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Clare Short, the UK Government's International Development Secretary, characterises the anti-globalisation movement as 'well-intentioned' but 'destructive and dangerous'. Such sentiments could be turned round and applied to her Department's recent White Paper (WP) entitled Elimninating World Poverty: Making Globalisation Work for the Poor, published in December 2000. Well-intentioned, it has introduced some useful legislative intentions. Destructive and dangerous, its faith in global capitalism as the solution to world poverty is fraught with problems of intensifying unacceptable levels of human exploitation and environmental degradation.

That the lack of competitiveness of EU member states in the wake of the globalization era was a problem from the start of EMU is clear from the various interventions on this issue by the European institutions. These started from the White Paper on Growth, Competitiveness and Employment, of 1993, up to the various versions of the Lisbon agenda and agenda 2020. It might even be possible to hypothesize, in line with Colin Crouch and the literature on the political economy of competitiveness, that the establishment of EMU was an attempt to regain some of the competitiveness lost with the advent of the era of globalization. Accordingly, the role of the ECB to save the Eurozone dominant socio-economic sectors has been divided into two phases. In the first phase, the strategy was to rely on the depreciation of the euro vis-a-vis the dollar, which indeed gave some results in the first years of life of the European currency. With respect to the present phase, it is undeniable that the burden of the costs o...

Some might fear that the local flavours of education will evaporate when encountering the hegemony of global, cognitive standards of the knowledge economy. This paper, however, shows that the evolution of curriculum can emerge in surprising directions, creating hybrid forms of education. We will investigate forms of meaning that emerge in Norwegian curriculum in the timespan 1988-2020, and show how systems theory can contribute to studying curriculum changes in a temporal perspective. The empirical case for investigation, is a diverse range of material, documenting curriculum changes in the mentioned period. Concepts from the late Luhmann’s 'theory of distinctions’ will thus be used to give meaning to the emergence of school reforms in Norway. The paper shows that Norwegian policy makers use increasingly complex deparadoxification strategies to deal with an uncertain future, conceptualized as externalization, oscillation, asymmetrisation, and internalization (re-entry). This is most pertinently demonstrated in the latest Norwegian reform LK20, in which a new, hybrid, 'temporal' construct of education, called “new-old-curriculum” or 'competence-Bildung’ emerges. We thus contribute to the field of curriculum studies by observing how changing observations of the past and future fuel and legitimize the evolution of new reforms. publishedVersion

In this paper, I develop the idea of cosmopolitan stances – one ‘intellectual’ and the other ‘aesthetic’ – to examine conceptions of cosmopolitanism within a range of university strategies. Recent research into cosmopolitanism has adopted a Bourdieusian lens, understanding it as cultural capital, which acts as a locus of stratification in the global system. By examining the strategies in 11 London-based universities, this paper sought to identify which cosmopolitan stances are mobilised. Following a thematic analysis this paper argues that those stances privileged by the global middle class are often implicit and generated incidentally as a function of other initiatives such as inclusivity and diversity, global citizenship, placement opportunities and graduate attributes/outcomes.

Globalisation, human capital, and institutions have been widely recognised in the literature to be causally important for economic development. Most of the available studies, however, treat measures of these determinants either separately or as substitutes. In this paper, we study the income effects of border openness to migration, education, and the rule of law (our proxies for globalisation, human capital, and institutions, respectively). Using cross-country data covering all regions of the world, and employing instrumental variables for all three factors, we establish that they each have a robust, positive, and strong association with economic development. We then consider whether there are any useful interrelations between the three factors in explaining income. On the interaction effects, the results show that the impact on income of: (i) migration can be materially affected by cultivating good institutions but this effect is not dependent on the education level; (ii) education is important irrespective of the levels of migration and institutions; and (iii) institutions is significantly improved by raising the level of education but is not influenced by migration level. Our paper makes a significant contribution as the first investigation into the effects of migration, education, and institutions jointly and as complements.

The papers assembled in this forum examine the Geographies of Fashion and Style through texts, visual images, material objects and processes of growing and making, as lived experiences and performative practices and, crucially, as concepts and practices that travel and mutate over time and place. In this introduction, we chart the Eurocentric cultural episteme of the fashion industry and fashion studies and dismantle it by drawing on, and out, globally-orientated and decentered approaches to the study of fashion and style. Our contribution to debates on fashion and style is to draw out five impulses arising at the intersections of geography and fashion studies and which our collection of papers brings to the fore: Theorizing, Queering, Decolonizing, Ecologizing, and Curating. In doing so, our introduction foregrounds the significance of fashion and style as sites of (micro) political problems and potentials, and is a call and a framework through which to extend and take seriously the diverse processes of fashion and style as sentient to the broader themes and scholarship of concern in the geohumanities.

University libraries are constituted in the literature by a range of overlapping and shifting conceptual models that are deployed to capture, express and legitimise their repurposing, progressive status and function within the university campus. Over the last two decades university libraries have been increasingly characterised as highly responsive and receptive to the fast-moving currents of technological innovation, and emergent teaching and learning paradigms. This paper charts and discusses the evolutionary trajectory of the university library set within an historical context, exploring the discursive influences that have both stimulated and propagated what might be described as progressive transformation. The paper seeks to portray and unpack the Zeitgeist of the academic library that has been cultivated in contemporary times;positioning the university library against a backdrop of global developments that have shaped the university sector from the early 1990s, and offering a macro-level exploration of the increasing status of the university library. © 2021 Patrick ODonnell and Lorraine Anderson Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

