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Jambu mete (Anacardium occidentale L.) merupakan salah satu komoditas ekspor. Salah satu kendala dalam produksinya adalah serangan hama. Di Nusa Tcnggara Barat (NTB), Sanurus indecora telah menjadi isu utama dan dianggap sebagai salah satu hama yang scrius menyerang tanaman jambu mete. Untuk mengetahui bioekologi S. indecora dan pengaruh scrangannya terhadap kchilangan hasil jambu mete telah dilakukan penelitian di pertanaman jambu mete di Dusun Sambik Rindang, Desa Salut, Kecamatan Kayangan, Kabupaten Lombok Barat, NTB dan di laboratorium Entomologi, Balai Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat, Bogor dari April sampai Oktober 2003. Penelitian ini terdiri atas dua kegiatan penelitian yaitu di lapang dan di laboratorium. Kegiatan di lapang adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh serangan S. indecora terhadap kchilangan hasil, ekobiologi, dan musuh alami, sedang kegiatan laboratorium ialah tingkat parasitasi Aphanomerus sp. pada telur S. indecora. Penelitian pengaruh serangan S. indecora terhadap kehilangan hasil jambu mete dilakukan dengan perlakuan pucuk jambu mete yang dikurung dengan kurungan kasa dan yang tidak dikurung. Perlakuan yang dikurung ialah 25 pucuk jambu mete yang tidak terserang (tanpa) S. indecora yang telah mempunyai 5-12 bunga hermaprodit. Sebagai perlakuan yang tidak dikurung ialah 13 pucuk belum terserang S. indecora dan 12 pucuk jambu mete dengan kisaran bunga hermaprodit seperti tersebut di atas yang telah terserang S. indecora. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap perkembangan bunga mete, awal serangan pada pucuk dan berat gclondong. Untuk mengetahui sebaran 5. indecora dilakukan survei di tiga kapubaten di Propinsi NTB yaitu Lombok Barat, Lombok Timur dan Sumbawa dengan metode sampling. Penelitian biologi dilakukan terhadap 60 nimfa yang baru keluar secara individu dan diamati perkembangannya setiap hari. Penelitian untuk mengetahui musuh alami selain parasitoid telur, dilakukan pengamatan pada 10 pucuk jambu mete yang terserang 5. indecora. Pengamatan dilakukan tiap minggu. Tingkat parasitasi Aphanomerus sp. dihitung dengan mengamati parasitoid yang keluar dari 100 kelompok telur S. indecora setiap hari. Hasil penelitian di Dusun Sambik Rindang, Desa Salut, Kecamatan Kayangan, Kabupaten Lombok Barat, NTB menunjukkan bahwa serangan S. indecora menyebabkan kehilangan hasil jambu mete sebesar 57.83%. Hasil survei di tiga kabupaten yaitu Lombok Barat, Lombok Timur dan Sumbawa menunjukkan bahwa S. indecora ditemukan di tiga kabupaten tersebut. Dengan demikian 5. indecora merupakan salah satu hama utama jambu mete. Dari penelitian biologi, lama stadia telur S. indecora ialah 5-9 hari. Stadia nimfa terdiri dari 6 instar, total masa nimfa adalah 42 - 49 hari dan lama masa imago (serangga dewasa) ialah 5 -6 hai. Selain Aphanomerus sp. (Hymenoptera: Platygasteridae), beberapa musuh alami lainnya yang ditemukan di lapang yaitu laba-laba (Arachnida), kumbang Coccinellidae (Coleoptera), Braconidae, Chaleididae (Hymenoptera), belalang sembah (Orthoptera: Mantidae) dan Bocha amphilhoa (Diptera: Syrphidae). Persentase telur terparasit sebesar 9.78%. Persentase telur menjadi nimfa 8.32% dan telur yang tidak menetas 81.90%.Kata kunci : Jambu mete, bioekologi, Anacardium occidentale L , Sanurus indecora, hama, musuh alami, kehilangan hasil ABSTRACTBioecology of Sanurus indecora and the effect of its infestation on the loss of cashew yieldCashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is an export commodity. One of the constraints in cashew production is pest attack. In West Nusa Tenggara (NTB), a latid, S. indecora had become a serious issue and was suspected as one of serious pests attacking cashew plant. Experiments to determine the bioecology of 5. indecora and the yield loss of cashew due to the insect infestation were carried out in Sambik Rindang, Salut Village. Kayangan, Lombok Barat District, West Nusa tenggara and in the laboratory of Entomology, die Indonesian Spice and Medicinal Crops Research Institute, Bogor from April to October 2003. Field activities were aimed to find out the effect of S. indecora infestation on yield loss of cashew, ecobiology, and natural enemies. Laboratory activity included parasitization stage of Aphanomerus