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The magnetic fluid seal is widely used in the high-speed mechanical devices. Also, the temperature of the seal increases with the viscous heating under the high shearing rate in the magnetic fluid. However, the influence of the temperature on the sealing performance has not been studied quantitatively in the available research. In this article, the change rule of magnetic fluid temperature and the influence on the sealing performance are researched through the simulation and experiment methods. The thermal field simulation is conducted with the heat generation in the fluid. To calculate the decrease of the magnetic properties quantitatively, the magnetization curves under different temperatures are measured to carry out the relationship between the saturation magnetization and temperature. Based on the magnetization curve result, the two-phase flow between air and magnetic fluid is solved under different shaft rotation speeds with the influence of temperature change. Besides, the sealing experiment is conducted with the highest rotation speed of 8000 rpm. The results of the simulation and experiment show good consistency, and the sealing capacity decreases with the rise of rotation speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicon oxycarbide (SiCO)-derived porous carbon is a novel class of nano-porous material with unique properties including highly sensitive gas detection. In this letter, SiCO-derived porous carbon (porous SiCO) structures are successfully reproduced by simulating the etching process in experiments. Then, the gas sensing performance of SiCO-derived carbon with different porous morphologies is investigated. The calculated adsorption energy, Mulliken charge transfer, bandgap, and adsorption distance indicate that SiCO-derived porous carbon exhibits a higher sensitivity toward NO2 gas than CO, 2, and acetone in accordance with experimental conclusions. Moreover, the porous SiCO with the largest SSA and PV shows the most excellent NO2 sensing performance. The adsorption of NO2 leads to the appearance of a new strong peak at the edge of the conduction band, resulting in obvious changes of the conductivity of the systems, which is necessary for NO2 detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extreme learning machine (ELM) has recently attracted many researchers’ interest due to its very fast learning speed, good generalization ability, and ease of implementation. It provides a unified solution that can be used directly to solve regression, binary, and multiclass classification problems. In this paper, we propose a stacked ELMs (S-ELMs) that is specially designed for solving large and complex data problems. The S-ELMs divides a single large ELM network into multiple stacked small ELMs which are serially connected. The S-ELMs can approximate a very large ELM network with small memory requirement. To further improve the testing accuracy on big data problems, the ELM autoencoder can be implemented during each iteration of the S-ELMs algorithm. The simulation results show that the S-ELMs even with random hidden nodes can achieve similar testing accuracy to support vector machine (SVM) while having low memory requirements. With the help of ELM autoencoder, the S-ELMs can achieve much better testing accuracy than SVM and slightly better accuracy than deep belief network (DBN) with much faster training speed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This special issue includes eight original works that detail the further developments of ELMs in theories, applications, and hardware implementation. In "Representational Learning with ELMs for Big Data," Liyanaarachchi Lekamalage Chamara Kasun, Hongming Zhou, Guang-Bin Huang, and Chi Man Vong propose using the ELM as an auto-encoder for learning feature representations using singular values. In "A Secure and Practical Mechanism for Outsourcing ELMs in Cloud Computing," Jiarun Lin, Jianping Yin, Zhiping Cai, Qiang Liu, Kuan Li, and Victor C.M. Leung propose a method for handling large data applications by outsourcing to the cloud that would dramatically reduce ELM training time. In "ELM-Guided Memetic Computation for Vehicle Routing," Liang Feng, Yew-Soon Ong, and Meng-Hiot Lim consider the ELM as an engine for automating the encapsulation of knowledge memes from past problem-solving experiences. In "ELMVIS: A Nonlinear Visualization Technique Using Random Permutations and ELMs," Anton Akusok, Amaury Lendasse, Rui Nian, and Yoan Miche propose an ELM method for data visualization based on random permutations to map original data and their corresponding visualization points. In "Combining ELMs with Random Projections," Paolo Gastaldo, Rodolfo Zunino, Erik Cambria, and Sergio Decherchi analyze the relationships between ELM feature-mapping schemas and the paradigm of random projections. In "Reduced ELMs for Causal Relation Extraction from Unstructured Text," Xuefeng Yang and Kezhi Mao propose combining ELMs with neuron selection to optimize the neural network architecture and improve the ELM ensemble's computational efficiency. In "A System for Signature Verification Based on Horizontal and Vertical Components in Hand Gestures," Beom-Seok Oh, Jehyoung Jeon, Kar-Ann Toh, Andrew Beng Jin Teoh, and Jaihie Kim propose a novel paradigm for hand signature biometry for touchless applications without the need for handheld devices. Finally, in "An Adaptive and Iterative Online Sequential ELM-Based Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Gesture Recognition System," Hanchao Yu, Yiqiang Chen, Junfa Liu, and Guang-Bin Huang propose an online sequential ELM-based efficient gesture recognition algorithm for touchless human-machine interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the simplicity of their implementations, least square support vector machine (LS-SVM) and proximal support vector machine (PSVM) have been widely used in binary classification applications. The conventional LS-SVM and PSVM cannot be used in regression and multiclass classification applications directly, although variants of LS-SVM and PSVM have been proposed to handle such cases. This paper shows that both LS-SVM and PSVM can be simplified further and a unified learning framework of LS-SVM, PSVM, and other regularization algorithms referred to extreme learning machine (ELM) can be built. ELM works for the “generalized” single-hidden-layer feedforward networks (SLFNs), but the hidden layer (or called feature mapping) in ELM need not be tuned. Such SLFNs include but are not limited to SVM, polynomial network, and the conventional feedforward neural networks. This paper shows the following: 1) ELM provides a unified learning platform with a widespread type of feature mappings and can be applied in regression and multiclass classification applications directly; 2) from the optimization method point of view, ELM has milder optimization constraints compared to LS-SVM and PSVM; 3) in theory, compared to ELM, LS-SVM and PSVM achieve suboptimal solutions and require higher computational complexity; and 4) in theory, ELM can approximate any target continuous function and classify any disjoint regions. As verified by the simulation results, ELM tends to have better scalability and achieve similar (for regression and binary class cases) or much better (for multiclass cases) generalization performance at much faster learning speed (up to thousands times) than traditional SVM and LS-SVM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]