s and 2000s then processed them with offset-tracking method, also validated with D-InSAR method. The result indicates that most glaciers in Geladandong Ice Fields kept stable flow rates at 15-30m/a during 1990s and 2000s. Some glaciers are identified as surge type. We selected two glaciers and studied the time series of flow velocity profiles. During the surging period, flow rate could be 3 to 10 time as normal years. These two glaciers forwarded their terminus during their surging period by Landsat optical monitoring. We concluded that during 1990s and 2000s most glaciers kept a stable flow velocity and some glacier surged during the study period therefore terminus forwarding cannot equal to mass gaining.

This paper presents the investigation on variation factors in phantom material study, which observed through dielectric measurement that is performed from 1 to 6 GHz. Water and ancillary substances are used in the investigation. The study focuses on dielectric variation due to the water sources, the addition of ancillary substances and temperature. The obtained results in this study are useful for the development of realistic human head phantom.

Heshan Stream reservoir, as an important source of drinking water in Cengong County, Guizhou Province, Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation is applied on the assessment of its surface and ground water quality. As a result, the water quality of all the 5 surface water sections in the first and second-grade protection zones are conformed to Grade I surface water quality standards. Meanwhile, the water quality of one underground water point, at the edge of the second-grade protection zone, is conformed to Grade II underground water quality standards. In general, the water environment of this reservoir is good. However, although all the sections of surface water meet the Grade I water standards, the first-grade protection zone has a higher degree of membership, which means a better water quality.

The South-to-North Water Transfer Project is an optimal allocation and scheduling of water resources major project, the Danjiangkou reservoir as the important water source, the protection of water and water quality security is critical, determines the success of diversion project. Based Chlorophyll-a concentration quantitative inversion discriminated functions was established based on the wavelength character of chlorophyll-a reflection peak and absorbing peak in 450 nm and 570 nm by HJ-1 satellite multi-spectral image in spring, summer and autumn of 2010 and 2011.The result indicated that HJ-1A/B image data can be applied to the study of chlorophyll-a monitoring, can meet the needs of remote monitoring of water quality. Chlorophyll-a concentration quantitative inversion results showed that chlorophyll-a concentration was low in spring, and the highest period is summer, water environment condition overall was fine. The annual water environment change trend is better, chlorophyll-a concentration in 2011 was lower than that of 2010 in the same season.

Regional environmental risk assessment of drinking-water source is considered a very effective way for us to find out the security situation and hidden danger of Drinking-water source and to discriminate the high-quality drinking-water sources for differentiated management. In this paper, reservoir type drinking-water source is selected as the object of assessment. An index system consisted of 2 parts (pollutant risk assessment index system and risk-resisting ability assessment index system) is built to qualitative and semi-quantitative evaluate. We sort out a pollutant source list which is suitable for China and at last established a practical regional environmental risk assessment method. Two reservoir-type water sources in Zhejiang Province are selected as the objects for case application. Assessment results shows that this method can discriminate the drinking-water source by the value of regional environmental risk clearly.

Drinking water is the most important water resource, which is closely related to health and quality of life. However, there are so many problems that exist in drinking water, such as the poor quality and management of water. Obviously, the security of drinking water is threatened. In this paper, according to drinking water protection area delineation principle,GIS-assisted three-dimensional simulation model is introduced to delineate drinking water source protection areas of the five reservoirs in Ningbo taking various factors in consideration, such as natural environment, laws, and so on. On this basis, the 3D display system of Ningbo drinking water source protection areas is built to effectively promote safety supervision of these zones and ensure the security of the drinking water of the inhabitants.

Due to the increasing concern of drinking water problem in China, in order to provide the good technical support for the protection of drinking water sources, this study applies the Hydrological model to generate the initial drainage basins and watersheds boundaries along Zhougongzhai Reservoir and Jiaokou Reservoir of the Ningbo City, China, by using the 5 meters spatial resolution digital elevation model (DEM). The 0.5-meter resolution aerial photos and other ancillary data sets are also integrated to modify the catchments boundaries of high-level mainstreams from the upstream reservoirs. As a result, the first-class and second-class protection zones are delimited based on the combined results from the first two steps.