sp. in 5. indicora. Study on the yield loss of cashew due to S. indecora was carried out by caging and uncaging shoots. Twenty two shoots with 5-12 hermaphrodite lowers were caged 13 shoots with 5-12 hermaphrodite lowers which imatially not attacked by S. indecora and 12 shoots with 5-12 hermaphrodite flowers already attacked by S. indecora. Observations were done on the development of cashew lowers, initial attack on shoots and weight of seeds. To determine the distribution of 5. indecora. a survey was conducted in three districts in West Nusa Tenggara Province namely West Lombok, East Lombok and Sumbawa, using sampling methods. Biology experiment was conducted by caging 60 newly nymphs individually on cashew seedlings and its development was observed every day. To determine natural enemies beside egg parasitoid, observation was conducted on 10 shoots attacked by S. indecora. Parasitization of Aphanomerus sp. was counted by observing natural enemies emerged from 100 egg clusters of 5. indecora. Observation was carried out once a week. Results of the experiment in Sambik Rindang, Salut Village, Kayangan, Lombok Barat District, West Nusa Tenggara showed that the latid caused 57.83% yield loss of cashew. Results of survey in three districts namely West Lombok, East Lombok and Sumbawa, showed that S. indecora was found in those three districts. Therefore, It can be concluded that 5. indecora was a serious pest of cashew plant. The biology experiment showed the duration of its eggs was 5-9 days, nymphs was 42 - 49 days, and adults was 5-6 days. The nymph consisted of six instars. Beside Aphanomerus sp. (Hymenoptera: Platygasteridae), the natural enemies found in the field were spiders (Arachnida), "lady beetle" (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Braco-nidae, Chaleididae (Hymenoptera), mantid (Orthoptera: Mantidae) and Bocha amphilhoa (Diptera: Syrphidae). The parasitization of Aphano-merus sp. was 9.78%. The eggs hatched to be nymphs were only 8.32% and the eggs did not hatch were 81.90%.Key words: Cashew, Anacardium occidentale L., bioecology. Sanurus indecora, pest, natural enemy, yield loss

The cause of stunting disease of black pepper (Piper nigrum) in Indonesia has not yet been confirmed cither due o a virus or mycoplaam. However, similar disease found on black pepper plants in the Southeast Asia is caused by Piper yellow mottle virus (PYMV) which is transmitted by Planococcus citri. This expeiments was aimed o examine the cause of the stunting disease and its insect vectors. The expeiment were conducted from October 1998 to May 2001. Diseased vegetative materials of black pepper plants showing stunting disease were collected from Sukamulya, Sukabumi. The potential insect vectors were collected from black pepper plants in Bogor, IP Sukamulya (Sukabumi), Lampung and Bangka. The insects were fed on the diseased plants obtained from Lampung, Bogor and IP Sukamulya, then transferred o the healthy plants. The healthy plants were produced rom true seeds and cutings oiginated rom Bogor and IP Sukamulya. The tested plants were incubated at the green house and examined for disease development. Diseased leaf samples collected rom black pepper plant rom IP. Sukamulya and the transmitted plants were sent to the University of Minnesota, USA for Ihe virus (PYMV) by using ISEM (immunosorbent electron microscope). The result snowed that the leaves samples rom IP. Sukamulya were infected by PYMV. The morphology and size of the virus were similar to those caused stunting disease in the South East Asia. Potential insects vectors found on the diseased black pepper plants were two mealybugs, P. minor and Ferrisia virgata (Hemiptera; Coccoidca: PaaidbcoccidaeX aa well as an aphid Toxoptera aurantii (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea: Aphididae). The first tial on disease transmission by using P. minor, previously reared on the potato tubers, showed one out of ten tested plants produced disease sympom. The subsequent trial using P minor, bred on healthy black pepper seedlings, showed thee out often tested plants developed disease symptoms. None of the aphid transmitted plants developed Ihe disease. This study confirmed thai PYMV b the cause of stunting disease on black pepper in IP Sukamulya and Lampung and P. minor as the insect vecor of the disease.

