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Contemporaneous notes refer to witness accounts composed during or immediately after a critical event. Although contemporaneous notes can improve eyewitness accuracy, their influence upon juror dec...

This editorial sets the conceptual frame of reference for the special issue. It examines key themes at the intersection of activist leisure and critical event studies. Drawing on a wide range of so...

The article discusses what happens when a ‘critical event’ exposes a migrant population to public view, leading them to reflect on their multiple identities and loyalties. Its focus is on twenty-fi...

Reproduction is a critical event in the life cycle of animals, and a high amount of energy is allocated to it. The aim of this study was to characterize the reproductive biology of two recently des...

The sociocultural orientation in general education, which has gradually leaked into second language teacher education, argues that teachers usually employ social relations, cultural artefac...

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths, with limited improvement in its clinical outcome worldwide. Aberrant mucin-type O-glycosylation is a critical event widespread in the development of GC. Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases (GALNTs) regulate the initial step and determine the sites of mucin-type O-glycoprotein bio-synthesis. GALNT6 has considerable potential as a biomarker in various cancers. The roles of GALNT6 in GC were analyzed, and the results showed that GALNT6 expression markedly increased in GC tissues compared with those in adjacent gastric tissues. High intratumoral GALNT6 density was associated with the clinicopathological parameters of TNM stage and distant metastasis. GALNT6 was identified as an independent prognosticator for the poor prognosis of GC patients. Moreover, the high expression level of GALNT6 was significantly associated with the low expression levels of E-cadherin and β-catenin and the high expression levels of MMP9. These findings indicated that GALNT6 could provide new insights into the characterization of GC as well as contribute to the development of an efficient prognostic indicator and novel therapeutic modalities for GC.

Calcutta is now known as Kolkata, but for the purposes of this article, Calcutta is retained throughout. Historical accounts of the Great Calcutta Riots (1946) emphasize their role in making Indian Partition an inevitable outcome of nationalist-religious politics in colonial India. It is seen as a critical event in the religious wars, conventionally known as the Partition riots or communal riots, in the Indian sub-continent in 1945–47. This article, while basing itself on previous historical understanding, views the Great Calcutta Killings as a remarkable event in the mutually constitutive relations between the police and the crowd. The police apparatus built by the colonial state was based fundamentally on the obedience of individuals and individual subjection to the institution of law and order when the feudal form of allegiance was no longer required. Their conduct was now required to demonstrate total and exhaustive obedience to whatever the imperatives of the colonial state were in relation t...

Ayona Datta’s essay, “The Intimate City,” deals with complex questions of violence and intimacy in the city, beginning with the “critical event” that became known as the Delhi rape case—a brutal ac...

Once lying in the margins, event studies is now a stand-alone subject area receiving new attention and research. The book, ‘Critical Event Studies: Approaches to Research,’ edited by Ian R Lamond a...

Recent evidence suggests that event centrality has a prominent association with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. However, evidence for this notion thus far has been mostly correlational. We report two studies that prospectively examined the relationship between event centrality and PTSD symptoms. Study 1 METHODS: Participants (N = 1438) reported their most stressful event ("prior event"), along with event centrality, PTSD symptoms, and neuroticism. At Time 2 participants reported their most stressful event since Time 1 ("critical event"), along with measures of event centrality and PTSD symptoms. Study 1 RESULTS: Event centrality for the critical event predicted PTSD symptoms, after controlling for event centrality and PTSD symptoms of the prior event and neuroticism. StudyIn the second study (N = 161) we examined changes in event centrality and PTSD symptoms over a month. Study 2 RESULTS: Using a cross-lagged panel design, results revealed event centrality at Time 1 significantly predicted PTSD symptoms at Time 2, but the reverse was not significant.In two studies, a prospective association between event centrality and PTSD symptoms, but not the reverse, emerged. This evidence implicates event centrality in the pathogenesis and/or maintenance of PTSD symptoms.

