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Greengram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) is the third most important pulse crop. One of the main factors limiting its production and productivity is drought, in different growth stages of the crop. Drought stress at the seedling stage of greengram influences their adaptation at the early crop establishment phase. In this study, 200 pre-breeding lines derived from VBN(Gg) 2 X Vigna radiata var.sublobata/2 of greengram were evaluated for drought stress by in vitro screening, using Poly ethylene glycol (PEG 6000) at -0.5MPa stress level. Significant differences were observed among the genotypes, treatments and interactions for the evaluated seedling traits and stress indices, suggesting a high variability for drought tolerance in pre- breeding lines. A total of eleven tolerant and six susceptible lines were selected based on seedling vigour index, > 900.00 and < 220.00, respectively during initial screening and independent confirmation screening was carried out. The results of the present study revealed that the pre-breeding lines viz., GGISC 45, GGISC 41, GGISC 132, GGISC 125, GGISC 116, GGISC 55, GGISC 147, GGISC 17, GGISC 73, GGISC 49 and GGISC 37 were recorded with high seedling vigour index along with significant stress indices and identified as tolerant for drought. These identified tolerant lines can be further evaluated under rain-out shelter to assess their ability to withstand drought. Subsequently, the promising lines can be used for the development of drought tolerant varieties in greengram.

The present investigation was undertaken to obtain information on the nature and extent of genetic diversity among 60 greengram genotypes for yield related traits and quality traits by using Mahalanobis’s D2 statistics. The genotypes were grouped into eleven clusters. Cluster I was found to be the largest with 38 genotypes followed by cluster V with 13 genotypes and all the other clusters were found to be solitary, each containing a single genotype. Clusters VIII and XI had the maximum inter-cluster distance, followed by clusters IV and XI. Cluster XI had the highest mean values for yield and other yield attributing traits. Iron content contributed high towards total genetic diversity followed by protein content and test weight. Based on the mean performance and diversity studies, the genotypes COGG 18-17, LGG 460, Daftri vikas and IPM 1603-3 were found to be the best for further yield improvement in greengram. Utilizing the genotypes from the more divergent clusters as parents in breeding programmes will yield relatively good amount of heterosis in F1 and high frequency of transgressive segregants and genetic variability in subsequent generations can be acquired.

Fifty four genotypes of greengram were investigated under four different environments in a randomised block design with three replications during the year 2021. Eberhart and Russell’s model was carried out which revealed significant G × E interaction for all the traits, indicating the differential response of genotypes to changing environments. The linear and non-linear G × E components were significant for majority of the characters, suggesting the presence of both predictable and non-predictable components. The genotypes viz., VMG-66, VMG-39, VMG-79, VMG-97 and GM 6 were found to be stable and high yielding across the environments. These genotypes were also found stable for two or three other yield contributing component traits. It can be inferred from the stability analysis that none of the genotype was noticed to be ideal with greater adaptability for all the characters.

The present investigation was executed under field conditions that favour normal growth and expression for all descriptors. A collection of 40 mungbean genotypes were characterised for 21 agro-morphological traits during the summer 2021 and 2022. The experimental material was evaluated in three replications in RCBD and observations were recorded as per DUS guidelines. The phenotypic assessment showed polymorphism for the characters such as hypocotyl anthocyanin coloration, stem colour, leaf shape, leaf colour, leaf vein colour, petiole colour, flower petal colour, pod position, pod colour, pod curvature, seed colour, seed size etc. Some special character including yellow seed colour of local germplasm ‘yellow-mung’ diversified the crop. Furthermore, an increased number of leaflet viz. quadrifoliate and pentafoliate compound leaf variations were also observed rather than the normal trifoliate compound leaf of mungbean. The standard descriptors can be used as a marker to characterize the crop species for utilization of germplasm and conservation programmes.

