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Three 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol (2,3,4,6-TeCP)-mineralizing bacteria were isolated from the secondary sludge of a pulp and paper industry. The isolates used 2,3,4,6-TeCP as a source of carbon and energy and were capable of degrading this compound, as indicated by stoichiometric release of chloride and biomass formation. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the bacteria were identified as Bacillus megaterium (CL3), Staphylococcus suciri (CL10), and Bacillus thuringensis (CL11). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed that these isolates were able to degrade 2,3,4,6-TeCP at higher concentrations (600 mg/L or 2.5 mM). A consortia of the isolates completely removed 2,3,4,6-TeCP from the sludge obtained from a pulp and paper mill within 2 weeks when supplemented at a rate of 100 mg/L or 0.43 mM. A bacterial consortium also significantly reduced absorbable organic halogen (AOX) and extractable organic halogen (EOX) by 63% and 68%, respectively, from the sludge. These isolate...

The aim of this study was to examine the effects that reading on screens (using digital devices with different screen sizes) and on paper have on reading time and comprehension. The study group was...

This paper focuses on the challenges of transition experienced by local high school graduates of the Arabic school system in the Kingdom of Bahrain, in the Middle East, as they are shaped into the ...

As the substrates of traditional Chinese painting and calligraphy, paper and silk are susceptible to optical radiation in museum illumination, resulting in mechanical damage, the origins of which a...

The Sphenopalatine Ganglion (SPG) is known to play an integral role in the pathophysiology of a wide variety of orofacial pains involving the jaws, sinuses, eyes and the trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias. It supplies direct parasympathetic innervation to the trigeminal and facial nerves. Sympathetic innervation from the superior sympathetic chain passes thru the SPG to the trigeminal and facial nerves.This paper reviews relevant and significant literature on SPG Blocks and Neuromodulation published in peer reviewed medical and dental journals. Neuromuscular Dentistry employs ULF-TENS to relax musculature and simultaneously provide neuromodulation to the ganglion.Conclusion: The effects of ULF-TENS on the autonomic nervous system acts on the Limbic System and Hypothalamus (H-P-A) to address Axis II issues during neuromuscular dental procedures. It also directly affects the autonomic component of the trigeminal nerve involved in almost all headaches and migraines as well as the Myofascial and Joint disorders of TMD.

Drying of paper during 2000–2018 is reviewed. The review includes new drying processes, multi-cylinder dryers, tissue and impingement drying, TAD-drying, infrared drying and energy use for drying o...

Topic development and focus are relatively neglected areas of the student research process. This study examined how students in a freshman engineering writing class developed initial research paper...

Acquired in 2015, Sara Hughes’ Torpedo in the collection of the Art Gallery of New South Wales (AGNSW) is a wall installation comprised of hundreds of painted and hand-stencilled paper clothing tag...

Part of the dewatering in a paper machine takes place via vacuum suction boxes situated below the moving web. In addition to the removal of liquid water, considerable amounts of air are sucked through the paper. The air flow that accompanies dewatering is a crucial parameter for the electricity consumption of a vacuum system. The present study models this air flow, combining differential conservation equations with fiber characterization. Measured air flow rates for different vacuum levels, basis weights, and pulp types are compared to model predictions. More than 70% of the data agree within the range of experimental error.

Surface texture is a critical feature in the manufacture, marketing, and use of photographic paper. Raking light reveals texture through a stark rendering of highlights and shadows. Though close-up raking light images effectively document surface features of photographic paper, the sheer number and diversity of textures used for historic papers prohibits efficient visual classification. This work provides evidence that automatic, computer-based classification of texture documented with raking light is feasible by demonstrating an encouraging degree of success sorting a set of 120 images made from samples of historic silver gelatin paper. Using this dataset, four university teams applied different image-processing strategies for automatic feature extraction and degree of similarity quantification.All four approaches successfully detected strong affinities and outliers built into the dataset. The creation and deployment of the algorithms was carried out by the teams without prior knowledge of the distributions of similarities and outliers.These results indicate that automatic classification of silver gelatin photographic paper based on close-up texture images is feasible and should be pursued. To encourage the development of other classification schemes, the 120-sample “training” dataset used in this work is available to other academic researchers at http://www.PaperTextureID.org.

