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Aim: The Flexible Regulation of Emotional Expression (FREE) Scale assesses the ability to enhance and suppress displayed emotions among a range of hypothetical contexts. The Context Sensitivity Index (CSI) measures the ability to perceive cues to contextual demands across different situations. This study aimed to present the first step of the adaptation and validation to the Italian context of the FREE and the CSI scales., Materials and Methods: A sample of 120 Italian students took part in this first step. Six focus groups were conducted to explore the Context sensitivity, Emotional Flexibility, and Flexible Regulation of Emotional Expression constructs in the Italian context. Verbatim transcripts were analyzed with T-LAB software and two kinds of analyses were performed., Results: Results of the Thematic Analysis of Elementary Contexts showed four clusters: "emotional flexibility", "emotion management", "emotion regulation", and "context sensitivity". Results of Factorial Analysis of Correspondences indicated three factors with the first two factors explaining about 80% of the variance. Factor 1, which opposed "emotional flexibility" and "context sensitivity" at its negative pole; "emotion management" and "emotion regulation" at its positive pole, was named "Cognitive and emotive functions of mind". Factor 2, which opposed "context sensitivity" and "emotion regulation" on the positive pole, "emotional flexibility" and "emotion management" on the negative pole, was named "Elaboration-adaptation as aim of the subject"., Conclusions: Preliminary results obtained through a qualitative approach supported the validity of the flexible regulation of emotional expression and the context sensitivity constructs in the Italian context. These results will be tested with a quantitative approach in the next steps of this research.

Introduction: Research suggests that alexithymia is a significant element for emotion processing, while defense mechanisms proved to be important factors for adjusting to stressful life events and to cope with potential psychopathologies., Aims: The aims of the present study are to examine the relationships between alexithymia, defense mechanisms, depression, anxiety and eating disorders and to examine the mediation role of defense mechanisms in the relation between alexithymia and anxiety, depression and eating disorders., Material: In a sample of 283 subjects, aged 18-49 (M=2.33, DS=4.81), instruments were administered to measure alexithymia, defense mechanisms, depression, anxiety and eating disorders., Results: This study showed that alexithymia was positively related to anxiety, depression, general psychological maladjustment, eating disorder risk, maladaptive style defense mechanisms, image-distorting style defense mechanisms, self-sacrificing style defense mechanisms, whereas it was negatively related to Mature Style Defense Mechanisms. Implications of the findings are discussed.

Aim: Depression was associated to Alzheimer's disease (AD), even if its role as predictive symptom, risk factor or reactive factor remains unclear. The aim of this review was to investigate the relation between depression and AD. More specifically, we aimed to examine if depression may be a prodrome of AD or an early reaction to cognitive decline., Methods: A systematic review based on the electronic bibliographic databases (PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Web of Knowledge) was carried out on the scientific literature from 2010 to 2016. Observational studies and literature reviews were included, searched for predefined inclusion criteria., Results: A total of 29 studies were included. Most of the reviews reported that depression may be a risk factor for dementia. Moreover, frequency and severity of depressive episodes may increase the risk for dementia. However, the results are contradictory to a possible risk difference between early or late depression in determining the occurrence of AD., Conclusions: Depression may be a prodrome of dementia and a risk factor of AD. However, the hypothesis of depression as risk factor is the most accredited one. Finally, there is one evidence suggesting that depression is a reaction to cognitive decline of AD.