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Objective: A global approach to factors responsible for functional impairment in patients with BD is necessary., Method: Ninety-three euthymic patients with BD [49 patients with SD (subthreshold depression) and 44 patients without SD] and 48 healthy controls were invited for evaluation of demographic, clinical, and cognitive characteristics. To define SD, the lower limit was HDRS ≥4 points and the upper limit was HDRS <9 points. Stroop test, California verbal learning test, digit-span test, controlled word association test, and clock drawing test were performed. Serum BDNF levels were measured. Additionally in the BD group; blood drug (lithium, valproic acid), leukocyte, C-reactive protein (CRP), TSH, and vitamin B12 levels were measured., Results: We found no difference between serum BDNF levels of BD ( n  = 93) and controls. The cognitive performances of the BD group were worse than the control group ( p  < 0.001). Attention, working memory, and stroop performance of patients with SD were worse than patients without SD ( p  < 0.05). Verbal fluency, stroop test, and planning performance decreased as serum CRP level increased in patients with BD ( p  < 0.05)., Conclusions: Although the patient group with SD was in euthymia, their cognitive performance was worse than the group without SD. Poor cognitive performance in BD was associated with serum CRP levels.

Long-term effects of high protein diets (HPDs) on kidneys are still not sufficiently studied. Irisin which increases oxygen consumption and thermogenesis in white fat cells was shown in skeletal muscles and many tissues. Nitric oxide synthases (NOS) are a family of enzymes catalyzing the production of nitric oxide (NO) from L-arginine. We aimed to investigate the effects of HPD, irisin and NO expression in kidney and relation of them with exercise and among themselves. Animals were grouped as control, exercise, HPD and exercise combined with HPD (exercise-HPD). Rats were kept on a HPD for 5 weeks and an exercise program was given them as 5 exercise and 2 rest days per week exercising on a treadmill with increasing speed and angle. In our study, while HPD group had similar total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels with control group, exercise and exercise-HPD groups had lower levels (p < 0.05). Kidneys of exercising rats had no change in irisin or eNOS expression but their iNOS expression had increased (p < 0.001). HPD-E group has not been observed to cause kidney damage and not have a significant effect on rat kidney irisin, eNOS, or iNOS expression. Localization of irisin, eNOS, and iNOS staining in kidney is highly selective and quite clear in this study. Effects of exercise and HPD on kidney should be evaluated with different exercise protocols and contents of the diet. İrisin, eNOS, and iNOS staining localizations should be supported with various research studies.