Universities invest significant resources in the provision of mathematics tuition to first year students, through both traditional and non-traditional means. Research has shown that a significant minority of students do not engage with these resources appropriately. This paper presents findings from a study of two groups of students at Maynooth University. Both groups had similar mathematical backgrounds on entry to university. The first group consisted of seven students who had failed first year mathematics and had very low levels of engagement with available supports. The second group consisted of nine students who had passed first year mathematics and had engaged with the supports to a significant extent. It emerged that while both groups initially displayed similar tactics and encountered similar difficulties, their levels of reaction to a number of critical events in their mathematical education were key to their engagement levels and their subsequent progression. Further analysis revealed aspects of...

Pilot performance following unexpected critical events has been either ineffective or inappropriate in some recent aircraft accidents. The deleterious effects of startle have been identified as causal or contributory in these events. The startle reflex, fight or flight reaction, and stress response are discussed. Threat has the effect of potentiating startle effects and has significant deleterious effects on cognition. This could contribute to poor performance following an unexpected critical event in aviation. Training strategies for improved performance, which would expose pilots to unexpected critical events more often, and develop greater self-efficacy, are discussed.

Alcohol affects memory in many, and mostly negative, ways. This is a problem in legal contexts as many witnesses are alcohol intoxicated when taking part of the critical event. However, research is sparse regarding how, and under what circumstances, the reports of alcohol intoxicated witnesses differ from those of sober witnesses. This study investigated whether alcohol intoxicated and sober eyewitnesses differ regarding completeness, accuracy, and type of information reported, as well as whether gender influenced these variables. Eighty-seven healthy men (n = 44) and women (n = 43) received either an alcoholic beverage (0.7 g/kg) or a control (juice) in a laboratory setting before viewing a film picturing intimate partner violence. Ten minutes after viewing the film, they were interviewed. Reports by alcohol intoxicated women were less complete, but as accurate, as sober women's. In contrast, intoxicated and sober men did not differ regarding completeness or accuracy. Furthermore, compared with sober wom...

After hurting someone, individuals will sometimes apologize. Research has not explored the degree to which individuals expect their apologies to be accepted and the reactions individuals have when apologies are not accepted. The researchers use Expectancy Violation Theory to understand the relationship between expectations, responses to apologies. The researchers gathered data on hurtful events using critical event questionnaires, and results indicated that while accepting an apology is positively evaluated by apologizers, this relationship is moderated by their expectations of acceptance prior to the actual response to the apology. Limitations and directions for future research are discussed.

We use World Values Survey data from the Netherlands and Germany to compare the importance of within-nation region differences with nation differences in work goals. These two nations have historical relationships and internal differences that are especially useful for testing hypotheses about nation compared to within-nation region differences. We develop hypotheses about the implications of religious heritage and urbanization for work goals based on functional, institutional and critical event explanations for regional culture differences. A number of work goals (notably extrinsic goals like pay) show too little difference between either nations or within-nation regions to consider them. For those work goals that do show region differences, the largest differences, those for job security goals and goals for working with pleasant people, are associated with region differences between rather than within the two nations. Regional differences in some work goals are also related to religious heritage. Regional differences in work goals have implications for the kinds of HR programs that managers may wish to promote in different locations. For example, the results suggest that HR managers have reason to anticipate that policies promoting job security may receive especially positive responses in Germany, whereas programs promoting social relationships may be best received in the Netherlands. Similarly, organizations that operate in both the north and south of each country should be alert to a number of possible within-nation differences in local optimal HR policies, but the within-nation differences found here are small enough that they should be carefully checked in specific organizations.

In reactions to the terror attacks in Oslo and on Utoya on July 22, 2011, belief in an open society, hope and altruism played an important part. This has led to research on the role of such values in Norwegian democracy. The present study explores messages given by children right after the event, using an approach based on Mikhail Bakhtin’s philosophy of dialogue. Several issues of educational significance are discussed: the meaning of ritual in children’s thinking, coping with offending, death, and understanding children’s spiritual and religious thinking when confronted with a critical event. It is argued that hope and altruism seem to be natural parts of children’s spirituality, but these values are not self-evident in a society. This is a challenge to education.

