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This article addresses what schools that seek to promote social mobility as opposed to status maintenance among their students really ask of them. Focusing on several prominent charter school organizations, the article details the social and behavioral expectations of the schools and understands them through an application of Goffman’s work on status change. The article concludes that social mobility through education requires much more than higher levels of academic achievement.

Satsuma growers in Alabama have used various orchard designs to minimize freeze damage. These designs include interplanting between pecan and pine trees, and planting behind windbreaks. Interplanting satsuma trees with pine trees resulted in warmer temperatures within the orchard, while the other orchard designs did not moderate orchard temperature during severe freeze events. Satsuma fruit harvested from plots shaded by pine tree canopies had higher soluble solids content and reduced fruit weight. Dense pine tree canopies can provide an insulating effect that reduces freeze damage and yield losses when severe freezes occur, but heavy shading can result in lower yields when damaging freezes do not occur.

Row covers and colored plastic mulch are used routinely throughout the United States to grow vegetables but are rarely used in conjunction to produce a crop. Summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.), cv. Prelude II, was grown on an Orangeburg sandy loam soil in Shorter, AL. The summer squash was direct seeded in single rows. The experiment consisted of 12 treatments including: (1) black plastic mulch (BPM)+spunbonded row cover (RC), (2) BPM alone, (3) white plastic mulch (WPM)+RC, (4) WPM alone, (5) red plastic mulch (RPM)+RC, (6) RPM alone, (7) bare soil (BS)+RC, (8) BS alone, (9) silver plastic mulch (SPM)+RC, (10) SPM alone, (11) blue plastic mulch (BLUPM)+RC, and (12) BLUPM alone. Year and mulch color affected all variables, row cover affected plant height and stem diameter, and the mulch color × row cover interaction affected yield variables. Mulch color and year significantly affected air and soil temperatures and row cover significantly affected air temperature. Soil temperatures were more than 5...

Periodically, reviews of our knowledge of radar-wetland relationships and detection parameters have been provided by various authors. Since the publication of these works, additional research has been completed. Five major remote sensing journals spanning the years 1965-2007 formed the basis of this review. The vast majority of significant material found its way into these mainstream journals in one aspect or another. A short history of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)-wetlands discovery based on earlier reviews is followed by an update on radar-related wetland research. Although some trends emerged with regard to which wavelengths or polarizations to use, there was variation in optimum season/time of year and selection of multitemporal imagery. What is evident throughout the recent literature is that multidimensional radar data sets are attaining an accepted role in operational situations needing information on wetland presence, extent and conditions.

Total phenolics (TPH), flavonoids (TF), monomeric anthocyanins (ACY), and Vitamin C Equivalent Antioxidant Capacities (VCEAC) utilizing ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging assays were determined for five fully ripened blackberries cultivars (‘Loch Ness’, ‘Navaho’, ‘Arapaho’, ‘Apache’, and ‘Triple Crown’) of Rubus spp. grown in Alabama. The ABTS and DPPH methods were highly correlated (R = 0.897) and the ABTS method was better for assessing the overall antioxidant capacity. Cultivar differences were found in TPH, ACY, and VCEAC as determined by the ABTS method (P ≤ 0.05) with ‘Loch Ness’ and ‘Apache’ containing the highest levels. Based on these findings ‘Apache’, ‘Arapaho’, and ‘Navaho’ are three thornless blackberry cultivars that have potential to be used as dietary supplements and for commercial production in Alabama due to high phytonutrient content, antioxidant capacities, and yield.

Changes in fruit quality attributes and antioxidative properties from six cultivars of thornless blackberries (Rubus sp.) (‘Apache’, ‘Arapaho’, ‘Chester’, ‘Loch Ness’, ‘Navaho’, and ‘Triple Crown’) during four different ripening stages (red, motded, shiny-black, and dull-black) were determined under Alabama growing conditions. Berry fruit samples were evaluated for pH, titratable acidity, total soluble solids, TSS/TA ratio, soluble sugars, vitamin C (reduced, oxidized, and total) and antioxidant capacity (measured as trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, TEAC). Significant variation among cultivars and maturity of harvest were in fruit quality attributes and antioxidative properties found. An increase in fruit pH concomitant with a decline in titratable acidity (TA) was observed during ripening for all cultivars. Total soluble solids (TSS) values increased from 5.7 to 11.6%, and TSS/TA ratio ranged from 11.9 to 63.6. Highest reducing and total sugar content were contained in dull-black fruit. V...

