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Optical technologies have proven their versatility to manufacture microfluidic devices with different geometries, sizes and functionalities. Laser-based techniques have recently appeared, capable of overcoming the complexity and waste production of photolithography. In this work we analyse two laser-based technologies with great potential in channel fabrication for microfluidics applications: laser ablation and stereolithography.

A major part of the world’s resource consumption, waste production and green house gas emissions is due to the construction sector. Ultra-light weight structures can be very resource efficient, but do require active elements to withstand all occurring loads. This contribution presents different principles for activating conventional civil engineering structures. Specifically, serial and parallel actuation are considered, where each actuator is assumed to be either force- or positioncontrolled in an underlying control-loop. Modeling of the actuator integration is based on the classic FE-workflow, with mass- and stiffness-matrix obtained from the assembly step of the FE-analysis. We show how to integrate the input models for the different actuation principles and transform the input from one type to another, such that the input modeling can be separated from the preceding assembly step. These models will be used to gain insights into when to use what kind of actuation type in the design step. Numerical results show the feasibility of the proposed input models and the idea of saving mass with adaptive structures in general, while at the same time supporting the derived design recommendations based on the pros and cons of the different types of mechanical integration.

As population increases rapidly with the passage of time due to which waste production is also increasing which badly effects the environment. All wastes cannot be decomposed and may produce bad smell and methane gas, increasing land and water pollution. Hence serious waste management is required. Concerned authorities face numerous problems while collecting waste like continuous checking of trash bins status (empty or full) to remove all waste at appropriate time. Existing manual systems of waste management are more costly and require more human resources This research proposes a solution for the sustainability of waste management. The system is divided into two parts: 1) Intelligent Trash Bin (ITB) and 2) Efficiency optimization for trash Collection. ITB is an IoT based automated trash bin which sends notification autonomously to the concerned authority, when it gets filled or fire is detected in it. Android application is used to receive notification from server and waste collector gets navigation targeted ITB's location. The Efficiency optimization for trash Collection is achieved as System checks status of every trash bin within 500 meters radius of vehicle to optimize waste collection efficiency.

With the increasing waste production rates, solid waste management has become the need of the hour. Dumped unmanaged wastes causes severe harm to humans and also drastically affects the environment. It also causes various climatic changes and hinders the economic growth of countries. Environmentally sound waste management techniques touches various critical aspects of development of a country. Thus, this paper proposes an idea of ‘Earthbot’ which is smart enough to both collect waste and segregate them. The paper also discusses the possible waste management solutions, after segregation of waste is done by the robot.

Every industrial production is associated with waste production. Electrolytic tinning produces sludge containing approximately 57 % tin. Due to the limited tin reserves and its importance for industrial use, it is appropriate to treat this sludge. This work deals with hydrometallurgical treatment of tin sludge by alkaline leaching in sodium hydroxide solutions. Experiments show that the highest tin recovery of 90% was achieved using 3M NaOH at 80 °C. The next step after the leaching process is the refining of solution and electrolytic recovery of tin.

Public interest in recycling has increased significantly over the past 15 years. This concern was initiated by several factors, such as concerns about increased waste production, the loss of landfill capacity, air pollution from waste incineration as well as the general recognition of the need for environmental protection. The authors of the article focused on the possibility of implementation of separate collection using underground containers. At the same time, the principles of separate collection in the European Union countries, in the Slovak Republic and in the city of Kosice are analyzed. The authors designed a separate collection system and the logistics of the collection itself using underground containers. The proposal was processed for the city of Kosice and its city district Kosice KVP. The advantages and economic benefits of the present method of separate collection are presented.

Physics research puts considerable hazards into the hands of researchers. Existing technologies are being pushed beyond technical limits, new technologies found and explored. Personnel as well as environment need to be protected. Minimum waste production becomes an issue too. This paper seeks to highlight the necessity of adapted EMC procedures and considerations in order to guarantee a minimum risk of incidents.