The objective of the study is to determine the genetic relationships and diversity among 20 genotypes of greengram. Ten randomly chosen decamers in total were screened, and all of them were amplified. There were 1071 amplified bands in total, 110 of which were polymorphic, 10.27 percent polymorphism was the average. The band size of the final PCR-amplified products varied from 100 bp to 1000 bp. According to the presence or absence of unique alleles were found in sixteen genotypes of greengram. The values of the Jaccard’s similarity coefficient for RAPD primers ranged from 0.0 to 0.5. The majority of the genotypes were divided into six major clusters based on the dendrogram produced by using the UPGMA method. The genetic distance between genotypes VRM-1 and MH 421was the smallest, while the genetic distance between genotypes CO 1 and CO 8, VBN 3 and CO 2 (99%) was the greatest.Hence, these findings provides valuable information for molecular classification and marker-assisted breeding for crop improvement in the Vigna germplasm pool.

Greengram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) is one of the highly consumed legumes and has the ability to withstand wide environmental conditions. Sixty greengram genotypes were evaluated for genetic relatedness with 11 quantitative traits viz., days to 50 per cent flowering, days to maturity, plant height, the number of primary branches per plant, the number of clusters per plant, the number of pods per cluster, the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per pod, pod length, hundred seed weight and single plant yield. The data were subjected to variability, genetic advance, heritability, correlation and path analysis. In this study, the phenotypic coefficient of variation and genotypic coefficient of variation was found to be high for the number of clusters per pod and the number of pods per plant. High heritability was noticed for single plant yield, plant height and hundred seed weight. The genetic advance was found to be very high for the number of pods per plant. Association studies revealed that the single plant yield was significantly correlated with the number of pods per plant (0.75) followed by the number of pods per cluster (0.60), the number of clusters per plant (0.58) and the number of seeds per pod (0.49). The direct and positive effect was recorded for the traits viz., days to maturity (1.44), the number of pods per cluster (0.67), pod length (0.46) and plant height (0.24). Phenotypic selection of traits contributing to grain yield exhibiting high heritability and genetic advance would help in the selection of superior genotypes for the improvement of grain yield in greengram.

Greengram variety VBN 4 is derived from PDM 139 x BB 2664. The average yield of VBN 4 is 1024kg/ha . It is 16.8 and 21.3 per cent yield increase over VBN (Gg) 3 and CO 8, respectively. It matures in 65 – 70 days. It recorded seed yield of 1251kg/ha under irrigated condition. It is 27.5 and 31.2 per cent increase over VBN (Gg)3 and CO 8, respectively. In rainfed condition, this variety recorded seed yield of 936kg/ha. It is 12.0 and 15.7 per cent increase over VBN (Gg) 3 and CO 8, respectively. Special traits of this variety are multi bloom, non-shattering type, moderate resistance to Mung bean Yellow Mosaic Virus and powdery mildew diseases and resistance to urd bean leaf crinkle virus disease. It is suitable for cultivation in Adi, Puratasi, Markazhi/Thai and chithirai pattam in Tamil Nadu.

Grain yield is a polygenically controlled trait which depends on many other component characters. But all the component characters are not directly associated with seed yield. Trait based yield improvement is always convenient for the plant breeders. In the present investigation, association analysis was carried out with five greengram genotypes (VGG 15-030, VGG 16-029, VGG 16-046, VGG 16-058 and VBN (Gg)2) of different duration, pod length and seed weight categories. Among the five genotypes, VGG 16-058 an extra early (55 days) and bold seeded (5.24g). VGG 15-030 was small seeded (2.94 g) genotype with small pod length (7.8 cm). Association analysis revealed that, in all the duration, pod length and seed weight categories, number of branches per plant, number of clusters per plant and number of pods per cluster was positively correlated with seed yield per plant. Genotype (VGG 16-029) with long pod (10.1 cm) and medium sized seed (4.4 g) alone had positive and significant association of all the yield traits with seed yield per plant. Besides, number of branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per cluster, the other yield attributes also can be considered like long pod (>10 cm) and medium sized seed (3.0-5.0 g) category as important parameters for the improvement of greengram yield.

