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set as bio at bottom:[Insert “Resources” text box at bottom of second page. 2-column box, per template. This will be a standard insertion.]As the production of many global goods has shifted to Chin...

This book is not self-evident. To understand it, the reader must insert it into the development of economic theory, especially the thought of Friedrich Hayek. As an addition to previous scholarship...

A complex process translates messenger RNA (mRNA) base sequence into protein amino acid sequence. Transfer RNAs must recognize 3-base codons in the mRNA to insert the correct amino acids into the growing protein. Codon degeneracy makes decoding complicated in that multiple (synonymous) triplets can encode a single amino acid and multiple tRNAs can have the same anticodon. Over the last twenty years, new developments in structural biology, genome sequencing and bioinformatics has elucidated the intricacies of the ribosome structure and the details of the translation process. High throughput analyses of sequence information support the idea that mRNA folding has a major effect on expression for codons at the 5′-end of mRNA (N-terminal region of a polypeptide). Despite a forest of sequence data, significant details of the complex translation process can escape detection. However, a sensitive translation assay has allowed a single tree in this forest to be revealing.

This study analyses non-standard typography (NST) (abbreviations and insertions) and its relationship to the message length, the addressee in two modes: Facebook and mobile texting SMS in the same ...

Purpose The purpose of this study is to evaluate the patient experience of sustained release dexamethasone intracanalicular insert (Dextenza™) following cataract surgery as part of a Phase III clinical trial program. Methods This cross-sectional, qualitative evaluation involved individual interviews lasting approximately 45 minutes. Patients from four US investigational study sites who had previously received an insert were enrolled. There were no predesignated end points; this was a qualitative survey seeking a deeper understanding of patient experience. Results Twenty-five patients were interviewed. Most patients (92%) reported the highest level of satisfaction grade with regard to overall product satisfaction. All patients described the insert as comfortable. Most patients (96%) described their overall experience with the insert as very convenient or extremely convenient. Twenty-two of 23 (96%) participants rated their experience with the insert as "very" or "extremely convenient", compared to previous topical therapy, and 88% of patients stated that if they were to undergo cataract surgery again, they would request the insert. When asked if they would recommend the insert to family members or friends, 92% stated they would. The survey found that 84% of participants would be willing to pay more for the insert than for eye drop therapy. Conclusion The dexamethasone insert was found by patients to be highly favorable with regard to overall satisfaction, convenience, and comfort. The insert was well received and largely preferred over topical therapy alternatives following surgery. More extensive evaluation of the patient experience is warranted, and future studies should help inform design of the next generation of sustained release drug delivery systems.

Previously in this Monthly, the authors of [1] considered the repeated application of “insert and add” operations to collapse natural numbers into a single digit. Each application consists of writi...

In this work the interaction of the antimicrobial peptide indolicidin (IND) and its mutants CP10A and CP11 with a eukaryotic membrane model was examined by molecular dynamics simulations. The aim was to analyse the behaviour of these antimicrobial peptides when they interact with a eukaryotic modelled membrane, thereby obtaining atomic detailed observations that are not experimentally available. In the simulations, the widely studied dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine hydrated bilayer was used as a eukaryotic membrane model. In agreement with experimental observations, the peptides IND, CP10A, and CP11 insert into the bilayer differently; the peptides that insert more deeply present the major hemolytic activities. The hydrophobic residues are responsible for the insertion, but some Trp residues of the peptides remain at the bilayer/water interface because they interact with the bilayer choline groups by cation-π interactions that should be important for recognition of eukaryotic membrane by the three studied ...

Sir,I am very pleased that my research was criticized with interest. We would like to respond to the recent “letter to the editor” by Abbas et al.If you had conducted a similar research in an earli...

The ‘insert’ model for β-octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX)-based polymer-bonded explosive (PBX) was proposed for finding the relation of temperatures with mechanical properties...

Mukesh, M., Kataria, R.S., Kumar, V., Pandey, D., Sodhi, M., Ahlawat, S.P.S., Sobti, R.C. and Mishra, B.P. 2008. Construction and evaluation of directionally cloned cDNA libraries from lactating and non-lactating mammary gland of river buffalo (Bubalus bubalis): A resource for gene identification in bubaline genome. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 33: 81–84. Directionally cloned cDNA libraries from lactating (Lac-MG) and non-lactating (NLac-MG) buffalo mammary gland were constructed and characterized. The total number of independent primary clones were: 8.0 × 104 and 1.1 × 105 for Lac-MG and Nlac-MG cDNA libraries, respectively, with >90% of the clones having cDNA inserts. The occurrence of large cDNA insert length (average 0.90 Kb: range 0.45–2.5 Kb in Lac-MG and average 0.57 Kb: range 0.32–1.8 Kb in NLac-MG cDNA libraries) was indicative of the good quality status of both the libraries. The single-pass sequencing of randomly selected cDNA clones found several full-length cDNA sequences with complete 5′ an...

A pig BAC library was constructed with genomic DNA from a maleErhualian pig. After partial digestion with Hind III pieces 384-well plates (20 plates per superpool). A two-step 4-dimension PCR screening system was established to screen the positive clones. An average insert size of 128 kb was estimated from 105 randomly isolated clones, which indicates that the library is more than five times of genomic coverage. For the demonstration of the probability to pick out any unique genes or DNA markers from the library, 10 single-copy genes were screened out and the positive clones were yielded between 1 and 8 with an average of 3.6. Positive superpools were obtained for 32 microsatellite markers selected from different regions of pig genome. The number of positive superpools for each marker varies from 1 to 9 with an average of 4.78. This BAC library provides an additional resource for pig physical mapping and gene identification. *Supported by the Major State Basic Research Development Program of Chin...