The rigorous deliberations of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law to create a global regulatory framework for Online Dispute Resolution have failed to generate a consensus. This paper analyses whether UNCITRAL’s ambition to develop an inclusive ODR regulatory platform has considered the complexities of cutting across cultural boundaries and power (im)balances. The objective here is to challenge UNCITRAL’s assumption that technology’s a-territorial nature facilitates homogeneity in ODR. To this end, the paper examines the implications of globalisation and the evolution of diverse cultures on ODR and proposes that an alternative approach is needed to combine cosmopolitan and legal pluralism in developing a platform trusted by all disputing parties. The author argues that the focus of contemporary research should extend to consider commonalities across and between national, regional and global levels of governance when regulating for ODR. The paper’s findings will inform policy makers and regulators, including UNCITRAL, when considering the role and interaction of various stakeholders when developing an ODR framework. The significance of this article lies in bringing out that the creation of a regulatory ODR framework needs to be more finely nuanced due to its nature as a normative and legal hybrid.

The purpose of this paper is to provide community practitioners with the theoretical background to recognize and work in the interplay of global and local forces. This paper reviews globalization a...

This paper investigates how and why test-based accountability (TBA), a global model for education reform, began to dominate educational debates in Norway in the early 2000s, and how this policy has been operationalised and institutionalised over time. In examining the adoption and retention of TBA in Norway, we build on the cultural political economy framework, in combination with a political sociology-driven approach to policy instruments. The analysis draws on two data sources: four White Papers and 37 in-depth interviews with top-level politicians, policy-makers and stakeholders, conducted between September 2017 and February 2018. The findings indicate that ‘scandalisation’ of Norway’s below-expected PISA results and promotion of standardised testing as a neutral device contributed to the relatively abrupt adoption of national testing in the early 2000s. The increasingly dominant policy discourse equalising education quality and learning outcomes led to the institutionalisation of TBA, developed to ensure equity and quality standards in a decentralised education system. Increased visibility, benchmarking and administrative control are identified as key mechanisms in putting pressure on local actors to re-orient their behaviour. The study provides original insights into the drivers, expectations and strategies underlying TBA in a social democratic institutional regime.

A growing body of literature has addressed the ‘complex layers and nuances of today’s multilingual, mobile and global society’ [Barakos & Selleck, 2019, Elite multilingualism: Discourses, practices, and debates. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 40(5), 361]. Heller [2010. The commodification of language. Annual Review of Anthropology, 39, 101–114] argues that the globalised new economy is bound up with transformations of language and identity in many different ways [e.g. Bauman, 1997. Postmodernity and its discontents. London: Routledge; Castells, 2000. The information age: Economy, society and culture (3 vols). Oxford: Blackwell; Giddens, 1990. The consequences of modernity. Berkeley/Los Angeles: University California Press]. This paper examines how these themes play out in Wales, in the relative value placed on Welsh and English by ‘new’ or ‘learner’ speakers of Welsh. These ‘new’ or ‘learner’ speakers have learnt a minority language often through non-traditional routes and this article seeks to understand what linguistic varieties are capitalised by these learners, how they characterise their own language knowledge, and how these ‘new speakers’ position themselves in relation to mobility and the new globalised economy. Additionally, the paper seeks to explore how disparities in terms of access to resources can impact on new speakers’ trajectories–in other words, how different routes to bilingualism are perceived as opening or closing metaphorical doors.

Sweeping changes wrought by globalization and disaggregation of global value chains by multinational companies poses challenges to territorial theories of competitiveness. Contemplating notions propounded by economic geographers and strategic management scholars, the paper examines firm-level competitiveness at the intersection of spatially mobile versus spatially bound geographies. It aims to understand if linkages between actors within sticky local ecosystems are sufficient for firm internationalization from emerging economies. The paper empirically uncovers how cognitive ties at both local and global levels contribute to the internationalization of firms from emerging economies such as India that have a lower level of development and which suffer from institutional voids.

The Global Education Reform Movement (GERM) is expanding internationally and reaching countries that seemed to be immune to this education reform approach until quite recently. Accordingly, more and more educational systems in the world are articulated around three main policy principles: accountability, standards and decentralisation. National large-scale assessments (NLSAs) are a core component of the GERM; these assessments are increasingly used for accountability purposes as well as to ensure that schools achieve and promote centrally defined and evaluable learning standards. In this paper, we explore these trends on the basis of a new and original database on NLSAs, as well as on data coming from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) questionnaires. In the paper we also discuss how different theories on policy dissemination/globalisation explain the international spread of NLSAs and test-based accountability worldwide, and reflect on the potential of a political sociology approach to analyse this globalising phenomenon.

This paper examines the relationship between the shadow economy and trade openness in Uganda, using autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing approach. We find that the shadow economy and trade openness have a long- and short-run relationship. These results hold even when alternative econometric methods are used. The empirical evidence indicates that more exposure to foreign trade significantly reduces the size of the shadow economy. This could imply that as countries become more integrated into the world economy, firms and individual entrepreneurs are induced to engage in the formal sector so as to reap the benefits of international markets. This paper shows that trade openness is an important determinant of the shadow economy in both the short- and long-run. At the policy level, any policy framework that strengthens integration into the global economy will be an effective tool that can reduce shadow activities in both the short- and long-run. The practical implication of these results is that countries that have fully reformed their economies to allow for free trade and investment inflows experience a decline in shadow activities implying that, in more open economies, more trade reduces informality.

