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The generic mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathway is shared by four distinct cascades, including the extracellular signal-related kinases (ERK1/2), Jun amino-terminal kinases (JNK1/2/3), p38-MAPK and ERK5. Mitogen-activated protein kinases/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) pathway is reported to be associated with the cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, senescence and apoptosis. The literatures were searched extensively and this review was performed to review the role of MAPK/ERK signaling pathway in cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, senescence and apoptosis.

Lung cancer is becoming the leading cause of cancer death worldwide with highest morbidity and mortality, and knowing the pathogenesis and signaling pathway is very important and advances in the diagnosis and treatment of the disease are urgently needed. Gene polymorphism was reported to be associated with the lung cancer risk. We reviewed the potential signaling pathway of hypoxia-inducible factor in lung cancer and conducted a meta-analysis to explore its gene polymorphism with lung cancer risk. In the meta-analysis, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) G1790A A allele, AA genotype and GG genotype were associated with lung cancer risk (A allele: OR = 2.31, 95% CI: 1.77-3.02, p < 0.00001; AA genotype: OR = 4.52, 95% CI: 2.31-8.83, p < 0.0001; GG genotype: OR = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.33-0.63, p < 0.00001). Furthermore, HIF-1α C1772 TT genotype and CC genotype were associated with lung cancer risk, but the T allele was not. In conclusion, HIF-1α G1790A A allele, AA genotype and GG genotype, HIF-1α C1772 TT genotype and CC genotype were associated with lung cancer risk. However, more studies should be performed to confirm it.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a pivotal role in both innate and adaptive immunity, and TLRs recognize invading pathogens through molecular pattern recognition, and ultimately lead to the activation of transcription factors and inflammatory responses. Myocardial infarction leads to changes in the remodeling of the left ventricle of the heart, and the degree and type of remodeling provides important diagnostic information for the therapeutic management of ischemic heart disease. Innate immune takes a most important role in myocardial infarction. There are some studies reporting that TLRs play an important role in the myocardial infarction. The literatures were searched extensively and this review was performed to review the role of TLRs in myocardial infarction.

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a member of the tyrosine kinase receptor family, which is thought to be involved in the development of cancer, as the EGFR gene is often amplified, and/or mutated in cancer cells. Lung cancer remains one of the most major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, accounting for more deaths than any other cancer cause. Gene polymorphism factor has been reported to be an important factor which increases the susceptibility of lung cancer. There lacks a well-documented diagnostic approach for the lung cancer risk, and the etiology of lung cancer is not clear. The current systematic review was performed to explore the association of EGFR gene polymorphism with lung cancer risk. In this review, association of EGFR 181946C > T, 8227G > A gene polymorphism with lung cancer was found, and EGFR Short genotype of cytosine adenine repeat number polymorphism was significantly associated with an increased risk of lung cancer.