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An analytical method was validated and developed to determine the levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, acrylonitrile, benzene, toluene, and styrene from smoking cessation aids using by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Seventeen non-ignitable cigarette type of smoking cessation aids, liquid-phase of smoking cessation aids, gas-phase of smoking cessation aids, and ignitable cigarette type of smoking cessation aids were analyzed for levels of six VOCs. The proposed method for six VOCs was validated in satisfactory linearity (R

Background The natural food waste peels/shells discarded as waste materials are ample sources of natural bioactive compounds. The natural food waste mediated silver (Ag) nanoparticle (NPs) synthesis will be advantageous over chemical synthesis. Materials and methods Using the various phytochemical-rich ripe P. americana peel (PAP), fresh Beta vulgaris peel (BVP), and rawArachis hypogaea shell (AHS) extracts, the bio-synthesis of PAP-AgNPs, BVP-AgNPs, and AHS-AgNPs, respectively, were carried out and its characterization was completed by standard procedures. The three biosynthesized AgNP's multiple biological effects were accomplished by evaluating their cytotoxicity, antidiabetic, and antioxidant effects. Results The biosynthesis of the three generated Ag nanoparticles was confirmed through UV-vis spectrum analysis while the X-ray diffraction outlines revealed the generated AgNPs nature. The morphological structure and elemental information of the three AgNPs were obtained through SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and EDX (energy-dispersive X-ray) study. Multiple biological assays exhibited that the three generated AgNPs have significant cytotoxic, antidiabetic, and moderate antioxidant activity. In a comparative analysis, the PAP-AgNPs displayed higher anticancer potential than BVP and AHS-AgNPs, whereas AHS-AgNPs exhibited a higher antidiabetic effect with the lowest IC50 value (1.68 µg/mL) than PAP and BVP AgNPs. All three generated AgNPs displayed moderate antioxidant effects, among them BVP-AgNPs were more effective than PAP and AHS AgNPs. More than two effects of the three biosynthesized AgNPs specifies that they have ample perspective in therapeutic applications in pharmaceutical and other related industries in controlling cancer and diabetes.

Background The synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using food waste materials and their biomedical applications have garnered considerable attention recently. Methods Here, we investigated the synthesis of AgNPs using an aqueous extract of outer peel of Pisum sativum under different lighting conditions using standard procedures and explored their antidiabetic, cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and antibacterial potential. Results Characterization of AgNPs was done by Ultra Violet (UV-VIS) spectroscopy that showed absorption maxima at 456 nm for the samples exposed to laboratory lighting and at 464 nm for the samples exposed to direct sunlight, by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis that showed the surface nature and their elemental composition with a strong peak at 3 keV that corresponded to Ag (61.85 wt%), by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy that predicted the functional groups involved, and by X-ray powder diffraction that showed the structural properties. The average diameter of the synthesized AgNPs was calculated to be in the range of 10-25 nm. AgNPs exhibited promising antidiabetic activity as determined by inhibition of α-glucosidase (95.29% inhibition at 10 µg/mL and IC50 value of 2.10 µg/mL) and cytotoxicity (IC50 value 4.0 µg/mL as calculated from the slope equation) against HepG2 cells. Furthermore, they also exhibited moderate antioxidant activity (50.17% reduction of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl at 100 µg/mL) and antibacterial activity against four human pathogenic bacteria (as indicated by 8.70-11.10 mm inhibition zones on agar plates). Conclusion In conclusion, the results confirm that food waste can be used in the synthesis of AgNPs and that the latter have the potential for applications in various fields including diabetic and cancer treatments as well as in biomedicine for the manufacture of antibacterial coatings in medical devices and instruments.

Background Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.(Ib) has high content of various beneficial nutrients which helps in improving and maintaining human health. It is well known as a functional food and also a valuable source of unique natural products. It contains various phenolic and flavonoid bioactive compounds.

Determination of eight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ready-to-eat food products by using a GC-MS method was described. The methodology included saponification, liquid-liquid extraction...