The mean performances of F5 progenies obtained from an interspecific cross between greengram (Vigna radiata cv (VBN(Gg)2)) and blackgram (Vigna mungo cv (Mash 114)) showed some of progenies viz., 7-6, 12-13, 12-24, 5-3 and 30-70 recorded significant superiority on seed yield per plant and also with some other yield traits too. Based on the leaf shape, the F5 progenies were grouped as lobed and ovate respectively as the green gram VBN(Gg)2 is lobed and blackgram Mash 114 is ovate to know the key component besides the superiority on yield and yield components among the segregating progenies as enormous variations were observed. The association analysis among the progenies based on the leaf shape groups revealed that the association among both the leaf group on seed yield per plant and its component traits are similar except for 100- seed weight as same as the parents. Hence the association confirmed that the variation has been governed by the blackgram genome to the green gram genome. Hence, the selection indices for ovate leaf group, emphasis should be given to 100- seed weight in addition to other traits viz., plant height, the number of branches per plant, the number of clusters per plant, the number of pods per clusters, the number of pods per plant, pod length and the number of seeds per pod. However, the selection indices for lobed leaf group to be given to all the traits except 100 – seed weight. In general, among the traits studied the first and foremost importance has to be given for the number of pods per plant, the number of clusters per plant and the number of branches per plant followed by other yield traits while framing the selection procedure for the interspecific progenies. Further selection is to be based on MYMV disease resistance and yield attributes for developing superior performing varieties among the derivatives of green gram and blackgram interspecific cross.

The present investigation was carried out at National Pulses Research Centre, Vamban during Rabi 2017-18 season to assess the extent of genetic variability among the newly developed 49 greengram genotypes based on the yield and yield contributing traits. Observations were recorded on days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height (cm), the number of branches per plant, the number of clusters per plant, the number of pods per cluster, the number of pods per plant, pod length (cm), the number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight (g) and seed yield (kg/ha). The analysis of variance revealed the presence of significant variation for all the characters studied except for the number of seeds per pod. In general, the PCV values were higher than the GCV values indicating the influence of environment in controlling these traits. Among the estimates of genetic parameters, heritability along with genetic advance are normally more helpful in predicting the gain under selection. In the present investigation, plant height, the number of branches per plant, the number of clusters per plant, the number of pods per plant, hundred seed weight and seed yield have recorded a high heritability coupled with high genetic advance. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance indicated that the selection may be effective for these traits.

The low productivity is mainly due to fact that green gram is grown under rainfed environments with vagaries of monsoon. Hence stability of green gram genotypes was analysed during three years in rainfed condition in this study to identify stable genotypes. Among the 15 genotypes along with three checks studied the genotypes G14, G5 and G7 were stable genotypes with high mean yield. These three genotypes show stability for number of pods per plant. The genotype G14 also recorded the lowest value for days to 50 percent flowering with high stability showing early maturity.

The present study was conducted in Line x Tester mating design using 40 hybrids 14 parents to estimate the combining ability effects and heterosis for yield and yield attributing traits in greengram. Combining ability analysis indicated the preponderance of non-additive gene action for all the traits studied. Considering the per se performance and gca effects VBN 2 and ADT 3 (Lines) and IPM-02-03, Pusa 0871 and EC 398897 (Testers) were adjudged as best parents and crosses involving these are expected to throw desirable segregants. Considering the per se performance, significant sca effects and desirable heterosis, the hybrids ADT 3 x IPM-02-03, ADT 3 x IPM-02-14, ADT 3 x PDM 139, ADT 3 x TM-11-34, IPM-409- 04 x EC 398897, SML 1074 x PUSA 0871, VBN 2 x EC 398897 and VBN 2 x PUSA 0871 were found to be superior for number of pod clusters per plant, number of pods per plant and single plant. These hybrids can be utilized to develop high yielding varieties with desirable traits. Gene action analysis revealed preponderance of both additive and non-additive genes for yield and its contributing characters. Hence, these combinations are the best for the current study and they can be directly utilized for realizing improved greengram yield without much compromise on other desirable traits

In mutation breeding, occurrence of chlorophyll deficient mutants is the best index to assess efficient dose of mutagen in producing genetic variability. The seeds of three greengram varieties viz., CO(Gg)7, CO5 and VBN(Gg)3 were irradiated with 550Gy and 600Gy dose of gamma rays. In M2 generation, totally 2957 mutant lines of three varieties were raised in plant to progeny basis. Five different types of chlorophyll deficient mutants viz., albino, xantha, chlorina, viridis and variegated leaf mutants were observed in mutated population of three greengram varieties in M2 generation. Frequency of occurrence was more in lower dose, 550Gy irrespective of the varieties. Among different chlorophyll deficient mutants, albino occurred more frequently followed by xantha and variegated leaf mutants. Chlorophyll deficient mutants were observed only in M2 and M3 generation but not in further generations.