The relationship between fruit maturation and accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H202), lipid peroxidation, ethylene (C2H4) production, antioxidant activity (hydrophilic, lipophilic and total) and the antioxidant enzyme ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11) in fruit pericarp tissue of ‘Chandler’ (Fragaria xananassa Duch.) strawberry were measured. ‘Chandler’ fruit pericarp maturation and ripening were accompanied by a decline in H202 content early in fruit development followed by a rapid accumulation. An increase in membrane lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS) coincided with accumulation of H202, which preceded a rise in C2H4 production. In general, antioxidant activity declined as fruit matured and ripened. APX enzyme activity increased by 2-fold and peaked at the pink stage of development and then gradually declined with ripening. H202 may serve as a signal molecule to initiate the cascade of oxidative processes during maturation and ripening. APX enzyme activ...

Blackberries are an excellent source of natural antioxidants. Fully ripened fruit of ‘Apache’, ‘Arapaho’, ‘Chester’, ‘Loch Ness’, ‘Navaho’ and ‘Triple Crown’ thornless blackberries were evaluated for their physicochemical and antioxidative activity. There were no consistent differences for variation in initial pH, titratable acidity (TA), total soluble sugar (TSS) and TSS/TA ratio values determined. Differences among cultivars with respect to reduced ascorbic acid (AA) were established, but there were no differences in either oxidized ascorbic acid (DHA) or total ascorbic acid (TAA) content. The antioxidant activity as determined by ABTS radical cation procedure for fractionated crude fruit extracts varied in response to parameters evaluated. Hydrophilic antioxidant activity (HAA) was not different among cultivars evaluated. In contrast, differences were found in lipophilic antioxidant activity (LAA) and total antioxidant activity (TAA).

We compare new forms of student competition to enter Canadian versus American higher education. In the U.S., this competition triggers student strategies to enter prestigious institutions, while in Canada it is absorbed across fields of study. We trace these differences to the greater hierarchy in the U.S. system and discuss the possible future course of competition.

The response of strawberry plants in the annual hill plasti-culture system to the use of lightweight nonwoven rowcovers (17g/square meter) during the fall establishment period, winter and early spring was investigated. These fabrics can provide some cold and wind dessication protection and can also increase soil and air temperatures around the plant. The increased temperatures under the cover may simulate increased flower bud formation during the short day induction cycles in the fall and spring. Additionally, the covers may provide a protective environment where leaves remain functional for longer periods and crown and root development may be stimulated. In this study, row covers were installed and removed at various intervals from October through March. In addition to the uncovered control plants, the following row cover timings were imposed: Oct.-Mar., Oct.-Feb., Oct.- Dec., Oct.-Nov., Nov.-Mar., Oct.-Feb., Oct.-Jan., Oct.-Dec., Oct.-Nov., Nov.-Mar., Dec.-Mar., Jan.-Mar., and Feb.-Mar. Treatme...

‘Navaho’ erect thornless blackberry plants were subjected to a combination of three primocane summer topping heights and two lateral length pruning treatments. Plants were topped at 91, 122, 152 cm tall, and laterals were shortened to either 30 or 61 cm in length. Treatment effects on yield and plant structure were examined for four growing seasons. Lateral length had little effect on yield and any pruning height. Yield generally increased with increasing plant height. The 122-cm height appeared to optimize yield while still allowing for manageable floricane architecture.

Effects of black plastic mulch and row covers on the performance of sweet potato production were evaluated. This study was conducted at E.V. Smith Research center, Shorter, Alabama. Treatments were: (1) black plastic mulch (BPM), (2) BPM + white, tinted, slitted plastic (WTSP) row tunnel, (3) BPM + spunbonded polyester (SPE) floating row cover, (4) BPM + clear, slitted plastic (CSP) row tunnel, and (5) bare soil (control). BPM + WTSP and BPM + SPE treatments produced the highest total yields, resulting in 46% and 34% increase over the control. BPM +. WTSP also produced significantly more U.S. #1 grade sweet potato roots as compared with the control. BPM and row covers accelerated vine growth. Results show BPM + WTSP and BPM + SPE to be alternative ways of increasing sweet potato yields.

The capacity for sensate experience develops very early in life, begining prenatally. What the child lacks is opportunity, not capacity. Yet children are denied the full range of sexual experiences consistent with their capacity. At least this is true of children brought up in secretive and repressive societies. On the other hand, the full range of cognitive capacity in humans does not emerge during childhood and is not available until adolescence at best. Management of the sexual life at a rational level appears difficult to attain for persons brought up in secretive repressive societies. Therefore much more thought and attention has to go into the development of quality sex education, education that takes into account the child's cognitive capacity plus any developmental lag in learning resulting from lack of prior sexual experience or the negative effects of furtive sexual encounters and negative parental reactions to such encounters.