This paper re-reads a selection of critical interdisciplinary theories in an attempt to open a space in higher education for cross-cultural dialogue during the rise of Asia. Theories of globalization, deterritorialization, power/knowledge and postcolonialism indicate that students and academics have the ability to re-imagine and influence globalization processes in higher education. The current power effects of global discourses restrict the imaginaries and territories of globalization – leading to specific enactments in ways that prioritize western understandings of higher education. The paper argues for the need to explore hegemonic discursive formations of globalization to uncover processes of “othering” and the subjugation of knowledges. In this regard, a postcolonial perspective can help by opening up scenarios for the future of higher education in the Asian Century.

Soon after independence, Kazakhstan established the state-sponsored student mobility programme ‘Bolashak’, which has since provided almost 12,000 young people with full scholarships for their studies abroad. Bolashak is considered here as a multidimensional tool, promoting development and channelling authoritarian rule at the same time. Through a series of qualitative interviews with alumni of the programme, this paper investigates the authoritarian and paternalistic features in Bolashak-related policies and discourses, looking at how they contribute to the three ‘pillars’ of authoritarian stability: repression, co-optation and legitimation. The findings of this paper question the assumption that globalization is bringing only challenges to autocracies. Kazakhstan is an example of how contemporary authoritarian regimes may open up to the world in order to seek development as well as political stability.

This paper asks a simple question: why did Western and other European politicians become so alarmed and, in some cases, downright apocalyptic at the rise of asylum seekers in 2014–16, especially compared to the previous refugee crisis in the 1990s? This paper argues that in 2014/2015, a “perfect storm” developed, bringing together factors that in the past had been largely unrelated and then converged with new ones. Peeling the onion of societal discontent with migrants and refugees has revealed five necessary and sufficient conditions: (1) discomfort with immigration and integration of colonial and labour migrants from North Africa and Turkey (1970–80s); (2) growing social inequality and widespread pessimism about globalization (1980s–); (3) A growing discomfort with Islam (1990s–); (4) Islamist terrorism (2000s–) and (5) the rise of radical right populist parties (2000s). KEYWORDS: Refugees, migration, social inequality, populism, islamophobia, terrorism

This special issue of Contemporary South Asia seeks to capture the diversity and situatedness of the caste experience and deepen our understanding of caste dynamics and lives in the twenty-first century. In this Introduction, we highlight the continuing salience of caste, offer an overview of theoretical understandings of caste and foreground the importance of analysing caste in the present as a dynamic form of human relations, rather than a remnant of tradition. Following on from this, we highlight the increasingly global spread of caste and reflect on what happens to caste-based social relations when they traverse continents. In conclusion, we introduce the papers that make up this special issue. Taken together, they speak to changes in attitudes towards caste, but also the persistence of caste-based identities and dynamics in India and Britain. Even though the papers presented in this special issue work with the assumption of caste being a reality in and among the Indians, caste-like status hierarchies...

This paper focuses on the issue of regional inequality in China. It seeks to move away from focusing on the relationship between factor accumulation and regional inequality towards an analytical framework that concentrates upon the ways in which regional inequality has articulated with factor productivity and firm dynamics, while acknowledging the role of institutional context. Based on one database on firm-specific economic and financial variables, this paper measures factor productivity in China's manufacturing industry at the regional level, and decomposes it into various components. Empirical results confirm that regional inequality in terms of productivity have been declining in China. It also demonstrates that regional inequality has been fundamentally shaped by the regional institutional context, particularly in regard to the triple process of decentralization, globalization, and marketization, resulting in an enormous spatial variation of economic and institutional landscapes.

Contemporary international relations are rife with the ideological struggle over the potential nature of the rapidly changing world order. Two distinct paradigmatic positions have surfaced. One champions economic, cultural, and political globalization conducted under the leadership of the Western world. The other advocates a more particularistic approach that fends for a balance of interests, multiplicity of politico-cultural forms and multiple centers of international influence. The latter doctrine, often referred to as the multipolar world theory, is the subject of this paper. The discussion argues that the idea of a multipolar world order has emerged as Russia’s main ethical and ideological position advanced in the international arena. Its philosophical tenets buttress Russian society intellectually at home, providing the expedients to pursue the country’s foreign policy goals abroad. The paper examines a substantial value package with roots in both Russian and Western philosophy that sustains ...

Bourdieu (1986 Bourdieu, P. (1986). Forms of capital. In J. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education (pp. 241–258). New York, NY: Greenwood Press. ) observes that the existence of a network of connections is not given, rather it is “the product of endless effort” required “in order to produce and reproduce lasting, useful relationships that can secure material or symbolic profits” (p. 90). This paper builds on previous research (Ball, 2012 Ball, S. J. (2012). Global Education Inc.: New policy networks and the neoliberal imaginary. London, England: Routledge., Ball & Junemann, 2012 Ball, S. J., & Junemann, C. (2012). Networks, new governance and education. Bristol, England: Policy Press.) to explore some aspects of the embodiment of policy. I draw on Larner and Laurie's (2010 Larner, W., & Laurie, N. (2010). Travelling technocrats, embodied knowledges: Globalising privatisation in telecoms and water. Geoforum, 41, 218–226.) work on technocratic expertise and how, as she puts it, “privatisation ideas and practices are transferred in embodied forms,” and in particular her argument “that this has significant implications for how privatisation is globalized” (p. 218). Concomitantly, I respond to McFarlane's (2009 McFarlane, C. (2009). Translocal assemblages: Space, power and social movements. Geoforum, 40, 561–567.) assertion that we need to pay much greater attention to the labor of policy work (Gale, 2003 Gale, T. (2003). “Realising policy: The who and the how of policy production.” Discourse, 24(1), 51–65.). From these starting points, the paper focuses on the “multiple actors, multiple geographies and multiple translations involved in the processes of policy transfer” (Larner & Laurie, 2010 Larner, W., & Laurie, N. (2010). Travelling technocrats, embodied knowledges: Globalising privatisation in telecoms and water. Geoforum, 41, 218–226., p. 225) and, more generally, how these actors play a part in the neoliberalization of education or, to paraphrase Rankin (2003 Rankin, K. (2003). Anthropologies and geographies of globalization. Progress in Human Geography, 27(6), 708–734.), in “anchoring neoliberalism” (p. 709). I begin and end with discussions of research concepts, research method, and their interrelation: that is, policy networks, policy ethnography, and policy mobility. The central section is mainly devoted to a presentation of various data to adumbrate one part of a global education policy network with a focus on India (and the Indian Education Reform Movement [IERM]) and on one network participant.

