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Even though satellite observations are the most effective means to gather global information in a short span of time, the challenges in this field still remain over continental landmass, despite most of the aerosol sources being land-based. This is a hurdle in global and regional aerosol climate forcing assessment. Retrieval of aerosol properties over land is complicated due to irregular terrain characteristics and the high and largely uncertain surface reflection which acts as 'noise' to the much smaller amount of radiation scattered by aerosols, which is the 'signal'. In this paper, we describe a satellite sensor - the 'Aerosol Satellite (AEROSAT)', which is capable of retrieving aerosols over land with much more accuracy and reduced dependence on models. The sensor, utilizing a set of multi-spectral and multi-angle measurements of polarized components of radiation reflected from the Earth's surface, along with measurements of thermal infrared broadband radiance, results in a large reduction of the 'noise' component (compared to the 'signal'). A conceptual engineering model of AEROSAT has been designed, developed and used to measure the landsurface features in the visible spectral band. Analysing the received signals using a polarization radiative transfer approach, we demonstrate the superiority of this method. It is expected that satellites carrying sensors following the AEROSAT concept would be 'self-sufficient', to obtain all the relevant information required for aerosol retrieval from its own measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]