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Fatigue alters rearfoot kinematics on an individual basis and may offer a means of functionally grouping runners. This proof of concept study aimed to determine whether fatigue related changes in rearfoot eversion could be used to functionally group runners. Sixteen male recreational runners had their frontal plane rearfoot kinematics recorded by a three-dimensional motion capture system before and after a 5km run. The magnitude of change in frontal plane rearfoot kinematics pre- to post-fatigue was calculated and K-means clustering used to identify functional groups based upon these changes.

In footwear research, footwear comfort has become an increasingly popular topic. Commonly used assessment tools include the visual analogue scale, the Likert scale and self-reported ranking (Lindor...

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of motion control, neutral and cushioned running shoes upon inter-segmental foot kinematics. Twenty-eight active males completed one testing session, in which they ran in standardised motion control, neutral and cushioned running shoes on a treadmill at a self-selected pace (2.9 ± 0.6 m·s−1). Incisions were made within the shoes to enable the motion of the foot to be tracked using a motion analysis system and inter-segmental foot kinematics calculated using the Istituti Ortopedici Rizzoli foot model. Discrete parameters associated with midfoot–rearfoot, forefoot–rearfoot, forefoot–midfoot and medial longitudinal arch motion were compared between footwear conditions. Midfoot–rearfoot eversion upon initial contact and peak medial longitudinal arch angles (MLAA) were significantly lower in the motion control shoe compared to the neutral and cushioned shoes. The reductions in midfoot–rearfoot eversion and medial longitudinal arch deformation in the motion control running shoe may be due to increased medial posting and torsional control systems in this shoe. However, these changes in midfoot kinematics may be offset by significant increases in sagittal plane midfoot–rearfoot and forefoot–rearfoot range of motion, particularly during mid-stance.

Footwear biomechanics research typically focuses on the assessment of frontal plane rearfoot (RF) motion when determining the influence of footwear on foot motion (Cheung & Ng, 2007; Lilley, Stiles...

Introduction Multi-segmental foot modelling (MSFM) during shod activity has the potential to enhance our understanding of how footwear influences foot motion. Recent work by Bishop et al. (2015) and Shultz & Jenkyn (2012) has validated the incision parameters to accommodate surface mounted markers for two alternative MSFMs, requiring 7 and 5 incisions respectively, within the shoe. These MSFMs have been sparsely used in contrast to 3DFoot model (Leardini et al. 2007) which would require 10 incisions and has not been used previously to assess in-shoe foot motion. Purpose of the study To determine the influence of incisions to accommodate Jenkyn and Nicol (JN) and 3DFoot MSFMs upon the structural integrity of neutral running shoes. Methods Two procedures were applied to assess shoe deformation. A) Eight males (30±8yrs, 1.78±0.05m, 84±7kg) completed 2 testing sessions. Participants ran at a self-selected pace (3±0.5m.s-1) in standard ASICS running shoes. Baseline shoe deformation data was collected during the first session. Prior to session 2, 25mm incisions were made to accommodate MSFMs: 3DFoot (left shoe) and JN (right shoe). Kinematic data were recorded using a 3D motion analysis system (VICON, Oxford, England) at 200Hz. Three retro-reflective markers (Figure 1) were used to measure as shoe distance and shoe angle at initial contact (IC), heel rise (HR) and toe off (TO). Shoe deformation measures were compared using paired t-tests. B) Material strain of the shoe upper was assessed in 1 male participant (26yrs, 1.80m, 80kgs) using ARAMIS optical system. Material strain patterns were compared between intact and cut conditions using Trend symmetry (TS) analysis (Crenshaw & Richards, 2006). Here Figure 1. Results No significant differences (p > 0.05) in shoe distance were recorded between intact and cut conditions but significant differences (p < 0.05) were reported in shoe angle at all three events of running gait (Table 1). Material strain assessment showed lower TS scores for the lateral aspect of the shoe (TS = 0.81 ± 0.11) than the medial aspect (TS = 0.89 ± 0.12). Symmetry was greater between the intact and JN shoe (TS= 0.88 ± 0.10) than the intact and 3DFoot shoe (TS = 0.82 ± 0.13). Here Table 1. Discussion and Conclusion Analysis of kinematic shoe deformation measures revealed individual responses to incisions made within the upper of a running shoe to accommodate MSFMs. Significant (p < 0.05) changes in shoe angles were noted between the intact and cut conditions at IC and TO for the JN incisions and HR for the 3DFoot incisions. However, while the changes in shoe angle were significant, the mean difference was small (≤ 5°). This value is lower than the minimal important difference proposed by Nester et al. (2007) for comparison of gait kinematics. Thus, it may be argued that the differences in shoes angles between intact and cut conditions were negligible and the results support the use of either MSFM to assess shod foot motion. While the use of kinematic measures to infer the shoes structural integrity have been used previously (Shultz and Jenkyn, 2012), no validation of these measure has been undertaken. The small and non-systematic findings reported in both this study and that of Shultz and Jenkyn (2012), particularly for shoe distance measures; question the sensitivity of kinematic shoe deformation measures to detect changes in structural integrity. Material strain analysis was used to further explore area specific alterations in the running shoes structural integrity from the different incision sets. The material strain analysis supported the use of the JN foot model to assess in-shoe foot kinematics, due to higher symmetry scores and smaller mean differences between the intact and JN shoes. Further exploration of additional means of assessing the influence of incisions to accommodate MSFM upon the shoes structural integrity is warranted. References Bishop, C. et al. (2015). Gait Posture, 41 (1), 295-299. Crenshaw, S. and Richards, J. (2006) Gait Posture, 24 (4), 515-521. Jenkyn, T. and Nicol, A. (2007). J Biomech, 40 (14), 3271-3278. Leardini, A. et al. (2007). Gait Posture, 25 (3), 453-462. Nester, C. et al. (2007). J Biomech, 40 (15), 3412-3423. Shultz, R. and Jenkyn, T. (2012). Med Eng Phys, 34 (1), 118-122.