The chemical oxygen demand (COD) fractionation, as well as the acute toxicity and UMU genotoxicity of pulp and paper mill wastewater (PPMWW) were investigated to determine the COD compositions of PPMWW and to find the relationship between COD fractionation and toxicity. The fraction comprising non-biodegradable (inert) organic matter (XI) was the main component in influent PPMWW, accounting for about 80% of the total COD. The acute toxicity of the influent was 0.08–0.16 mg Hg2+ L−1 and the UMU genotoxicity was 0.6–0.8 μg 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide L−1. Both acute toxicity and genotoxicity were reduced in the biotreatment system. However, coagulation and Fenton oxidation were efficient in eliminating UMU genotoxicity. Total COD, acute toxicity, and genotoxicity showed significant correlation with each other (p

A new low-cost activated carbon (AC) was produced from pulp and paper mill sludge through chemical activation by zinc chloride. Different characterization analyses were carried out on developed AC; these demonstrated a carbon material with highly porous structure. Dynamic adsorption of phenolic compounds (i.e. phenol, 2-chlorophenol, and 4-nitrophenol) from simulated aqueous solution was investigated in a fixed-bed adsorption column using the prepared AC. Dynamic behavior of the adsorption column was assessed in terms of breakthrough curves obtained at different key operating conditions such as bed height, feed flow rate, inlet concentration, and temperature. Sharp breakthrough curves were observed at high-feed flow rate, high-inlet concentration, high temperature, and low-bed height which show the correct dynamic behavior of the adsorption column. The breakthrough times followed the order of 4-nitrophenol > 2-chlorophenol > phenol at all key operating conditions. This arrangement was attributed t...

Whenever personal data is processed, privacy is a serious issue. Especially in the document-centric e-health area, the patients' privacy must be preserved in order to prevent any negative repercussions for the patient. Clinical research, for example, demands structured health records to carry out efficient clinical trials, whereas legislation (e.g. HIPAA) regulates that only de-identified health records may be used for research. However, unstructured and often paper-based data dominates information technology, especially in the healthcare sector. Existing approaches are geared towards data in English-language documents only and have not been designed to handle the recognition of erroneous personal data which is the result of the OCR-based digitization of paper-based health records.

Thermo-sensitive printers and thermo-sensitive facsimile machines are used extensively throughout China. Document examiners are often requested to confirm the authenticity of thermal paper documents. Identification of the type of thermal paper and estimation of the age of thermal paper documents could be effective methods to aid in confirming the authenticity of documents. In this paper, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometry was successfully employed to differentiate between the 30 types of thermal paper. The relative age of the thermal paper documents was estimated by measuring changes in the gray value of printed strokes. The method employed resulted in curves, which indicate the relationship between the gray value of the strokes and the age of the thermal paper documents, and which are applicable for estimating the relative age of thermal paper documents in some cases. It was determined that the brand of thermal paper and thickness of strokes on the paper affected the accuracy of estimati...

Dewatering on the paper machine takes place by gravity, suction, pressing, and evaporation. Optimizing the operation of the vacuum system is important, since the electricity consumption of the vacuum pumps might be one-fifth of the total electricity consumption of the paper machine. Vacuum dewatering involves large volumes of air penetrating the web. The present study presents four sets of measured air flow rates useful for designing industrial equipment. The mass flux of air increases with increasing applied vacuum and decreases with increasing basis weight. Paper technological parameters, such as fiber size and fiber flexibility, also influence the mass flux.

The 6th Micro and Nano Flows Conference was held at the Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, between 9-12 of September 2018, see http://mnf2018.com. The conference Local Organizi...

Dear Prospective Authors: I am delighted to inform you that this game-changing publishing initiative for bringing the best actionable insights on cybersecurity is entering its third year. The revie...

We are delighted to introduce the first in our occasional series of rapid response papers on the highly topical issue of school leadership and the Covid 19 pandemic. We warmly thank the contributor...

Rajna Knez1,2 1Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; 2Department of Pediatrics, Skaraborgs Hospital, Skövde, SwedenCorrespondence: Rajna KnezGillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Kungsgatan 12, Vanning 2, Gothenburg, 411 19, SwedenTel +46317860000Email rajna.knez@gu.se View the original paper by Prof. Dr. Gagliano and colleagues

A static energy model was developed to describe the conventional paper drying process for a multicylinder paper machine. The model is based on the mass and energy balance relationships written for fiber, steam, air, and water. With the purpose of developing a clear understanding of the paper drying process and evaluating its drying performance, the model developed was made up of seven basic blocks according to the technical art of paper drying. In this work, a multicylinder newsprint machine was chosen to illustrate the energy model. The module schematic and instructions are presented first, followed by mathematical descriptions for each block. In addition, paper drying models are reviewed. The specific drying rate, specific heat consumption, and energy efficiency are introduced to evaluate the drying performance. Experiments were conducted to measure the operating parameters and the newsprint drying process was simulated based on the model. A Sankey diagram is also presented. The results are compared wit...