Sanurus indecora merupakan salah satu hama utama yangmenyerang tanaman jambu mete di Propinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat. DiLombok Timur, hama ini diserang oleh cendawan Synnematium sp.Berdasarkan hal tersebut perlu penelitian untuk mengetahui apakahcendawan tersebut dapat digunakan untuk mengendalikan S. indecora.Penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui peranan Synnematium sp.dalam pengendalian S. indecora dilakukan di Desa Pohgading, KecamatanPringgabaya dan di Desa Wanasaba, Kecamatan Wanasaba, KabupatenLombok Timur dari bulan Juni sampai September 2004. Penelitian terdiriatas dua kegiatan yaitu di tingkat pot (bibit) dan lapang. Penelitian ditingkat pot terdiri atas tiga kegiatan yaitu aplikasi cendawan terhadap telur,nimfa, imago pada bibit jambu mete (10 telur/ serangga/ bibit). Rancanganyang digunakan ialah acak lengkap dengan empat perlakuan dan diulangenam kali. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap jumlah telur atau seranggayang mati karena terserang Synnematium sp. mulai satu sampai tujuh harisetelah perlakuan. Penelitian lapang menggunakan rancangan acakkelompok yang disusun secara faktorial dengan dua macam faktor yaitupola tanam dan konsentrasi Synnematium sp. Parameter yang diamatiadalah populasi S. indecora, tingkat serangan, jumlah bunga hermaproditsebelum perlakuan dan jumlah buah yang berkembang. Hasil penelitianmenunjukkan bahwa cendawan Synnematium sp. yang diaplikasikan padanimfa S. indecora dan bibit menyebabkan kematian serangga tertinggimencapai 98,33%. Kematian serangga pada ketiga macam konsentrasiSynnematium sp. baik pada telur, nimfa dan imago tidak berbeda nyata.Dalam penelitian ini konsentrasi terkecil yaitu 20 g/l atau setara dengankonsentrasi spora 1,64 x 10 8 sudah efektif menyebabkan kematian S.indecora. Penurunan populasi S. indecora oleh Synnematium sp. efektifdengan konsentrasi 20 g/l sebesar 24,14% dibandingkan dengan kontrol.Tingkat serangan berkorelasi positif dengan populasi serangga.Kata kunci: Jambu mete, Anacardium occidentale L., hama, Sanurusindecora, pengendalian hayati, Synnematium sp. NusaTenggara BaratABSTRACTThe role of Synnematium sp. in controling Sanurusindecora JACOBI (Homoptera : Flatidae)Sanurus indecora is one of major pests attacking cashew plants inWest Nusa Tenggara Province. In East Lombok, this insect pest wasattacked by fungi of Synnematium sp. Based on that, the experiment wasconducted to find out whether the fungi could be used to control S.indecora or not. The objective of the experiment was to examine the roleof Synnematium sp. in the controlling S. indecora. It was carried out inPohgading, Pringgabaya and Wanasaba, District of East Lombok fromJune to September 2004. The experiment consisted of two activitiesnamely polybag stage and field activities. Polybag stage activitiesconsisted of three activities namely application of Synnematium sp. oneggs, nymphs, adults on seedling (10 eggs/insect/seedling). Theexperiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with fourtreatments and six replications. Observation was conducted on the numberof dead eggs, nymphs and adults attacked by Synnematium sp. from one toseven days after treatment. While field activities used a randomized blockdesign arranged in a factorial with two factors i. e. plant pattern andconcentration of Synnematium sp. Parameters observed were population ofS. indecora, the degree of attack, the number of hermaphrodite flowersbefore application and the number of developed fruits. Research resultsshowed that Synnematium sp. sprayed to nymphs of S. indecora andseedling caused the highest mortality of S. indecora that reached 98.33%.Mortality of S. indecora on the three concentrations either on eggs,nymphs and direct application to adults was not significantly different. Inthis experiment, the smallest concentration i.e. 20 g/l or equivalent withconcentration of spore 1.64 x 10 8 was effective to cause the death of S.indecora. The decrease of S. indecora population by Synnematium sp. waseffective with concentration of 20g/l as many as 24,14% compared withcontrol. The degree of attack was positively correlated with population ofS. indecora.Key words: Cashew, Anacardium occidentale L., pest , Sanurus indecora,biological control, Synnematium sp. Nusa Tenggara Barat