This paper traces how reconfigurations of Russia’s inter-state borders in post-Soviet space and in Asia are being rationalized through two distinct vectors: one which privileges modernization, cross-border flows, and is framed in terms of integration with the global economy; and an alternative vision, which is related to geopolitical imperatives and a response to shifts in Russia’s relationship with the West. The paper follows these two distinct narratives on integration in the rhetoric and speeches of the political leadership, as well as in the policy initiatives of the government. At times complementary, these world-views have combined to further cross-border flows and investment, yet at the same time they have also thrown up new contradictions and tensions. Recognizing a dialectic process behind regional integration initiatives can offer us new analytical insights and possibilities for understanding the unpredictable and uncertain reshaping of Russia’s borders.

The research leading to this paper has received funding from the Estonian Research Council (Institutional Research Grant IUT no. 2–17 on Spatial Population Mobility and Geographical Changes in Urban Regions); European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013) /ERC Grant Agreement no. 615159 (ERC Consolidator Grant DEPRIVEDHOODS, Socio-spatial Inequality, Deprived Neighborhoods, and Neighborhood Effects); and from the Marie Curie programme under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013) /Career Integration Grant no. PCIG10-GA-2011-303728 (CIG Grant NBHCHOICE, Neighborhood Choice, Neighborhood Sorting, and Neighborhood Effects); and direct funding from the Universities of Amsterdam and Lodz. Socioeconomic inequality is on the rise in major European cities, as are concerns over it, since it is seen as a threat to social cohesion and stability. Surprisingly, relatively little is known about the spatial dimensions of rising socioeconomic inequality. This paper builds on a study of socioeconomic segregation in 12 European cities: Amsterdam, Athens, Budapest, London, Madrid, Oslo, Prague, Riga, Stockholm, Tallinn, Vienna, and Vilnius. Data used derive from national censuses and registers for 2001 and 2011. The main conclusion is that socioeconomic segregation has increased. This paper develops a rigorous multifactor approach to understand segregation and links it to four underlying, partially overlapping, structural factors: social inequalities, globalization and economic restructuring, welfare regimes, and housing systems. Taking into account contextual factors resulted in a better understanding of actual segregation levels, while introducing time lags between structural factors and segregation outcomes will likely further improve the theoretical model. Publisher PDF

As discourses of globalisation and the knowledge-based economy become increasingly influential in both policy-making and in public debates about education, employability and national competitiveness – the choice of language in the classroom takes on a strategic importance. The paper employs a critical realist Cultural Political Economy lens to explore the use of EMI at tertiary level in the East Asian context. The discussion builds on existing theoretical framings and on empirical research into the language-globalisation nexus, as well as on language-in-education policy and practice. By doing so, the paper seeks to develop a theoretical account of historically and spatially situated socio-political and socio-economic processes that have favoured the use of EMI in the region. The focus here is on the dialectical relationship between hegemonic imaginaries (semiosis) and material practices in relation to the value attached to particular linguistic resources, where value is understood in both economic and symbolic terms, and how this is often tied to neoliberalism and discourses of competiveness.

Increasing globalisation and work intensification has led to a blurring of roles and boundaries between work and family. Such influences are more pronounced in migrant workforces who often struggle to balance their work and life in a new national context. The problem of work life balance (WLB) is further compounded in the case of minority migrant groups such as Muslim women living and working in a Western context, as it is unclear how, in the face of discrimination, Islamophobia, family and other socio-cultural and religious pressures and the WLB issues of migrant Muslim women (MMW) are enacted. As most studies of WLB are at a singular level of analysis, this paper contributes to the WLB literature, through the lens of intersectionality, by providing a multi-level relational understanding of WLB issues of MMW working in a Western context. Future research and themes identified in this paper provides a multi-level and relational understanding of WLB of MMW and implications for managers tasked with managing WLB issues for Muslim migrant women in Western contexts are also discussed.

The international appeal of Hollywood films through the twentieth century has been a subject of interest to economic and film historians alike. This paper employs some of the methods of the economic historian to evaluate key arguments within the film history literature explaining the global success of American films. Through careful analysis of both existing and newly constructed data sets, the paper examines the extent to which Hollywood's foreign earnings were affected by: film production costs; the extent of global distribution networks; and also the international orientation of the films themselves. The paper finds that these factors influenced foreign earnings in quite distinct ways, and that their relative importance changed over time. The evidence presented here suggests a degree of interaction between the production and distribution arms of the major US film companies in their pursuit of foreign markets that would benefit from further archival-based investigation.