Variability studies were carried out in the present study for eight quantitative traits such as days to first flowering, plant height, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per cluster, total number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight and single plant yield. Significant variability did exist among F2 of two crosses for all the eight quantitative characters recorded. The variation was recorded to be the highest for plant height followed by number of pods per plant. Highest GCV and PCV estimates were observed for number of pods per plant in all the three crosses. Hence direct selection based on these traits would be effective. Based on heritability and genetic advance, most of the traits except plant height and single plant yield recorded high heritability coupled with low genetic advance in all these crosses. These findings revealed presence of dominance and epitasis gene effect and the selection based on these traits may not be rewarding.

The nature and magnitude of genetic divergence was estimated among forty five mutant lines of greengram variety OBGG-52, developed by single and combination treatments with gamma rays, Ethyl Methane Sulphonate (EMS), N-methyl-N-nitrosoguanidine (NG) and maleic hydrazide (MH) using multivariate analysis. These mutant genotypes were grouped in to 12 clusters based on D2 values using Tocher’s method. A large proportion of mutant lines showed divergence from the parent variety and also among themselves. No definite relationship of mutagenic origin and clustering of mutant lines were observed. The mutant lines developed from the same mutagenic treatments often grouped into different clusters indicating that each mutagenic treatment was effective in inducing diverse types of changes in the nine traits studied. Sixteen genotypes were grouped with their parents in cluster-I, while rest of 28 genotypes grouped in to another eleven divergent clusters. Cluster-IV had maximum intra-cluster distance (3.95), while inter-cluster distance was highest (8.27) between cluster-XI and cluster-XII. Genotype of Cluster-III was superior for yield per plant, seeds/pod where as Cluster- VIII was superior for 100-seed weight and pods per plant. Thus hybridization of genotype belonging to cluster-III with genotype in cluster-VIII is suggested for development of superior genotypes.

The combining ability analysis of 225 F3s in greengram developed from half diallel crosses among six parents revealed importance of both additive and non-additive gene actions in the inheritance of pods per plant, seeds per pod, 100-seed weight and yield per plant. There were significant differences in gca and sca effects for the characters studied. OGG-12 was the best general combiner for pods/ plant and grain yield per plant where as OGG-57 was for seeds/ pod, OGG-12 and LGG-460 for 100-seed weight. Among the 15 crosses, six crosses showed significant positive and seven crosses had significant negative SCA effects for seed yield/plant. Significant positive SCA effects were observed in two crosses for pods/plant, four crosses for seeds/ pod and three crosses for 100-seed weight. Although some crosses were showing positive SCA effect for yield and its components, the frequency of unfavorable cases were more. Only TARM-1 × OGG-12 exhibited favorable SCA effect for all characters. Considering all the characters simultaneously, OGG-12 was the best combiner followed by TARM-1 and LGG-460.

A total of 52 progenies in F5 generation derived from an interspecific cross between greengram (Vigna radiata cv. VBN(Gg)2) and blackgram (Vigna mungo cv. Mash 114) were subjected to correlation and path analysis. Based on the results of the present study, it can be concluded that number of pods per plant recorded significant and positive association with seed yield per plant. This trait alone recorded high direct effect on seed yield per plant. It also had moderate to high indirect effect for other traits. Hence number of pods per plant can be given top most priority while framing selection strategy for improvement of seed yield in interspecific derivatives of Vigna radiata x Vigna mungo.

Greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] a short duration legume crop grown throughout the year, faces biological constraints like indeterminate growth habit, YMV incidence, pod shattering and low harvest index ultimately leading to low yield. Genetic variability parameters were studied in fifty one greengram genotypes raised during kharif 2017 in randomised block design with two replications. Observations were made for twelve biometrical traits. The estimates of PCV was higher than GCV for all the characters. Plant height, number of primary branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per plant and single plant yield recorded high GCV estimates. High heritability was observed for plant height and 100 seed weight where as high genetic advance as percent of mean was recorded for petiole length, peduncle length, plant height, number of primary branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per plant, 100 seed weight and single plant yield. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean was observed for plant height and 100 seed weight. The high degree of variability observed among genotypes for different yield contributing traits could be utilized in the breeding program for the improvement of greengram.

The mean performances of F5 progenies obtained from an interspecific cross between greengram (Vigna radiata cv (VBN(Gg)2)) and blackgram (Vigna mungo cv (Mash 114)) showed some of progenies viz., 7-6, 12-13, 12-24, 5-3 and 30-70 recorded significant superiority on seed yield per plant and also with some other yield traits too. Based on the leaf shape, the F5 progenies were grouped as lobed and ovate respectively as the green gram VBN(Gg)2 is lobed and blackgram Mash 114 is ovate to know the key component besides the superiority on yield and yield components among the segregating progenies as enormous variations were observed. The association analysis among the progenies based on the leaf shape groups revealed that the association among both the leaf group on seed yield per plant and its component traits are similar except for 100-seed weight as same as the parents. Hence the association confirmed that the variation has been governed by the blackgram genome to the green gram genome. Hence, the selection indices for ovate leaf group, emphasis should be given to 100-seed weight in addition to other traits viz., plant height, the number of branches per plant, the number of clusters per plant, the number of pods per clusters, the number of pods per plant, pod length and the number of seeds per pod. However, the selection indices for lobed leaf group to be given to all the traits except 100 - seed weight. In general, among the traits studied the first and foremost importance has to be given for the number of pods per plant, the number of clusters per plant and the number of branches per plant followed by other yield traits while framing the selection procedure for the interspecific progenies. Further selection is to be based on MYMV disease resistance and yield attributes for developing superior performing varieties among the derivatives of green gram and blackgram interspecific cross. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was carried out at National Pulses Research Centre, Vamban during Rabi 2017-18 season to assess the extent of genetic variability among the newly developed 49 greengram genotypes based on the yield and yield contributing traits. Observations were recorded on days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height (cm), the number of branches per plant, the number of clusters per plant, the number of pods per cluster, the number of pods per plant, pod length (cm), the number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight (g) and seed yield (kg/ha). The analysis of variance revealed the presence of significant variation for all the characters studied except for the number of seeds per pod. In general, the PCV values were higher than the GCV values indicating the influence of environment in controlling these traits. Among the estimates of genetic parameters, heritability along with genetic advance are normally more helpful in predicting the gain under selection. In the present investigation, plant height, the number of branches per plant, the number of clusters per plant, the number of pods per plant, hundred seed weight and seed yield have recorded a high heritability coupled with high genetic advance. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance indicated that the selection may be effective for these traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twenty seven genotypes of mungbean were evaluated for combining ability for yield and its attributing traits. The field experiment were conducted during March to May both for 2012 and 2013 at the Instructional farm, Jaguli , Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal. The data were recorded on plant height, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, number of branches plant -1 ,number of pods plant -1, number of seeds plant -1, pod length, pod width, hundred seed weight, seed yield plant-1 and protein content. The study revealed that significant differences for all the characters. Samrat, Bireshwar and Tarm-2 were found to be superior for yield and its attributing traits along with protein content and TM-99-50 for earliness. High heritability accompanied by high genetic advance was observed for seed yield plant-1 followed by 100 seed weight, number of branches plant -1 and number of pods plant -1 which indicated the importance of additive gene effects in controlling the expression of these characters. Simple breeding strategies may be adopted to obtain desirable changes and further improvement in these characters.

