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In photovoltaic power station, the solar cells in the module are exposed to positive or negative bias, which will lead to leakage current between the frame and solar cells. In this paper, the mechanism of leakage current formation is studied by analyzing the distribution of electric fields in the dielectric, and establishing the dielectric leakage model of photovoltaic module. The obtained results indicate that leakage current is not only related with electrical layout of the PV array but also the resistance of EVA and glass.

Crystalline silicon solar modules are the most important unit in photovoltaic system. The output power of the module will be at least 80% of its initial nominal power after 25 years. In this paper, the electrochemical reactions in crystalline silicon solar modules are investigated. It is found that the reactions in daytime are different from the reactions in nighttime because of existence an electric field. It is pointed out that some ions produced by the electrochemical reactions are the root cause of leakage current of solar modules. The electrochemical reactions cause corrosion and delamination in crystalline silicon solar modules.

The universal personal communication system is a system that enables anyone to communicate instantly with anyone else anywhere in the world. One of the crucial problems of such a system is locating millions of moving customers in an efficient manner. The tracing strategy described is able to locate active customers in the system automatically with a small overhead in a distributed fashion. The system has the knowledge of the exact position of an active portable in its service areas. The connection is setup by the system directly to its destination using the shortest path. The system is customer friendly and realizable using existing techniques. >