In this study the relationship between urban land use features and radar polarization was examined. Statistical tests were applied to density readings of HH-and HV-polarized X-band SAR imagery to determine: (1) differences in signal return among urban land use categories within a single polarization and (2) variations in signal return between polarizations for individual land use categories. Only one category produced a statistical difference between polarizations. Although some categories were separable on both polarizations, others were separable only on a single polarization. Possible reasons are discussed along with an observed clustering of classes by signal response/grey tone.

Dual‐polarized X‐band airborne synthetic aperture radar imagery of Los Angeles, California is employed to examine the relationship among urban land use category identification, category location within an urban area, and radar polarization. Results indicate that HV polarized imagery may be preferred for urban land use mapping as the signal response is less sensitive to target orientation and surface scatter. That is, there was more category related variation in tone and texture. For both polarizations there were significant differences in identification accuracy among land use classes and the ability to identify a single land use type varied across the study area, but not equally. A major problem relative to developing applications was the inability to distinguish Commercial‐Services and Industrial activity from other categories.

Urban land-cover maps were produced by interpreting dual-polarized (HH and HV) X-band synthetic aperture radar imagery of Los Angeles, California. These maps were then registered to and compared with an existing 85-category land-use map of the area to determine: (i) specific points of interpretation error (errors of commission) among the types of land cover; and (ii) differences in detectability and misidentification between polarizations. The HH data were much more difficult to interpret than the HV imagery and consequently produced a greater number of errors and types of land-cover confusion. However, there were some land-cover categories which were consistently confused with one another. Those within and between category misidentifications are discussed as they relate to SAR imagery.

Digitally processed Seasat synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery of the Denver, Colorado area was examined to assess its potential for mapping urban land cover and the compatibility of SAR derived classes with those described in the U.S. Geological Survey classification system. The entire scene was interpreted to generate a small-scale land cover map. In addition, six subscene enlargements representative of urban land cover categories extant in the area were used as test sites for detailed analysis of land cover types. Two distinct approaches were employed and compared in examining the imagery - a visual interpretation of black-and-white positive transparencies and an automated-machine/visual interpretation. The latter used the Image 100 interactive image analysis system to generate land cover classes by density level slicing of the image frequency histogram.

The detectability of settlements and factors influencing their visibility are explored using imagery from two side-looking airborne radar systems. K-band and X-band imagery of diverse areas in the United States are examined to discover the minimum population needed for a settlement to be consistently detected. The percentage of settlements visible by size of population are calculated and omission/commission errors analysed. Particular attention is devoted to the effects of environmental modulation and a near-, mid-, or far-range location, but the factors of scale, resolution, and system are also addressed.

(1961). Value Assumptions in Family Research with Reference to Population. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 281-292.

In reporting some of the preliminary results of the " Study of the Relations of Secondary and Higher Education in Pennsylvania/' the research staff of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching recently threw a bombshell into many academic circles by its announcement that the general culture information of all four under graduate classes was approximately on the same level. With the in telligence means fairly stable, the average freshman did practically as well as the average senior in the four comprehensive fields of foreign literature, fine arts, history and social studies, and general science. The same extraordinary overlapping of performance which has distressed educators in the elementary field apparently persists in even more marked form on the collegiate plane. Obviously, this startling revelation seemed to involve an indictment of the efficacy of our present practices, and many administrators speedily began the hunt for some explanation of these curious results. Its sheer length and wide range of sampling eliminated any question as to the reliability of this particular test battery, but the more diffi cult issue of validity (which many test-builders have evaded) pre sented a more vulnerable point of attack. However, from a common sense approach and in the light of the objectives and content of the tra ditional liberal arts curriculum, there seems little reason for doubting the legitimacy of the opinion that actual growth in "cultural mastery'' should be indicated by the scores on the Carnegie blank;?especially since the items comprising it were all prepared by experienced col lege instructors, who, presumably being cultured individuals themselves and in the most strategic position for appraising it in others, would probably emphasize only that material which professional contacts had shown to be most diagnostic of its presence. This, of course, is not a quantitative demonstration of a test's validity but it does create a strong presumption in its favor. The mere fact that a test designed to un cover racial differences fails to do so does not mean that the test as such is no good; it may merely show that no significant race differences exist ! 255