Nanodrug delivery systems sometimes referred to as nanocarriers (NCs) are nanoengineered biocompatible materials or devices, which in conjugation with desired bioactive compounds plays an indispensable functional role in the field of pharmaceutical and allied sciences. The diversified ability of this bioengineered colloidal or noncolloidal molecule to breach the biological barriers to reach the targeted location in the biological system uplifts its other versatile natures of mono- or polydispersity in biodistribution. Furthermore, its nontoxicity and biodegradability result in making it a unique candidate for its purpose as drug delivery system. A number of different conjugations of chemical and biological substances are currently implemented for the synthesis of this biofunctional hybrid nanomaterial by simple methods. The use of these bioconjugated as a nanoparticulated system is currently being used for the treatment of various deadly incurable infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and disorders such as diabetes and cancers of various forms. Henceforth, the objective of the present review article is to provide overviews of the diversified and types of nanoparticulated systems, their beneficial as well as deleterious impacts along with the future prospect of nanodrug delivery system based on present status.

The Seven Sister states of northeast India are characterized by diverse population with different ethnic backgrounds. Indigenous and fermented foods are an intrinsic part of diet of these ethnic tribes. It is the oldest and most economical methods for development of a diversity of aromas, flavors, and textures as well as for food preservation and biological enrichment by manipulation of different microbial populations. Wild fruits and vegetables have more nutritional value than cultivated fruits and contribute to sustainable food production and security. Fermented products are region-specific and have their own unique substrates and preparation methods. Soybeans, bamboo shoots, and locally available vegetables are commonly fermented by most tribes. Fermented alcoholic beverages prepared in this region are unique and bear deep attachment with socio-cultural lives of local people. These products serve as a source of income to many rural people, who prepare them at home and market them locally. Detai...

Exposure and risk assessment was performed by evaluating levels of volatile organic compounds (VOC) benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) in 207 consumer products. The products were categorized into 30 different items, consisting of products of different brands. Samples were analyzed for BTEX by headspace-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (headspace-GC/MS) with limit of detection (LOD) of 1 ppm. BTEX were detected in 59 consumer products from 18 item types. Benzene was detected in whiteout (ranging from not detected [ND] to 3170 ppm), glue (1486 ppm), oil-based ballpoint pens (47 ppm), and permanent (marking) pens (2 ppm). Toluene was detected in a leather cleaning product (6071 ppm), glue (5078 ppm), whiteout (1130 ppm), self-adhesive wallpaper (15-1012 ppm), shoe polish (806 ppm), permanent pen (609 ppm), wig adhesive (372 ppm), tapes (2-360 ppm), oil-based ballpoint pen (201 ppm), duplex wallpaper (12-52 ppm), shoes (27 ppm), and air freshener (13 ppm). High levels of ethylbenzene were detected in permanent pen (ND-345,065 ppm), shoe polish (ND-277,928 ppm), leather cleaner (42,223 ppm), whiteout (ND-2,770 ppm), and glue (ND-792 ppm). Xylene was detected in permanent pen (ND-285,132 ppm), shoe polish (ND-87,298 ppm), leather cleaner (12,266 ppm), glue (ND-3,124 ppm), and whiteout (ND-1,400 ppm). Exposure assessment showed that the exposure to ethylbenzene from permanent pens ranged from 0 to 3.11 mg/kg/d (men) and 0 to 3.75 mg/kg/d (women), while for xylene, the exposure ranges were 0-2.57 mg/kg/d and 0-3.1 mg/kg/d in men and women, respectively. The exposure of women to benzene from whiteout ranged from 0 to 0.00059 mg/kg/d. Hazard index (HI), defined as a ratio of exposure to reference dose (RfD), for ethylbenzene was 31.1 (3.11 mg/kg/d/0.1 mg/kg/d) and for xylene (2.57 mg/kg/d/0.2 mg/kg/d) was 12.85, exceeding 1 for both compounds. Cancer risk for benzene was calculated to be 3.2 × 10(-5) based on (0.00059 mg/kg/d × 0.055 mg/kg-d(-1), cancer potency factor), assuming that 100% of detected levels in some products such as permanent pens and whiteouts were exposed in a worst-case scenario. These data suggest that exposure to VOC via some consumer products exceeded the safe limits and needs to be reduced.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) content and a risk assessment from consumption of Korean edible oils were investigated. Liquid-liquid extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy were used to measure eight PAH in edible oils commonly consumed in Korea. The total average PAH concentration was 0.548 μg/kg from edible oils and the content of the 8 PAH was lower than 2 μg/kg, which is the maximum tolerable limit reported by the commission regulation. The contents of the eight PAH were converted to exposure assessment and risk characterization values. Dietary exposure to PAH from edible oils was 0.025 ng-TEQBaP/kg/d, and margin of exposure (MOE) was 4 × 10(6), which represents negligible concern. Although PAH were detected from edible oils in Korea, their contribution to human exposure to PAH is considered not significant.