How do organizations learn from a drastic failure? We distinguish between ad hoc and systematic reactions and discuss their effectiveness for dealing with two basic challenges: (1) identifying and solving the problems that caused the failure; and (2) changing the organization accordingly. We apply this conceptual perspective to illustrate the dynamics of learning from the drastic failure that occurred during the development of the Airbus A380 "superjumbo." Our findings echo extant observations that efforts to redesign organizational behavior in an ad hoc manner are often insufficient. Instead, the organizational system must provide scaffolding that allows experiencing a critical event in a rich and systematic manner. When seen from a dynamic perspective, however, we find that even imperfect ad hoc efforts may play a vital role. By enforcing changes, providing stability, and raising awareness, they can act as a helpful prelude to more systematic problem solving and change.

Researchers planning to critically study events may, for obvious reasons, encounter quite a bit of resistance from the producers and power brokers of costly, public events. Perhaps this explains wh...

Human neurological disorders are associated with brain-enriched proteins in a major way. Homeostasis of such proteins is a critical event in brain functioning and development. Neuropathological studies of most common neurological disorders clearly show that accumulated, misfolded, mutant proteins are the preliminary causes for such disorders. Studies in the past few decades suggest that the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) network is a critical regulator of protein levels mammalian cells. To date, various proteins and substrates in UPS associated with neurological disorders have been identified, but molecular mechanisms and how they are associated with pathogenesis of neurological disorders are poorly understood. Understanding UPS network may set a new window to understand the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. Here we are reporting the current studies of UPS components in major neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, autistic spectrum disorders, Huntington's, and multiple sclerosis.

A critical event in the life of a firm is when it undergoes an initial public offering (IPO). Drawing on the Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) literature, which evidences a psychological condition that produces heightened pessimism and risk aversion during the fall and winter months, this study focuses on understanding the potential implications of SAD for young firms. Our results confirm the influence of SAD on IPO underpricing and demonstrate that younger firms experience even higher underpricing during periods most heavily associated with SAD. However, we find that using a higher-quality underwriter or changing the share retention decision can mitigate this impact.

In two experiments we examined how temporal aspects of narrative events influence comprehension. In Experiment 1 participants read paragraphs in which a critical event was followed by a phrase that signaled a time shift (After an hour versus After a moment). Consistent with earlier findings (e.g., Zwaan, 1996), fixation durations were longer on the phrase that signaled a larger time shift. However, there was no evidence that a larger time shift affected the accessibility of event information in Experiment 1, when the dependent measure was ease of anaphor comprehension, or in Experiment 2, when a recognition probe task was used. Although the discontinuation of an event (Maurice stopped versus was painting) did not affect anaphor reading times, it did lead to longer recognition times for the event. These results indicate that at least some event aspects remain accessible following a change in time and that the dependent measure can have a critical impact on the conclusions.

Based on the results of four-point notched bend tests together with detailed microscopic observations of fracture surfaces and crack configurations below the unbroken notch roots of double notch specimens, the fracture mechanisms in notched specimens of 8%Ni high strength (980 MPa) steel have been observed to be as follows. A fibrous crack initiates in the bainitic matrix at the notch root and then develops into a cleavage crack at a critical length. The cleavage crack propagates in an unstable manner and causes the final fracture of specimen. The critical event controlling the cleavage fracture is the propagation of the bainitic packet-sized crack, and the local fracture stress is measured as around 1845–2200 MPa.

Kim Il Sung's death in 1994 was a critical event in modern North Korea. This article examines how the North Korean state has struggled to reinvent itself since the death event; in particular, how it has faced the challenging task of turning the country's founding hero and supreme leader into a physically absent yet spiritually omnipresent ancestral figure. The article focuses on the norms of commemoration and ideas of kinship that have emerged in the process of national bereavement, partly in relation to the existing characterization of the North Korean polity as a family or neo-Confucian state.

Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM) is offered by many EAP companies to assist employees deal with their emotional response to a critical event. Some organizations utilize employees in this process while others focus on the work of the mental health professional. A current model (Justice Institute of British Columbia) for CISM utilizes both mental health professionals and peers in CISM response and this is the model utilized by Family Services EAP within Canada Post Corporation Pacific Region. The use of employees (peer diffusers) in critical incident response has its locus within the fire, police, and ambulance services (Mitchell, 1988) and is well established within these groups as a requirement of the CISM process. The focus of this study was to develop a system of intervention utilizing peer diffusers to assist the employees of Canada Post Corporation Pacific Region who experience emotional trauma due to a significant or traumatic event. The results of this applied research exhibited t...