This paper concerns the Headquarter -Subsidiary relationships in terms of their dependency on each other. It provides a conceptual framework and typology to measure headquarter and subsidiary dependency on capabilities and resources. It highlights a novel phenomenon called ‘reverse dependency’ and offers avenues for future research. Using an in-depth longitudinal case study approach evidence suggests that headquarters dependency on its subsidiary was rising. This is an emerging phenomenon, especially in the scenario of increased globalisation and convergence of the world economy. The paper has some important managerial implications by aiding managers in understanding the implications of subsidiary entrepreneurship and location embeddedness. This can be useful in bargaining and negotiating decision making within the multinational corporation. It can also create healthy competition between various subsidiaries.

This paper draws upon original research undertaken in the United Kingdom and Sweden. It considers the enforcement of regulations associated with the limitation of air emissions from shipping. Specifically, it considers the enforcement of regulations pertaining to the Baltic and North Sea emission control areas (ECAs). The paper outlines the steps that have been taken to ensure vessel compliance in these ECAs. It describes the effectiveness of such enforcement as well as current limitations and gives specific emphasis to the views of vessel operators. The paper ends with a series of recommendations that have been arrived at following discussion of the research findings with a select group of industry experts.

Acknowledgements This paper is based on the author’s PhD thesis which was completed in 2011 at The University of Manchester, UK. The author is grateful to his supervisors Dr Martin Hess (The University of Manchester) and Professor Neil Coe (currently in the National University of Singapore) for supervising the PhD project. The paper was presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers in Los Angeles in April 2013 at the session entitled ‘Evolutionary perspectives on the multinational corporation (MNC)-institutional nexus’. The session was organised by Dr Andrew Wood (University of Kentucky) and Dr Crispian Fuller (University of Aston) and sponsored by Economic Geography Specialty Group.

This paper investigates the socio-economic causes that have led to the recent political instability in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. The MENA region is characterized as one which holds massive hydrocarbon resources and yet suffers from low economic growth and development and high levels of unemployment. This paper shows that the Arab uprisings are linked to the inequalities created by the opening up of the Arab countries to foreign capital and financial agencies, a project that is commonly referred to as the Washington Consensus. This neo-liberal globalization programme has been highly diverse in its effectiveness throughout the MENA region. However, the state still remains the dominant economic player in this region and the Arab population still regards it as the primary provider. The state has been able to hold on to its power by limiting the role of private enterprise and also by maintaining an exclusive nexus between itself and the few prominent private sector companies. Although the wave of disillusionment and frustration amongst the Arab youth washed over the entire region with the same passion and propensity, the reaction of individual governments has been very varied. The future of the region lies in how effectively and efficiently the interim or newly elected governments are able to move their country beyond the pincers of, on the one hand, the Washington Consensus and, on the other, the old, state-centric and inefficient developmental regime.

Much has been said of the shortcomings, and even demise, of area studies in the face of globalization, university budget cuts, and criticisms from a range of commentators. But the multidisciplinary study of specific countries and regions remains alive and well. Area-studies scholars approach the world in terms of peoples, places, and things--prioritizing proper nouns--as opposed to discipline-driven studies that may treat proper nouns as variables, or critical scholars whose esoterics may confuse more than they explain. While originating in post--WW II American foreign policy and demise of colonialism, area studies have evolved to develop our understanding of other societies, hopefully showing that they are not totally "others" after all. Studying other areas of the world allows for reflection back on one's own society, offering valuable sites for mutual learning and helping to create sensitive global citizens. This is not to say that area studies are without flaws. Scholars interested in learning places have been known to serve political power and to fetishize "their" areas; in studying the 'other', they are sometimes "driven by the desire to either destroy or marry it" (Harootunian and Miyoshi 2002, 5). Policymakers and social scientists, on the other hand, may look down upon the obscure and insular nature of area scholarship. Perhaps the most important criticisms of area studies relate to the tendency to treat countries or regions as natural, reifying regional constructs and occluding interactions. This is increasingly problematic as globalization marches on, accelerating interactions and exchanges between people and places. As globalization calls into question the relevance of the state, areas that are largely built upon collections of nation-states have become less stable. In light of the admitted shortcomings of area studies, but also its strengths, what are some ways to improve the field? This paper suggests that some of the shortcomings associated with research, teaching, and learning in area studies can be mitigated by playing with scale. It delineates three ways to denaturalize constructed borders and acknowledge transnational flows: inter-area studies (border crossings), trans-area studies (new areas that cross traditional ones), and meta-area studies (regions of regions). I argue that, in terms of pedagogy, the latter option is particularly useful. This is because inter-area and trans-area studies are best learned after traditional regions have already been constructed; one cannot cross or redraw a border unless there is a border in the first place. Studying meta-areas is different, representing an early step for undergraduate education that can help insulate learners against treating areas as isolated units. This paper makes a case for one such meta-area--the Pacific Basin--conceived of as a region of regions to help introduce first-year undergraduate audiences to Asia, Oceania, and the Americas. By learning about world areas under a broad umbrella, students are equipped early on to acknowledge interactions and common challenges in a globalized world. The first part of this paper lays out many important features and flaws of area studies, especially Asian Studies. Then I move on to introduce three responses, emphasizing meta-area studies as a way to help undergraduates understand traditional area studies within broader worlds. Finally, the Pacific Basin is introduced as one such meta-area. In response to one potential criticism of meta-area studies, that they are too expansive to be of much use, I describe how the Pacific Basin is taught to first-year students at Soka University of America, a liberal arts university in Southern California with an ethnically diverse student population. AREA STUDIES: FEATURES AND FLAWS Area studies entail the intensive multidisciplinary study of a single country or world region. Scholars typically divide the globe into Europe, Africa, the Middle East, the Americas (North, Central, and South, as well as the Caribbean), Oceania, and Asia (Central, South, Southeast, and East). …

The topic of second homes has been of major interest in regional, rural and tourism planning and policy since the 1970s. More recently the lens of governance has also begun to be applied as a lens to the topic of mobility, including second homes. This paper provides a review of the literature on second homes, policy and governance and highlights major themes and issues including that of housing policy, sustainability, political representation and the environment. The paper suggests that research in the governance of second homes can help shed further light on problems of understanding and governing mobility and multiple dwellings in contemporary neoliberal globalisation. It highlights that that governance, policy and regulatory structures are much better geared to the stationery and the immobile than they are to the movement of people (and capital) between jurisdictions, as well as to mobile homes themselves.