Essential oils such as clove, lemongrass, and citronella are known as botanical insecticides. Mixed-essential oils and a single compound of the oil itself may increase its efficacy. The experiment aimed to examine the effect of the essential oil mixture and para-menthane-3,8-diol (PMD) formulas in inhibiting of the egg-laying and mortality of brown planthopper. The study conducted at the greenhouse of Indonesian Spices and Medicinal Crops Research Institute, Bogor. The formula tested were clove+citronella oils (1:1), clove+lemongrass oils (1:1), the single essential oil, solvent materials (a mixture of tween 80, Turpentine, and surfactant), PMD-solvent substances (emulsifier, alcohol 96%, and surfactant). A contact application was applied to the insect. Observation parameters were egg numbers laid and brown planthopper adult and nymph mortalities. The result of the insect contact application method showed that adult mortality was not significantly different compare with control and synthetic insecticide. Based on the plant residue test, nymph mortality due to clove oil + citronella oils were not significantly different from control and insecticide. Meanwhile, based on the insect and plant spray test, adult mortality on clove oil + citronella was not differently significant from the synthetic insecticide. However, the effectiveness of clove+lemongrass oils was slower. The efficacy of the oil formula to the egg laid was significantly different from the synthetic insecticide treatment, i.e., fewer eggs laid. PMD was less effective than the essential oil formula on the nymphs and adult mortalities of brown planthopper. Further field evaluations of the clove oil + citronella formulas are required.

The mosaic disease declines production and oil quality of patchouli. Antiviral-based citronella oil has been formulated using a spontaneous emulsification technique (nanotechnology). The previous result of the greenhouse trial showed the formula at 1-1.5 % concentrations suppressed the development of virus of about 82.5 %. The field-scale tests is necessary to be performed to validate the effectiveness of citronella nano biopesticide (CNB) against the mosaic virus and its vector on patchouli. The study was conducted in patchouli plantation at two locations (Pandeglang, Banten and Manoko, West Java). The research was arranged in a Randomized Completed Block Design (RCBD) with 6 treatments and 10 replications, each replication consisted of 50 plants. The treatments were formula of CNB at the concentration of (1) 0.5 %, (2) 1 %, (3) 1.5 %, (4) 2 %, (5) insecticide (deltamethrin 0.2 %), and (6) control. The results showed that CNB formula at 1 % concentration with a monthly application effectively suppressed the development of mosaic disease in patchouli plants, and at 2 % concentration to control rolled-leaf aphid. The lowest intensity of mosaic disease (at 1 % concentration) was in Banten (23.12 %) and in West Java (18.35 %), while in control ranged from 26.31-44.94 % (Banten) and 19.60-23.12 % (West Java). Efficacy Index (EI) in Banten ranged from 12.12-48.55 % and in West Java was 6.38-20.63 %. The lowest intensity of aphid attack was showed by insecticide and CNB at 2 % concentration. The EI of CNB was 35.33 % (Banten) and 51.71 % (West Java) respectively.