In the recent spans of years, Urbanization has inflated terribly nice in size and there's a rise in waste production. Waste management has been a typical issue to be thought of. during this paper, sensible bin is constructed with ARM microcontroller that is interfaced With UART and IR sensors. IR sensors square measure placed at each ends of trash bin. They work under AND operation. When the dust bin is filled message will be sent to the respective mobile displaying "Garbage is filled". It ceaselessly alerts the specified authority till the rubbish within the garbage can is press. Once the garbage can is press, individuals will recycle the garbage can. Once these dustbins are enforced on an outsized scale, by substitution ancient bins, waste will be re-used expeditiously and avoids gratuitous lumping of wastes on road aspect. Foul smell from these rotten wastes that remained untreated for while, because of neglectfulness of authorities and public could cause sturdy issues. Breeding of insects and mosquitoes will produce nuisance around promoting unclean atmosphere. this might even cause dreadful diseases.

The paper discusses a qualitative and quantitative analysis of Ga as a natural material of bauxite-raw materials for the aluminum industry, as well as waste production of lanthangallium silicate (langasite) and waste production of electronic materials. Each of the processes of obtaining gallium studied has both advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of the optimal scheme of production fully depends on the requirements and capabilities of a particular production type. The comparative characteristics of the processes showing that the most complete extraction of gallium is achieved in the processing of waste liquid-phase epitaxy are presented.

Different approaches to mathematical modeling of waste recycling processes are considered in the article. The interrelation between different types of waste production activities in Russia is analyzed. The model of description of system influence of recycling of construction waste on activity of other types of activity is offered.

This paper presents an overview of the biogas plant and optimization of gas production installed near students’ dining room at College of Science and Technology (CST) located in the Southern foothills of Bhutan. The mixed kitchen waste produced is collected and directly feed to the biogas plant. This research is installed in collaboration with Department of Energy and College of Science and Technology as a pilot project with the aim "Waste-To-Energy Initiatives." It also aims to replace the use of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) in students’ mess kitchen. The detail studies of waste production and feasibility studies were carried out before installation of the plant. The maximum biogas production capacity of the plant is 4 m3 per day. As production of gas from the plant depends on type of waste and surrounding temperature, gas yield was not as per the design criteria. To improve the gas production, various methodologies where applied.

In our society, the trashcans are placed at public places in the cities and it is overflowing due to tremendous growth of the waste production every day. It leads to spreading of some diseases and proliferating human ailment, to avoid such situation we have designed “Intelligent Bin Management System for Smart City using Mobile Application”. The main objective of our paper is to monitor and manage the waste materials and create awareness about the current system of management activities. The conventional way of manually monitoring the waste in waste bins is extremely sluggish process and utilizes more human efforts and time which can easily be avoided with present technologies. This paper practically demonstrates how internet of things (IOT) Integration with data access networks and electronics engineering can contribute to enhance cities management systems. We have presented a waste collection solution based on providing intelligence to trashcans, by using an Internet of things (IOT) prototype embedded with sensors, which can read, collect and transmit trash volume data over the GSM network.

This paper presents two case studies in which a waste management team at Western Kentucky University (WKU), supported by GIS and geospatial techniques, were able to identify how waste generation potential changed over time across space, predict how the rate of recycling can be raised by infrastructural changes, and hence enable more informed decision-marking on where sustainability-concentrated efforts should be concentrated to reduce waste production on a university campus. Specifically, GIS was utilized to spatially recognize, visualize, and assess waste generation streams and resource allocation solutions. In Case Study 1, the amount of solid waste in dumpsters, collected monthly from neighboring buildings, were analyzed with the Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) method. The researchers found that buildings with the highest contribution of waste generation were associated with food sales, suggesting that a close review of policies related to food practices (purchasing, recycling, and composting) is essential for increasing efficiency in waste management schemes at universities. In the second case study, location-allocation analyses were conducted to examine the current locations and placement of outdoor waste and recycle bins. The analyses enabled a number of data-driven recommendations made to the WKU waste management team on improving bin placement and addition on the WKU main campus.