Resident satisfaction is an important approach to evaluate policy performance, and also a key reference for the government to improve their works. The thesis based on the sociological approaches analyzes the resident satisfaction with the ecological compensation policy in the water source area and its influencing factors by 1045 samples taken from Shiyan in Hubei province, Ankang in Shaan'xi province, and Nanyang in Henan province. The result shows that the resident satisfaction with ecological compensation policy not only differs with regions to regions, but also varies distinctly for individual age, education level and profession. These findings offer references for the improvement of ecological compensation policy in our country.

The rescue on sudden nature disaster depends on emergency system in great extent in the city. Face to more and more severe disaster, the construction of emergency system becomes more and more important. The paper establish the evaluation standard of emergency system, then takes Nantong which lies on Yangzi estuary as an example, analysis the emergency system in Chongchuan region whose people and economic is biggest density. The results show the key problems to restrict sudden system contraction are the store of sudden water source and disaster relief materials. So, the area should increase the store and reinforce the management.

PSInSAR is a well-known remote sensing technique with the ability to monitor ground deformations. In this study we applied the PSInSAR technique to study the subsidence phenomena due to the over-exploitation of groundwater in Huairou Emergency Water Source which is the first oversize emergency water source in Beijing. A series of Envisat ASAR images from 2003 to 2009 are used to monitor the ground deformations in the study area. The subsidence map shows subsidence is related to the level of groundwater and the quantity of rainfall. Temporal analysis of the maps detects yearly and seasonal subsidence patterns. A spatial correlation has been observed between the groundwater depression funnel and the subsidence area, which changed from SW-NE to NW-SE. As the decrease of groundwater, the subsidence trend is expanding with the mean subsidence velocity of 8mm/a, and there is a seasonal change in the study area.

This paper describes the training, validation and application of recurrent neural network (RNN) models to computing the total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and dissolved oxygen (DO) at three different sites in Gonghu Bay of Lake Taihu during the period of water diversion. The input parameters of Elman's RNN were selected by means of the principal component analysis (PCA). Sequentially, the conceptual models for Elman's RNN of different simulated parameters were established and the Elman models were trained and validated on daily data set. The values of TN, TP and DO computed by the models were closely related to their respective values measured at the three sites. The results show that the PCA can efficiently ascertain appropriate input parameters for Elman's RNN and the Elman's RNN can precisely compute and forecast the water quality parameters during the period of water diversion.

According to the water demand for water supply, Tongxiang city will construct a reservoir which will be taken as the strategy reserving water source. The reservoir has to meet the emerged water supply in a short time and taken as an adjusting pool drawing water from Taihu Lake in a long time. Thus, it has to study the water quality characteristics of the reservoir in order to prevent it from eutrophication. The hydrodynamic and water quality models are used to predict velocity and contaminant concentration distributions. The simulated results could provide a proof for the choice of drawing water, but also play an important role in the safety problem of drinking water quality.

Aiming at the present insufficiencies and problems existed in the evaluation on threatening degree of water disaster of coal mines, as well as various threatening degrees, the paper, based on different threatening water sources, proposes quantitative grading evaluation technology and quantitative division standard of threatening degrees, and suggests corresponding water prevention measures and advices. With the practical application of quantitative evaluation technology of threatens caused by water disaster in Longtan coal mine in Sichuan Provinces, Lvshuidong coal mine and Liziya coal mine, threat level of water disaster during the process of advancement and recovery has been evaluated fairly precisely, thus standardized the evaluation and prevention of water disasters of coal mines and guaranteed systematic, precise, economic and orderly progressing of water prevention and treatment

The large-scale exploitation of small coal mines have brought about a series of environmental problems over recent 30 years in China, such as the large-area failure and subsidence of ground, underground water resources having been dried up and serious air and water sources pollutions in mining districts. In order to protect the environment, it is imperative to implement the reasonable exploitation of small coal mines. The issue expounds the specific measurements for ecological protection during Resource Integration among small coal mines. And it provided valuable ideas for the Resource Integrated Mine (RIM) to developing eco-economy, improving the ecological environment, and maintaining ecological safety under similar conditions.