A modified digital camera can be used for photographic techniques that utilize not only the visible light spectrum but longwave ultraviolet and near-infrared radiation. Seven techniques were used t...

Although the benefits of undergraduate research for students are broadly understood, implementation of undergraduate research in the college classroom can be challenging. In this article, I explain...

It should be said at the outset: this is a brilliant psychoanalytic book, not only for its content but for the style of its writing. Open this book at any page, and you will find an insight and a d...

This article traces the history of the only surviving autograph manuscript of Ode to a Nightingale, composed two hundred years ago in May 2019, and preserved since 1933 in the Fitzwilliam M...

A key area that the International Research on Geographical and Environmental Education (IRGEE) publishes on is that of teaching and learning with geospatial technologies (McInerney, 2006; Chatterje...

Start-up period is considered to be the most unstable and difficult stage in anaerobic process and usually takes a long time due to slow-degree adaptation of anaerobic microorganisms. In order to achieve a shorter start-up period, a novel modified anaerobic baffled reactor (MABR) has been developed in this study, where each modified baffle has its own characteristics (form/shape) to facilitate a treatment ofrecycled paper mill effluent (RPME). The results ofphysico-chemical characteristics showed that effluent from recycled paper mill consisted of 4328mgL-1 chemical oxygen demand (COD), 669mg L-1 biochemical oxygen demand and 501mg L-1 volatile fatty acid. It also consisted of variety of heavy metals such as zinc, magnesium, iron and nickel at concentrations of 1.39, 12.19, 2.39 and 0.72 mgL-1, respectively. Performance of MABR during the start-up period showed that methane production reached 34.7% with COD removal of 85% at steady state. The result indicates that MABR was successfully operated during the start-up period in treating RPME within a period of less than 30 days.

Municipal wastewater activated sludge contains a mixed microbial community, which can be manipulated to produce biocrude, a lipid feedstock for biodiesel production. In this study, the potential of biocrude production by activated sludge microorganisms grown in three different types of pulp and paper mill wastewaters was investigated. A 20% (v/v) activated sludge was inoculated into pulp and paper wastewater, supplemented with glucose (60 g/L) and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) to obtain a high carbon to nitrogen ratio (70:1). The culture was incubated aerobically for seven days. The results showed that the activated sludge microorganisms were able to grow and accumulate lipids when cultivated in amended wastewaters. Microorganisms growing in anaerobic settling pond effluent water showed the highest lipid accumulation of up to 40.6% cell dry weight (CDW) after five days of cultivation compared with pulp wash wastewater (PuWW) (11.7% CDW) and mixed wastewater (MWW) (8.2% CDW) after seven days of cultivation. The lipids mostly contained C16-C18 fatty acids groups with oleic acid and palmitic acid being the dominant fatty acids. The maximum biodiesel yield was about 6-8% CDW for all the wastewaters. The results showed the potential of utilizing pulp and paper mill effluents and other waste streams, such as activated sludge for the sustainable production of lipids for biofuel production.

Human beings are anchored to their landscapes and communities in tight tangles through material culture. In Japan, handmade washi paper is one example of how this process materializes, and traditional paper garments, kamiko, offer insights into a specific method for fashion design that considers embeddedness within landscapes and local communities. Paper may not seem like a suitable material for making clothing, but can be strong and durable if made in a specific way. In Japan, clothing is one of the hundreds of products which have been made out of paper over the centuries. This article will position Japan’s handmade paper clothing traditions within discussions of place in order to develop perspectives on localism in sustainable fashion research. Paper clothing will be discussed in the context of place and placelessness in tandem with critical regionalism in order to frame this material-making culture as an adversarial fashion practice that is embedded in local landscapes and communities—a practic...

This paper deals with the plans of a paper money factory built in Tokyo in 1876, and considers the development of the architectural practice of one of the prominent Oyatoi engineers, Thomas Waters....

South Africa is signatory to international protocols that secure migrant rights to healthcare. Its national health policy prohibits discrimination. Pregnant women and children under six years osten...