Five lines were crossed with four testers in line × tester fashion to determine the nature of gene action, combining ability and heterosis for yield and yield contributing traits in greengram. Analysis of variance for combining ability suggested the preponderance of non-additive type of gene action for majority of the traits except for tolerance to MYMV. Based on the per se performance and gca effects, the parents viz., TM-96-2, LGG-460, MGG-351, WGG-37 and PM-112 were found to be the best general combiners. The per se, sca effects and standard heterosis indicated that the crosses LGG-460 × WGG-37, TM-96-2 × WGG-37 and MGG-351 × WGG-37 may be exploited through recombination breeding programme, while the crosses MGG-351 × PM-115, TM-96-2 × PM-112 and LGG-460 × PM-112 are the promising crosses for hybrid breeding programme. Biparental mating or diallel selective mating, followed by pedigree method of selection would be effective alternate approaches for the improvement of productivity in greengram.

An experiment was laid out on greengram to study the genetic variability among the yield and yield contributing characters. High genotypic coefficient of variation was exhibited by plant height followed by number of pods per plant and seed yield per plant. The low genotypic coefficient of variation was given by days to 50% flowering. High heritability was shown by seed yield per plant followed by plant height and number of pods. Number of clusters per plant and number of pods per plant are the most important yield contributing components as they recorded high direct and indirect effects along with significant positive correlation towards seed yield in greengram.

A line x tester analysis of interspecific hybrids involving greengram (female) and blackgram (male) was carried out for 11 quantitative traits. As expected in wide crosses, none of the parent was found to be good general combiner for yield. However, PDM-11, HUM-26 Azad-U-1 and KUG-427 were spotted out as superior general combiners for 2-5 yield traits. Likewise, hybrids, PDM-11 × KUG-427, HUM-26 × Azad-U-1, HUM-6 × BHU-U-1 and HUM-26 × BHU-U-1 were identified as best specific cross combinations for few yield components only. Further, economic heterosis for seed yield and few important yield traits such as, pod length, seeds per pod and 100-seed weight, was significantly negative, while it was mostly positive for days to first flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of primary and secondary branches including pods per plant. All the crosses showing negative yield heterosis reflected positive inbreeding depression. Non-additive gene action was of prime importance for all the characters except for days to 50% flowering.

The present study was undertaken with an objective to identify best season for highest success rate of crossing in inter-specific hybrids involving four genotypes each of greengram and blackgram. Sowing was done on first week of March (Summer season crop), June (Kharif season crop) and September (Late-kharif season crop), 2011. Crosses were made in line x tester fashion using greengram as female parent during Summer, Kharif and Late-kharif, with average crossability of 3.19%, 6.37% and 9.33%, respectively. The rate of success during late-kharif reached as high as 153.80% and 688.11%, as against kharif and summer, respectively. The optimum weather parameter during late-kharif such as wind velocity ~2.35 Km/hr, moderately warm ambient temperature (27.87˚C), poorly-rained, longer bright sunshine hours (8.8 hr.) with optimum relative humidity (67.75%) favored pollen germination and highest rate of successful fertilization.

Four hundred and forty five genotypes of greengram were evaluated for eight quantitative traits viz. plant height, number of branches/plant, number of clusters/plant, number of pods/clusters, number of pods/plant, pod length, 100- seed weight and seed yield/plant. The data was subjected to cluster analysis, and the genotypes were grouped under three discrete clusters. This study concluded that an effective hybridization programme including the genotypes between the clusters I, II and III would produce wider segregation that might be used for development of improved greengram varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thirty six greengram genotypes were evaluated during kharif 2012 in three environments for analysis of quantitative traits. Association analysis showed significant positive relationship between seed yield and some of the agro-morphological traits viz., days to 50% flowering, primary branches per plant, secondary branches per plant, clusters per plant, pods per cluster, pod length, seeds per pod, pod mass, pod wall mass, seed mass, selling percentage, seed index and harvest index. Hence these traits may be used as selection criteria for yield improvement. Based on principle component analysis, pod length, seeds per pod, pod mass, seed mass, pod wall mass, selling percentage, seed index and harvest index were found important and can be added in breeding program. Sona selection had moderate to more diversity with all the genotypes due to their solitary nature, and can be used in breeding program for greengram improvement. Besides this, representative genotypes from each cluster may be selected for future hybridization to get good segregants in segregating generations.