This paper discusses the measurement of globalization with a view to advancing the construction of globalization indices. It critically analyzes the types of indices that can contribute to knowledge and policy on globalization. Three issues are particularly highlighted: (a) the focus of measurement (i.e. on activities or policies); (b) the dimensions of measurement (i.e. cultural, ecological, economic, political, and/or social); and (c) the units of measurement (i.e. local, national, regional, and/or global). This paper argues that a workable forward strategy should not seek to identify the single best composite globalization index, but rather should work in an interdisciplinary mode towards a set of complementary globalization indices. These quantitative analyses can then be productively blended with qualitative approaches in a fuller assessment of globalization's extent and impact.

The paper claims that crisis is a fruitful way to analyse the interrelationship of local and global, neoliberalism and the nation-state, which scholars have explored for the past few years. During the Icelandic financial crash of 2008, the failed Internet bank Icesave became a source of intense disputes between the British and Icelandic governments. My paper uses Icelandic discussions of the bankrupt bank to explore how individuals negotiate their imagination of the global and the national and how national identity can be reaffirmed in the context of crisis. The discussion shows that the Icesave debate is based on reification of national communities as well as critical reflection on increased power of transnational institutions and global elites. The paper, furthermore, emphasises how crisis itself can be seen as constituting a field within which to exercise power, as well as a prism to investigate and understand national identities in a globalised world., This work was supported by RANNIS – The Icelandic Center for Research [grant number 130426- 052] and the University of Iceland Research Fund

This paper explores the consequences of transferring technical information on disability and inclusive education from the North to the South within the context of international development. Based on data from the author’s experiences as a US-trained Indian international consultant in Cambodia, it analyses how problems with translation and socio-cultural assumptions embedded in the terminology of disability can divert the intention of teacher training in inclusive education. The paper also examines the politics of inclusive education with regard to the disconnect between a donor-based agenda and local priorities, and discusses the complexities of the author’s own role within the context of increasing South/South cooperation.

In the field of economic geography, the hotel industry is largely under-researched. Meanwhile, its worldwide development has reached the level whereby it can no longer be neglected by economic geographers if the tourism production system and, more generally, the globalisation of services are to be understood. The argument of this paper is twofold. First, it is contended that an economic-geographical approach to the hotel industry can significantly enhance our understanding of this important sub-sector of tourism. Although the paper recognises the useful insights into the internationalisation/globalisation of the hotel industry elaborated within management and business studies, it argues that they fall short of exploring the globalisation of the hotel sector in three important respects: the multi-actor nature of the hotel industry, the territorial embeddedness of hotel groups in host markets and the influence of expanding hotel groups on economic development. Given that these gaps are geographical in natur...

Finance is usually considered to be a complex science, made up of unsatisfactory explanations interpreting the mystery and volatility of financial markets. Expectations, the mood of the market, as well as investment strategies to manage diversified portfolios, are intimidating issues for most people even today. This paper describes how early twentieth-century globalisation framed a network of stock exchanges, from local to regional and national scale, stimulating scientific knowledge on equities, shares, securities, bonds, debentures, transactions, and risk premiums. Both individuals and institutional investors needed financial education. In Portugal Ruy Ennes Ullrich wrote his doctoral dissertation on stock exchanges and financial markets. His book was published in Coimbra in 1906, by the University Press. This paper analyses his contributions in the context of the available literature, and his management performance.

This paper shows, through the example of the Swiss merchant house Volkart Bros, that many of the world's largest trading firms remained family businesses until well into the late twentieth century, thus challenging the Chandlerian dichotomy of small or medium-sized enterprises with family involvement on the one hand and large managerial firms on the other. This was a consequence of the specific features of their business: trading firms, unlike manufacturing companies, could finance their transactions with short-term credits and did not need to raise capital on the stock market. The paper will describe how far family ownership was able to reduce transaction costs at both the intra- and inter-organisational level. In addition, it will discuss what the concept of the corporate family means for the alleged distinctness of the economic and private spheres, which has been dominant in economic theory up to now.

