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This paper investigated that based on [22] ‘s perspective that Pragmatic Markers (PMs) are realized mainly through prosody between native speakers and non-native speakers, when focus functions as pragmatic markers, whether pragmatic factors from non-native speakers restrict the realization of Pragmatic Markers through prosody leading to misunderstanding in intercultural communication, in the case of declarative questions and statements. Pitch contours of 17 Chinese EFL (English as a foreign language) learners (non-native speakers)’ sentences were compared with that of six native speakers using four sentences from AESOP. The results demonstrated that native speakers and non-native speakers indeed realized pragmatic markers (focused words) through prosodic cues (pitch range), but differed in the way of realization for pragmatic markers, leading to pragmatic misunderstanding. This paper proves [22] ‘s opinion and demonstrates that pragmatic elements from transfer, L2 teaching, proficiency of non-native speakers constraint prosodic ways for realizing pragmatic markers, which indicates conventionality in cross-culture conversation.

This paper presents an application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) technique for designing of protective fences for shelter from snow and winds commonly used on offshore rigs and other facilities in cold regions. The CFD simulation of real situations provided detailed information about the flow characteristics behind the fence and the effective shelter zone. Such flow details are usually very expensive, time consuming and difficult to obtain by physical experiments. The numerical simulations found that the shape of pores and surface shear stress has significant impact on the reattachment length and the size of effective fence zone. The effective shelter distance can be increased by avoiding sharp angular corners in the porous pores and reducing surface shear stress. The 3D modelling and CFD simulation provide detailed aerodynamics flow characteristics and stress distributions that allow evaluating a number of designs cost effectively. The technique can be integrated with small-scale intelligent manufacturing system (SIMS) for flexible design and manufacturing of fences.

Physical experimental investigations of snowdrift development around structures are often associated high costs with equipment, labor, time and accessibility. Computational Fluid Dynamics technique creates a CogInfoCom channel in a way to improve human cognitive abilities. This paper presents a 2D homogeneous mixture Eulerian-Eulerian model to simulate snowdrift development around the Wyoming snow fence with its porosity of 0.50. The model allows assessing and visualizing of snowdrift development through a domain adaption strategy for the transient changes in snow surface topography. The simulation results are quantitatively in good agreement with the field observations.

In this work, the noise generation problem due to the implementation of porous baffles as weather protection barriers on offshore oil and gas platforms is investigated. Attention is focused on the design of the experiment. A cognitive process is implemented to identify the major parameters instigating noise generation on these structures. A cognitive approach is also implemented to analyse the noise problem and to produce applicable solutions due to the complexity of the problem, which involves an array of variables that can lead to noise generation and the various possible solutions to the problem,. The regulated occurrence of turbulence causes dissipation of energy in the form of sound at specific frequencies. To overcome this problem, some kind of disturbance to the flow needs to be introduced either by changing the geometry of the structure or characteristics of the flow pattern. In conclusion, suggestions based on experimental results are given to mitigate the noise problem.

Numerical simulation has played an important role in systematic study on the performance of porous fences over the last three decades. In this paper, a 3D CFD model to simulate air flow through a porous fence is presented. The simulated velocity data has been tested against experimental data acquired in wind tunnel experiments under the same conditions. Good agreement has been observed between the numerical and the experimental results within the fence effective zone, demonstrating that the 3D CFD model presented in the paper is generally sound and can be used to systematically assess the performance of porous fences. It is the first step to create a CogInfocom channel through which a numerical system (CFD) has communicated with a natural cognitive system (prototype and physical experimental system), in a way that improves human cognitive abilities to comprehend air flow through porous fences.