The zone of inhibition method to test the release of biocides from paper and board food contact materials was evaluated. The method tests the paper by placing a small specimen directly onto culture plates of Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus niger. The principle is that any extractable biocide will diffuse from the paper into the surrounding nutrient medium and so inhibit growth of the microorganism in the vicinity. The test was found to have insufficient sensitivity for assuring food safety, where detection limits for migration at or below the mg l(-1) (parts per million) level are needed. Also, the test does not mimic the actual or foreseeable conditions of use since most paper/board materials are not intended for direct contact with an aqueous medium for up to 3 days at 30°C (B. subtilis) or 25°C (A. niger), which are the incubation conditions used. The sensitivity of the test was increased approximately 100-fold by preparing a concentrated extract of the paper to be tested and applying this extract to the assay via a blank paper carrier. This was done using methanol as a good solvent for most biocides, as a proof of principle. Other solvents or food simulants could be used to mimic the conditions of use intended for the particular paper/board samples under examination, e.g. contact with dry, fatty, aqueous or acidic foods, hot or cold. Twenty-four plain (unconverted) paper and board samples and 100 food packaging samples were evaluated using the modified procedure. The results revealed that the method has been developed to the stage where background cytotoxic action of normal paper constituents gives a weak response. Unlike the original method, therefore, the modified method with its improved sensitivity and the facility to link with the intended food contact conditions may be considered a suitable bioassay screening test to complement chemical analysis of paper/board for composition and migration.

This study evaluates the effectiveness of polyaluminium chloride (PAC) as a coagulant for the treatment of pulp and paper mill wastewater. The wastewater was characterized for different chloro-organic compounds, i.e. adsorbable organic halides (AOX), chlorophenolics, and chlorinated resin and fatty acids (cRFA). Four categories of chlorophenolics (chlorophenols, chlorocatechols, chloroguaiacols, and chlorosyringaldehyde) and four cRFA were detected in the wastewater. For coagulation studies, optimization of the process variables including initial pH, coagulant dosage, time, and initial organic load was done in terms of chemical oxygen demand and color removal efficiency. Under optimized conditions (pH 8.0, PAC dose 1.5 g/L, time 90 min.), the removal efficiency for AOX, chlorophenolics, and cRFA was 66, 41, and 87%, respectively. The chlorophenolics, i.e. 2,6-dichlorophenol, 3,4-dichlorophenol, 3,4,6-trichloroguaiacol, tetrachloroguaiacol, and 2,6-dichlorosyringaldehyde were not detected after tre...

Given limited forest resources and increased paper consumption and imports, establishing fluting paper mills using non-wood raw materials seems more essential than ever. This paper aims to investigate, technically and economically, the possibility of establishing a fluting paper mill (with a capacity of 10,000 tons a year) from agricultural residues in Iran's Mazandaran province. The average annual agricultural residues output (including wheat, barley, rice, corn, oil seeds and cotton) in the province was about 1.3 million tons from 2000 to 2010, showing the potential of the province as an appropriate source for providing raw material from agricultural residues. For economic evaluation of the project, economic indices such as rate of return, pay-back period and production break-even point were measured. The results indicated that establishing a fluting paper mill based on agricultural residues is feasible.

This study investigates the connections between Blake’s uses of papers and the paper makers who manufactured these media between c. 1789 and 1795. Relating the papers’ countermarks and watermarks to particular paper-making firms, I introduce a series of micro-histories that will shed light on the production of paper in the second half of the eighteenth century and on Blake’s uses of these papers in his illuminated printing. By considering the papers that Blake purchased for his printing ventures, I hope to establish the significance of a group of individuals whose contributions to illuminated printing have been rarely acknowledged.

Nature-Inspired Metaheuristics (NIM) have emerged as a potent tool for solving complex and difficult optimization problems, arising in various industries, which otherwise become quite difficult (if not impossible) to solve by the classical methods based on gradient search. Further, NIM techniques are more likely to obtain a global optimal solution, often desired and sometimes a necessity in several real life situations. In this study we employ SABC, a variant of Artificial Bee Colony (ABC), a relatively newer NIM algorithm, for solving four typical processes of a paper mill where optimization can be applied. We have also considered two chemical process problems that can be related to paper industry. Numerical results show that the proposed SABC scheme is efficient in dealing with these problems.