Citronella, clove and lemongrass oils are known to be toxic and repel certain pests. Mixing different essential oils (EOs) in the form of formula is expected to increase the insecticidal properties. The experiments aimed to examine the effect of EOs mixture formulas on mortality and oviposition deterrent of Helopeltis antonii. The study was conducted at the green house of Indonesian Spices and Medicinal Crops Research Institute. A mixture of two EOs citronella + clove (1:1), lemongrass + clove (1:1), individual EO formulas, and their inert solution (mixture of tween 80, turpentine, and teepol) were tested on H. antonii at 5 and 10 ml.l-1 concentrations. Parameters observed were the number of eggs laid, mortality of adults and nymphs of H. antonii. The citronella + clove and lemongrass + clove formula at 10 ml.l-1 deterred the oviposition of H. antonii by 60.18 % and 46.56 % respectively. These formulas also caused adults mortality at 79.17 % and 62.50 %, as well as the nymphs mortality at 87.50 % and 82.50 % respectively. The citronella + clove and lemongrass + clove formulas tested had the same effectiveness compared to the commercial citronella oil formula. Therefore, these two formulas were potential to be tested in field to control H. antonii.

Essential oil, such as citronella, lemongrass, ageratum, and clove are known to be toxic and repel certain pests. Mixing two or more essential oils are expected increasing their insecticidal properties. The experiments aimed to examine the effect of essential oils mixtures (EOs) on mortalities and oviposition deterrents of Crocidolomia pavonana and Helopeltis antonii. The experiments were conducted at the laboratory and green house of the Indonesian Spices and Medicinal Crops Research Institute. The tested mixtures were citronella and clove (CiC); lemongrass and clove (LC); ageratum and clove (AC); individual EO; control 1 (water + emulsifier); control 2 (water) at 0.5% concentration for all treatments. The ratio used were 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 2:1 and 4:1. Parameters observed were the mortalities of C. pavonana larvae and H. antonii nymphs; and the ovipositions deterrents of both insects. The CiC and LC mixtures gave low mortality (C. pavonana larvae, while AC at ratios 1:1, 1:2,1:4 less than 20%, AC 2:1 and 4:1 >60% and the individual ageratum oil caused 77.5% mortalities. The CiC 1:1 and LC (1:1, 1:2, and 4:1) showed >40% mortalities of H. antonii, whereas the AC in all ratios enhanced the nymph mortalities. The number of eggs laid by C. pavonana at CiC and LC in all ratios were around 50-60% lower than individual EO. The mixture of AC 1:4 and 4:1 produced eggs nearly 50% lower than clove treatment. The CiC and LC at 1:1 produced the lowest numbers of egg laid by H. antonii, while AC 1:4 reduced 70% eggs laid compared to individual EO.

Attack of Aphis gossypii is one of constraints in cultivating of patchouli plant. An experiment with the purpose to examine the effectiveness of botanical insecticides to A. gossypii on patchouli plant. The experiment was carried out in Research Station of Indonesian Spice and Medicinal Crops Research Institute, at Cicurug, Sukabumi from June to October 2011. The experiment was arranged in a Randomized Block Design, nine treatments and three replications. The treatments were mixing of neem oil + soap nuts, neem oil + clove oil, neem oil + citronellal oil, neem oil + clove oil + citronellal oil, citronellal oil, clove oil, neem extract, carbosulfan, and control. Patchouli plants were planted with spacing of 40 cm x 60 cm. The number of plant population plot-1 was 25 plants and the number of sample plot-1 for observation was five plants. Sampling of observed plants was conducted diagonally. Observation was carried out by counting population of A. gossypii on one shoot. Application of insecticides was conducted one day after the first observation. Interval of application was every week, conducted eight times. Other parameters observed were plant height and production of patchouli. Results showed that all treatments of botanical insecticides were effective to decrease of A. gossypii population. The most effective treatment was that of neem extract with the value of efficacy was more than 80% occurred at seven assessments. Plant high between treatment is not significant different.