While epidemiologists, medical geographers and publichealth practitioners have known for long that humanhealth is not only about the individual body but shouldalso be understood at the population level within particulargeographic contexts, contemporary environmental andsocioeconomic concerns (particularly global environmen-tal change and globalization) have brought unprecedentedattention to the connection between human health andfactors at the landscape and even the global levels. As aresult, in the past two decades, studies of human healthfrom geographic perspectives and research on applyinggeospatial analyses to health problems have experiencedtremendous development (in this essay, we use geospatialhealth research as a general term to refer to this kind ofresearch) (e.g., Gatrell and Elliott 2009; Pearce and Witten2010; Cromley and McLafferty 2011;Kwan2013).Recent landmarks of this development include the positionpaper by Richardson et al. (2013)inScience, articulationof the uncertain geographic context problem (Kwan2012a, 2012b) and the ongoing Spatial UncertaintyProgram launched by the US National Institutes ofHealth (NIH) in 2011.This special issue is a collection of papers contributedby some attendees of a high-level international workshopentitled ‘Fostering International Geospatial HealthResearch Collaborations: Challenges and Opportunities.’The workshop was held at the Chinese University of HongKong (CUHK) during 16–18 June 2014. The organizersincluded the International Association of ChineseProfessionals in Geographic Information Sciences(CPGIS), the Association of American Geographers(AAG), the CUHK, the University of Hong Kong andthe Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HKPU).The overarching goal of the workshop is to provide areview/overview of recent developments in geospatialhealth research and its future directions, as well as to fosterinternational collaboration. During the period of 3 days,scholars from universities, research institutes, governmentalagencies and nongovernmental organizations in NorthAmerica, Europe and Asia gave about 20 invited presenta-tions and participated in an intensive open discussion meet-ing. The nine papers included in this special issue arerepresentative of some major discussions that took placein the workshops.From an application perspective, geospatial healthresearch can be generally classified into two broad areas:studies on disease and well-being of humans (includingphysical, mental, and behavioural aspects), which can begenerally referred to as spatial epidemiology; and studiesabout healthcare services (e.g., quality and access tohealthcare services). In spatial epidemiology, the focuscan be on environmental health (where the environmentcan be physical and socioeconomic) and infectious dis-eases. However, the boundaries between these divisionsare not clear-cut. Underlying these applications, there arealso infrastructure issues and some are fairly unique to thisarea (e.g., data policy problem). The nine papers includedin this special issue cover all these aspects.The first three articles concern foundational challengesin geospatial health research. Michael Goodchild discussesthe dichotomy of space and place and the importance ofthe latter in understanding human perceptions and beha-viours in the context of health research. He argues thatwhile GIS has been useful in health studies (e.g., inanalysing patterns of disease, in tracking human exposuresto the environment and in assessing spatial variations inhealth services and outcomes), its emphasis on spacemakes it difficult to understand human behaviours andperceptions. The paper emphasizes the need for a betterunderstanding of place and the need for a technology thatcan represent, acquire, store and share the rich informationabout place that humans possess.Accurate and precise location information is essentialto geospatial analysis. But making personal health dataavailable to researchers is a sensitive and challengingissue. It is often a significant bottleneck in geospatialhealth research, especially with regard to the replicabilityof research results and collaboration among researchers.

In the past two decades the Australian immigration experience has changed considerably in response to the changing impact of globalisation and the changing geopolitics post 9/11. During this time immigration and multiculturalism have remained controversial. This article reviews the Australian experience with immigration and immigrant settlement over the past few decades. The aim was to provide the guidelines for Australian immigration and settlement policy in coming decades. The paper makes the case for a future Australian immigration policy that favours continued large-scale immigration but within a framework with an increasing emphasis on long-term nation building rather than the short-term economic benefits of increasing guest worker immigration. This would mean restoring the vision of Australia as a settler immigration country where primacy is once again given to permanent immigration intakes with relative increases in humanitarian and family migration while temporary immigration continues but is constrained and more carefully monitored. The paper also argues for a continuation of multiculturalism, but reimagined within a cosmopolitan framework and reassessed with revitalised programmatic content within a more explicitly anti-racism framework. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

Over the last few decades, the term urban shrinkage has come to be accepted as a valid concept in international academic circles, and has gradually gained importance, with its causes the subject of well-documented discussion. While previous discussions of urban shrinkage have directed attention to cities shrinking as a whole, recent research started to recognize the case of shrinkage in growing cities and regions. As such, recent discussions of urban shrinkage indicate that patterns of shrinkage vary considerably from city to city, and from sub-region to sub-region, with the importance of local dynamics in responding to changing economic pressures given much consideration. Recent studies have tended to disregard the role of government policies and strategies put in place to facilitate the adaptation of the urban economies to the new conditions. Taking Izmir as an example, being a fast-growing metropolitan region in Turkey, this paper presents evidence of government policies and strategies aimed at enhancing the development of peripheral areas that have led to shrinkage of the metropolitan core. This paper focuses on this experience and discusses its implications.

This paper explores the relationship between competences and global innovation networks in the Swedish ICT industry. More specifically this paper combines econometric techniques and case study analysis to capture the interplay between firm level competences (competences as enablers), the availability of competences in the host country (competences as drivers), and the specific strategy of the firm for engaging in global innovation networks. Our results show that for Swedish ICT firms, firm-level competences are an important enabler for globalization of innovation, particularly for offshoring. Home regional competences also play an important role for the mode of globalization of innovation that firms engage in. Host regional competences are important drivers for globalization of innovation, particularly for offshoring and collaboration. The results suggest that the breadth and depth of competences available in host countries actually determine the type of innovation activities that the subsidiary performs,...

Asheim B. The changing role of learning regions in the globalizing knowledge economy: a theoretical re-examination, Regional Studies. Highlighting four theoretical developments, this paper theoretically re-examines the learning region in view of the changing roles of regions in the globalizing knowledge economy: (1) from specific contexts to general regional development strategies; (2) introducing the doing–using–interacting (DUI) mode of innovation; (3) broadening the science–technology–innovation (STI) mode; and (4) accessing knowledge in distributed knowledge networks. This paper advocates a more nuanced understanding of knowledge, learning and innovation, and identifies ‘bridging mechanisms’ to reduce cognitive distance and increase connectivity in regional innovation systems. Asheim B. 学习型区域在知识经济全球化进程中作用的改变：对相关理论进行再考察，区域研究。 在强调了理论进展的四个方面的基础上，本文就学习型区域在知识经济全球化进程中作用的改变进行了理论层面的再考察：（1）从特定背景转向区域发展的总体策略；（2）引入了创新的互动性实践模式 (DUI)；（3）拓展了科学-技术-创新(STI)模式；以及（4）在分布性知识网络中对知识进行价。本文倡导对于知识、学习以及创新的更加丰富的理解, 同时提出”桥接机制”来减少认...