China is the largest paper producer and consumer in the world. However, China's paper industry is inefficient in its consumption of natural resources. Whereas the proportion of wood pulp used by the paper industry in developed countries is up to 63%, the corresponding figure for China is only 23%, leading to high energy and water consumption and severe environmental pollution. This article presents a systematic risk analysis using life cycle assessment and carbon footprint calculation associated with China's straw-pulp and wood-pulp paper industries. Risk prevention measures are proposed based on the results of this analysis. The study has important ramifications for the sustainable development of China's paper industry.

Today, the issue of site selection for industrial units in developing countries which are poor in wood resources is considered as a vital matter and it is one of the key measures in the process of building industrial and giving service units. In every country there are some provinces and states which are more useful than other parts owing to primary infrastructures and facilities for industrialisation. As one of the suitable provinces of Iran, thanks to its lignocelluloses resources with 1,822,696 tons of exploitable waste, Golestan Province has a very good potential for building lignocelluloses products mills, such as fluting paper. For this end, in 2010, effective indices in fluting paper mill establishment were recognised in Golestan Province. Results showed that materials and products were the most important main indices and the preparation cost of raw materials was the most important sub-index. Finally, questionnaires were prepared for the best site selection and choices were evaluated according to t...

The authors sought to explore the implications of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act's establishment of Accountable Care Organizations (ACO). Summit participants, who discussed best practices and issues to be addressed when designing and implementing ACOs. Healthcare leaders from across the country in charge of running, developing, and/or implementing ACOs for health systems. Participants were asked to consider the challenges, benefits, and strategies to ACO implementation.

An update of the first position paper on ipecac syrup from 1997 was published by the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology and the European Association of Poison Centres and Clinical Toxicologists in 2004. The aims of this paper are to briefly summarize the content of the 2004 Position Paper and to present any new data.A systematic review of the literature from the year 2003 forward.The literature search yielded a limited number of meaningful articles, and there remains no convincing evidence from clinical studies that ipecac improves the outcome of poisoned patients. Furthermore, the availability of ipecac is rapidly diminishing.The routine administration of ipecac at the site of ingestion or in the emergency department should definitely be avoided. Ipecac may delay the administration or reduce the effectiveness of activated charcoal, oral antidotes, and whole bowel irrigation. There is not sufficient evidence to warrant any change in the previous ipecac position papers. There are, however, insufficient data to support or exclude ipecac administration soon after ingestion of some specific poisons in rare situations.

We read the article ‘A rare case of small cell carcinoma of the lung with intraventricular metastasis’ by Chen et al.1 with interest. However, we have a few questions about this paper and want to s...

The precipitation of dissolved sulphide ions by electrocoagulation was studied at laboratory scale using pulp and paper mill wastewaters. Concentrations of dissolved organic carbon and phosphorus were analysed before and after the electrocoagulation process to examine the suitability of the process for treatment of sulphide odour from pulp and paper mill wastewater. The electrochemical cell used in this study was constructed from monopolar dissolving iron electrodes. The dissolved iron concentration was directly proportional to the applied electric charge (C/L) at the tested current densities. Electrochemically produced ferrous iron (Fe2+) precipitated dissolved sulphide ions efficiently. Electricity consumption of the treatment was 4-8 C/mg S(2-) while iron consumption was 1.1-2.2 mg/mg S(2-) during the initial phase of the sulphide precipitation when the applied electric charge was 10-60 C/L. When 60 C/L was applied, 88% of dissolved sulphides and 40% of phosphorus was precipitated. The reduction in DOC was low during the sulphide precipitation. According to these results, electrocoagulation can precipitate dissolved sulphides effectively and thereby reduce sulphide odours of pulp and paper mill wastewaters.

Chronic or refractory breathlessness adversely affects quality of life. Current treatment strategies for managing breathlessness are often inadequate in providing complete relief. Kinesiology taping is generally used in musculoskeletal practice for preventive and rehabilitative purposes. Recently, our attention was drawn to the plausible mechanism(s) and indication for use of kinesiology taping for managing chronic breathlessness. We present a brief review of the scientific rationale and efficacy of kinesiology taping for respiratory function-related outcomes. Through this publication, we hope to catalyse discussions amongst palliative care professionals and researchers on the potential use of kinesiology taping in the management of chronic breathlessness.

Biofilm samples collected from inside and outside the press and former sections of paper machines in a Northwestern Ontario paper mill for a period of 2 years were characterized microbiologically and electrochemically. Bacterial community profiling was done using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) and selected bacterial isolates were identified using 16S rDNA analysis. The bacterial community showed the presence of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria. Sphingomonas sp. was found to be the most common bacterial species, which showed the highest production of extracellular polymeric substances. Bacteria isolated from biofilms showed better adhesion properties than those from water samples. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies showed that bacteria isolated from biofilms and feed water collected from inside the machine were more easily oxidized than those from outside, suggesting the need for a more rigorous biofilm abatement strategy for inside paper machines.