One of the many difficulties faced in cities include the accumulation of waste in streets, sidewalks, public squares, causing major environmental problems. This is not only due to lack of public policies and urban infrastructure, but also lack of citizen participation. Given this scenario, there is a crucial need to educate the people, especially children, who represent the future of society. This study presents a mobile serious game proposal, called “Protecting the Earth”, about selective waste collection, recycling, reduction of waste production and waste reuse in different game stages with focuses in childish public. The methodology adopted included Systematic Review; application of Participatory Design methods, such as the Context Inquiry technique; specification of functional and non-functional requirements and the study of technologies appropriate for developing the project. Experiments were conducted with children aiming to assess the proposed tool's interface. The results obtained by means of usability testing with users showed the need for adjustments in the interface in order to achieve greater accessibility and user satisfaction, and were met immediately. The next step is to perform learning evaluation experiments in order to verify if the proposed serious game is collaborating to acquire user knowledge about the study object (Environmental Education).

The city waste production forecasting is one of the important prerequisites to develop disposal measures for public services. The city waste systematic management started relatively late in china, the influence factors of waste output are relative larger, and the relationships among the factors are sometimes difficult to accurately described, moreover, the forecasting data sample is seldom. So the errors of the prediction were over large always. Based on the analysis of the traditional prediction GM (1,1) model, the application of background value optimizing GM(1,1)model to city waste production forecasting is proposed in this paper. Comparative analysis the waste production forecasting results of the traditional model and the optimization model in Shanghai between the year 2004 to 2009, it got verified the feasibility and effectiveness of the optimal of the background value in GM (1,1) model. Finally, the optimized GM (1,1) model is used to forecast the future waste production in Shanghai.

Compared with traditional cement processing methods, dry-mix mortars are more environmental friendly by reducing air pollution or waste production on construction sites. It can also reduce carbon dioxide emissions, helps to keep the construction site clean, and allow for more flexibility in storage space for materials while reducing cement redundancy after the cement finishing is completed. It can be said that this new and advanced construction material is environmental friendly and convenient to deploy and transport, delivers product of stable quality, helps to facilitate construction, and saves materials. In this study, a questionnaire survey was conducted on people in the construction industry in Taiwan to explore their perceptions of the characteristics of dry mix mortars and their acceptance of this material. Totally 133 valid samples were returned. After the analysis of the questionnaire results, this research found the more the respondents find dry-mix mortars useful, the more satisfied they are with the material; the more they are satisfied, the more willing they are to promote it. Among all the factors, the perceived usefulness of this material has a particularly significant influence.

This paper studies an Infra-Free (IF) scenario in a Japanese shrinking sub-urban city (Kushimoto) by proposing a vertical food tower build on an inhabited island (Tsuyajima) that could use solid and liquid waste from a community (Ki-oshima) and provide food in return. Despite the fact that Japan has 426 inhabited islands, increasing waste production and the fact of 60% import of its food consumption; the focus on Tsuyajima island investigates how an community-integrated waste-to-food cycle could contribute to the physical, social and economical infrastructure and become a unique architectural landmark to directly/indirectly influence urban life quality and tourism.

The heterogeneity of technologies in the products or object fabrication system, where the external control system usually is based on silicon technology, the interface e.g. transducers or robots represents mixed technology, and process another, leads to the material and energy losses, and the waste production. Surprisingly high effectiveness of objects creation can be reached in homogeneous processes with internal control, namely molecular. The paper discusses the systems where the molecular programs in cooperation with intermolecular modifiers create the molecular objects which, may have a new behavioral properties. This is caused by a specific molecular synergy of nanoprocesses.

In the present paper, an innovative model for the management of urban solid waste is proposed. The model consists of a spatio-temporal geodatabase, integrated in a geographical information system (GIS) environment. This model takes into consideration all the parameters of waste production, such as population density, commercial traffic, road network and the relative information (e.g. road width, etc). Temporal ground-based analysis has been applied for the estimation of the interrelations between the above factors, and the variations in waste production between residential and commercial areas. Therefore, the model takes into account a unified categorization of all the commercial and industrial activities in the area under study. The main goal of this innovative algorithmic approach is to develop an accurate estimation of the solid waste production rate that allows the identification of the optimal number and location of the waste bins. In this way, municipalities aware of social, economical and environmental factors related to waste management can achieve optimal planning for their services