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Although parent–child discrepant perception of the family has been increasingly noted in the west, pertinent research is limited in Chinese societies. In addition, prior pertinent studies p...

Forty-one respirable particle (PM4) samples were collected from October 2011 through March 2012. This timespan covered the fall and winter seasons in Tehran, Iran. The associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and n-alkane concentrations were analyzed to investigate the sources of these compounds and health risks of the former. The average total PAH and n-alkane concentrations were 16.2 ng/m3 and 758 ng/m3, respectively. The most abundant PAHs were 2- and 3-ring compounds, while the most abundant n-alkanes were nC16 and nC18. The results of source identification by factor analysis (FA) are consistent with and complementary to those from diagnostic ratios (DRs). The PAH DRs indicate a dominant contribution from pyrogenic sources, in particular diesel engines from local traffic sources, while FA reveals a diesel-fuelled vehicle emission related factor, a gasoline engine emission-related factor, an industrial source factor and a wood combustion, incineration and tire tread source factor. The n-alkane ...