This study investigates the feasibility of using a pilot-scaled sequencing batch biofi lm reactor (SBBR) with an option for granular activated carbon (GAC), at different hydraulic retention times (HRT) for the post-treatment of treated recycled paper industry wastewater containing potentially persistent and toxic pollutants, especially adsorbable organic halides (AOX). The environmental problems associated with AOX include their accumulation in the food chain and their persistence in nature. The pilot plant consists of a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) biofi lm reactor with a diameter of 1.2 m, and a maximum water depth of 1.8 m, that is packed with 1111 g/L of 2–3 mm granular activated carbon (coconut shells). The effect of HRT on AOX (specifi cally PCP) and COD removal was investigated at varying hydraulic loading rates of 0.3– 0.8 m3/(m2 day). The HRT was investigated at three diff erent levels varying from 1 to 3 days and the most suitable retention time, resulting in maximum overall removal...

The present study establishes the feasibility of decomposition of hazardous biosludge from an integrated pulp and paper mill with ozone and subsequent biodegradation of disintegrated biomass in the activated sludge process (ASP). The 16.0 ± 0.5% solubization of mixed liquor volatile suspended solids and 22.6 ± 2.3% dechlorination of AOX compounds of biosludge were observed at an ozone dosage of 43–47 mg O3/g dry solid. More than 90% PCDD and PCDF compounds were degraded. The recycling of disintegrated sludge to ASP did not affect the performance of the process in terms of reduction in total organic carbon, CODs, color and AOX. The proliferation of filamentous organisms was controlled by ozone treatment of sludge. The biomass yield was only 0.06 g with ozone treatment, whereas the same was 0.31 g/g of CODs removal in control reactor.

The use of computer-based tests (CBTs) has spread rapidly in recent years, as such tests offer real-time scoring and immediate feedback, facilitate the use of individualised testing methods, improve test administration and reduce test expenses. Thus, most previous studies have tended to focus on the technical advantages of CBTs and on implementation issues. However, objections to the use of CBTs have begun to surface, and the primary concern is whether the scores of CBTs and those of paper-based tests (PBTs) are equivalent. The aim of this article is to compare the scores of Korean students on computer-based and paper-based versions of the same test. We focus on the differences between the scores of male and female participants and between scores on tests examining different subject matter. Surprisingly, even though the Korean students who participated in this study had more exposure to advanced information technologies such as computers, the Internet and multimedia than did students in other countries, t...

Paper mill sludge (PMS) was utilized to prepare granular activated carbon (GAC) fillers for fluidized-bed bioreactor (FBBR) through stream activation. The properties of the PMS were tested and the optimum conditions for the production process were determined. Then, the GAC fillers were used in the FBBR to investigate the capacity for wastewater treatment. The results showed that the optimal conditions were: carbonization temperature of 450 degrees C, carbonization time of 50 min, activation temperature of 800 degrees C and activation time of 60 min. The specific surface area of the GAC fillers was 130 m2/g and the grain density was 1.34 x 10(3) kg/m3. The wastewater treatment results showed that after40 days ofrunning, under the conditions of influent COD of 800 mg/L and HRT of2 h, the COD removal efficiency was about 90%, which demonstrated that PMS-based GAC fillers were feasible for FBBR.

Five bacterial strains were isolated and purified (CSA101 to CSA105) from the sediment core of the effluent released from the Century Pulp and Paper Mill Ltd., India. These strains were grown in minimal salt medium (MSM) containing pulp (10% as a carbon source). The production of lignin peroxidase, CMCase, Fpase, and xylanase together with protein and reducing sugar by all bacterial strains was observed. All of the bacterial isolates responded differently with respect to growth and ligninocellulolytic enzyme production. The maximum lignin peroxidase (LiP) was obtained from the cell extract of Bacillus sp. (CSA105) strain, which was used for purification, fractionation and characterization. The culture filtrate from Bacillus sp. (CSA105) was purified with ammonium sulfate precipitation. Crude protein was desalted by dialyzing with Tris buffer. The lignolytic enzyme produced in the liquid medium was fractionated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. In the present study, 12.4-fold purification of Li...