In this article, we compare conventional uses of metacognition with the kinds of metacognition required by the teaching profession. We discover that many of problems and tasks used in successful metacognitive interventions tend to be reasonably well-defined problems of limited duration, with known solutions. Teaching has unique qualities that differentiate it from many of the tasks and environments that metacognitive interventions have supported. Teachers often confront highly variable situations. This led us to believe that successful teaching can benefit from what we call adaptive metacognition, which involves change to oneself and to one's environment, in response to a wide range of classroom social and instructional variability. We present several examples to illustrate the nature of metacognition required by teachers and the challenges of helping teachers recognize situations that require adaptive metacognition. We conclude the article by describing an approach, critical event-based instruction, whic...

This article considers the fall of New Zealand's first coalition government under the Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) electoral system, through the prism of a ‘unified’ model of Cabinet durability. This model incorporates both the ‘structural attributes’ of the government at the time of its formation, as well as the stochastic ‘critical events’ that occur over its lifetime. However, the conventional attributes of the National–New Zealand First coalition were considered favourable, and the critical event that precipitated its demise did not by itself appear to be a sufficient condition for termination. It is argued that the hitherto unspecified structural attribute of intra‐party stability was a significant factor for this particular coalition, and that this case also demonstrates the cumulative impact of non‐terminal events in undermining the incentives for continued cooperation between coalition partners.

Violent or other critical incidents are no longer unheard of in America's schools. While all schools should engage in activities to prevent violence, they should also have a response plan should violence occur. This paper guides the reader through the development of a crisis plan and the identification of crisis team members. It also outlines the use of crisis teams in assessing the critical event, planning appropriate interventions, and carrying out agreed upon action plans.

This paper investigates the spread of change in business networks with focus on critical events as triggers of radical change. The conceptual discussion is based on the analytical framework for change developed by Halinen, Salmi and Havila. This framework, compiling the mechanism, nature and forces of change in business networks, distinguishes between confined and connected change. It is suggested that mergers and acquisitions (M&As) may cause changes that spread in the business networks, and M&As are investigated as triggers of radical network change in particular. The paper includes an empirical analysis of M&As in the Nordic graphic industry.

Background: Most physicians recall specific learning events, such as patient encounters or instructional encounters, that profoundly affected their education. Formal analysis of these events may have important implications in optimizing a 4th-year acting internship in surgery (AIS). Purpose: We sought to identify and analyze critical learning events (CLEs) in an AIS. Methods: Students were asked to describe the most valuable learning experience that occurred during their AIS rotation. The 122 responses underwent critical event analysis, generating 6 categories: (a) procedures, (b) didactics, (c) call, (d) patient and perioperative care, (e) clinic, and (f) other. The critical incident category was analyzed for relations to the assigned clinical service, performance on written examination and clinical evaluation, as well as student specialty training selected upon graduation. Results: The most frequently cited critical incidents were patient and perioperative care events. The frequency of critical event th...

The article analyses the formation and mobilization of the May Movement in France, which started later than the protest movement in other countries, but within a few weeks caught up with the other movements and surpassed the German and American protest movements in its political explosiveness.

Abingdon, Routledge, 2007, 135 pp., £19.99 (paperback), £80.00 (hardback), ISBN 978‐0‐415‐37906 (paperback), 978‐0‐415‐37905 (hardback) The title of this book promises much. In the Preface, the aut...

By observation of the fracture surfaces and of appropriate metallographic sections of C–Mn steel multipass MMA (manual metal arc) weld metals and simulated weld specimens which were fractured at −60°C in Charpy V tests, it was found that the impact toughness of the specimen could be correlated with the length of the fibrous crack which was limited by unstable propagation of the cleavage crack; the latter could be initiated at a type of second phase particle transformed from carbon rich regions or non-metallic inclusions. The weakest zone in which the cleavage crack initiated was characterised by coarse grains of ferrite and the critical event which gave rise to unstable propagation of a cleavage crack was a crack in the ferrite grain larger than 30 μm cutting through the boundary and extending over the specimen. On the basis of these results, a model of the fracture mechanism is proposed and the effect of Mn content on increasing toughness is explained using the model.MST/647