This article focuses on the production of transnational TV formats, and argues that a new business model has emerged over recent decades. Whilst many formats are still sold and produced under licence by a third party, leading TV production companies prefer to adapt their own shows in as many markets as possible, a strategy that has led to their internationalization. This article traces back the model's origins and shows how it was pioneered by game-show producers, and adopted by British independent TV production companies and a few European broadcasters, then eventually by several Hollywood studios. This led to the formation of today's 14 international TV production super-groups. This paper then argues that this model emerged in response to the globalization of the intellectual property market that was created by the TV format revolution. It was this revolution that spawned a market for intangibles such as programming concepts and production expertise, which today cross borders as much as finished programmes. This paper shows how the market has expanded a TV format's value chain, and how TV production companies have needed to develop their international capabilities in order to retain control of the chain. An international production network enables them to generate, exploit and protect intellectual property on a global scale.

Background: Teacher education has been the subject of a seven-year review culminating with the issuing of a consultation document Teacher education in a climate of change: The way forward (Department for Employment and Learning and Department for Education 2010). Issues of rationalisation, demographic trends, the over-provision of teachers and the cost of initial teacher education inter alia dominated the agenda. Purpose: The paper seeks to assess the ways in which the current economic climate, student tuition fees, reduced income from government and the declining demographic situation will affect recruitment, on the profile of applicants to teacher education, on widening access and participation, and on models of teacher education. As the environment becomes increasingly globally competitive, issues surrounding the nature, quality, cost and content of programmes will be analysed. Sources of evidence: Data that informs the paper derive from multiple sources including education policy documents, review and...

It has become commonplace for scholars and education managers to talk of the globalisation of higher education. How to provide housing for the growing numbers of international students, however, remains contentious. This paper presents the situation in Australia by analysing the results of two large surveys and official reports published by student associations, housing authorities, the University of Sydney, and the Australian Government Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations. It shows that the authorities have not succeeded in providing an answer to the international student housing question. In turn, accommodation remains a difficult issue for most international students and threatens to undermine the quality of higher education. Understood only as an accommodation problem, it may be argued that the situation could be improved if more affordable student housing was provided. However, this paper argues that until the problem is framed in socio-economic terms and analysed from a broad perspective, a solution will remain elusive. © 2012 Copyright 2012 Association for Tertiary Education Management and the L H Martin Institute for Higher Education Leadership and Management.

This paper considers what has been learned from reviewing the full set of papers in this special issue. It considers some of the major factors that have impacted on education and subsequently teacher education in recent times, namely rapid technological change and increasing globalisation and movement from one country to others, and then focuses on how standards, for schools, for the people in them and for teacher education, have been used to drive improvement in many parts of the world. Key issues that have emerged from this special issue are, first, whether teaching is a craft or a profession, which has implications on how teacher educators view themselves, as practitioners or researchers. Second, what is notable in a number of countries in this issue is the lack of trust being shown by politicians and communities to both teachers and teacher educators. This concluding paper considers why this is so and how it might be changed.

The concepts of Open Building and Multi-purpose Design are generally considered as the latest innovative trends in contemporary architecture in addressing the current globalization, rapidly-changing market and requirements of sustainability. However, based on extensive research on examples of surviving ancestral halls in villages, in particular on analysis of their functional programme and configurational desire, this paper attempts to demonstrate that such concepts are already inherent in Chinese traditional vernacular architecture. This hypothesis is in line with the basic essence of Chinese architecture: maximization of modular components and standard plans to suit most functions. This explains why traditional Chinese architecture appears to have been mostly in the hands of master craftsmen without the design by architects. To lead the way forward, this paper further studies the roles of Open Building and Multi-purpose Design in the current age, in particular the possible application of Indefinite Space and Flexible Programme in Adaptive Re-uses of Chinese vernacular architecture in the contemporary context.

Development, in an age of globalizations, has indeed become a global project. However, this project remains contested and contestable. While much attention has been given to this contestation at a macro-policy level, the dynamics of such contestations on the ground remain less studied. Noting that development projects, policies and programs are themselves products of power relations and social struggles, this paper focuses on the dynamics of these relations and struggles in relation to the dissemination of the global development project in Malawi. Drawing from the experiences and fractious journey from 2000 to 2006 of the broad-based civil society network involved in Malawi's ongoing PRSP process, the paper shows how local actors draw creatively on globalized discourses of participation and representation to contest and confound the objectives of the elites, thereby complicating the channels through which the global development project is promulgated. El desarrollo en la era de la globalizacion, se ha con...

This paper explores the privatization of state owned enterprises in Turkey as a function of an alliance of diverse social forces composed of market-oriented capital groups, mainstream media, national bureaucracies, and government officials. It highlights that these actors emerged in the post-1980 period because of dramatic transformations in Turkish society and the economy initiated by the process of neo-liberal globalization. The unification of diverse identities and interests around the strategy of further integrating with the global economy were crucial in the recent acceleration of the privatization process in Turkey. The paper also shows that marketoriented social forces sidelined resistant groups through a discourse that emphasized that privatization would bring material and other benefits to all and that the alternatives were worse. Such a communicative process played a crucial role in generating consent/hegemony for privatization in the 2000s. © 2010 Taylor & Francis.