A novel positive selection marker for Escherichia coli transformation was developed. The marker consisted of a DNA fragment encoding the C-terminal ribonuclease domain (CRD) of colicin E3 (colE3) and one or more amber stop codons between the initiation codon and the E3-CRD coding sequence. The toxicity of the marker was controlled by the suppressor activity the host cells possessed. This allowed both effective selection and propagation of the vector possessing the maker by selecting appropriate hosts from among those widely distributed: sup+ strains for selection and sup0 strains for propagation respectively. The insert DNA fragment was introduced onto the vector by replacing the marker DNA. The transformants harboring the vector with an insert grew, but those without an insert were effectively removed by the killing activity of E3-CRD encoded on the marker DNA. The marker was also successfully applied to lambda phage display vector.

The effect of different non-nucleotide inserts incorporated into oligonucleotide chains on their hybridization properties was studied by the method of thermal denaturation. Various types of alkyldiols and oligoethylene glycols were used as inserts modifying oligonucleotide backbone. Such modification of oligonucleotides caused the destabilization of their complementary complexes. It was shown that the hybridization properties of the modified oligonucleotides depend on several features of inserts: the type, number, length of insertions, and positions of interrupted dinucleotide steps in oligonucleotide chain.

(2004). Research & Practice Forum Question Style and Response Rates: Do People Prefer to Tick a Box or to Insert a Number When Filling out a Questionnaire? Rural Society: Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 70-73.

We will insert a cleavage site in an oligodeoxynucleotide, which can be used for a selective and quantitative cleavage. For that reason we synthesized the four 5'-S-(4,4'-dimethoxytrityl)-mercapto-2'-deoxynucleotide-3'-O-(2-cyanoethoxydiisopropylamino)-phosphites (5a-d). The cleavage of P-S and C-S bonds is described (Mag, M.; Lücking, S.; Engels, J.W. Synthesis and selective cleavage of an oligodeoxy-nucleotide containing a bridged internucleotide 5'-phosphorthioate linkage. Nucleic Acids Res. 1991, 19 (7), 1437-1441; Marriott, J.H.; Mottahedeh, M.; Reese, C.B. 9-(4-methoxyphenyl)xanthen-9-thiol: A useful reagent for the preparation of thiols. Tetrahedron Lett. 1990, 31 (51), 7485-7488; Divakar, K.J.; Mottoh, A.; Reese, C.B.; Shanghvi, Y.S. Approaches to the synthesis of 2' thio analogues of pyrimidine ribosides. J. Chem. Sc., Perkin Trans. 1 1990, 969-974). The oligodeoxynucleotides with an achiral bridged 5'-phosphorothioate linkage 5'-O-P-S-3' are synthesized by the phosphoramidite procedure.

A system was constructed for the production of alkaline phosphatase (aP)-labeled antibody single-chain Fv (scFv) fragments in Escherichia coli. The expression vector pASK75 was modified by sequentially inserting the E. coli aP coding region and the scFv cloning cassette. Engineering the cloning sites SfiI and NotI located at the 5' and 3' end of the scFv gene provides an easy means to insert scFv fragments. These cloning sites are widely used in recombinant antibody technology and, thus, enable the one-step cloning of scFv fragments derived from corresponding antibody phage libraries into the expression vector. An expressed herbicide-specific scFv aP fusion protein retained both, analyte binding and enzymatic activity, as determined by ELISA. Therefore, this system permits the production of scFv-aP conjugates in E. coli, which can replace conventionally prepared aP-labeled antibodies in immunoassays. These fusion proteins are designed to accelerate the immunochemical detection of analytes, since the assay duration is essentially reduced by omitting the use of enzyme labeled secondary antibodies.

Tomato samples with typical symptoms of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) infection were collected from six tomato growing regions in Tanzania and dot-blotted on nylon membranes. The membranes were hybridised with nucleic acid probes synthesized to detect TYLCV from Israel and Sardinia. Viral DNA was extracted from the samples by phenol-chloform procedure and amplified by polymerase chain reaction using a primer pair (OTY 2 and OTY 6) designed to amplify a 1.2kb fragment containing the coat protein, intergenic region and replication-associated protein. The amplified DNA was ligated to pBluescript II KS+ and transformed into Esherichia coli strain JM 83 cells by electroporation. Colonies containing the insert were sequenced using a Li-Cor DNA Semi-automatic Sequencer. The BLAST programme was used to search for viruses with similar sequences. Phylogenetic relationships with 20 geminiviruses were established using the CLUSTAL function of the Vector NT1.5 software. Amplified DNA was digested with Alu I an...

A cDNA library was built using RNA extracted from the skin tissue of an adult horse. The library was primed with oligo (dT) and sequences were directionally inserted in order to produce an expression library. The library has 5.8X 10(5) plaque forming units with 99.6% recombinant phage. The average insert size is 1.3 Kbp. Three hundred and thirteen expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were generated from sequencing of the 5 prime end of randomly selected skin cDNA clones. The ESTs were sequenced on an ABI 377 using Big-Dye chemistry. A similarity search was performed on each EST using the NCBI non-redundant protein database and 206 ESTs were putatively identified. Twenty six percent of the identified ESTs were redundant. The ESTs were categorized by function. The most frequently identified functional class was translational proteins.

There is an enormous initiative to establish causal relationships between brain biology (including patterns of gene expression) and behavior. Unfortunately, genetic intervention is not accomplished easily in the brain. One strategy is to engineer and deliver to the brain specialized viral vectors that carry a gene (or genes) of interest, thereby exploiting the natural ability of viruses to insert genetic information into cells. When delivered to the brain, these vectors cause infected cells to increase expression of the genes of interest. Viral vectors are particularly useful when the goal is to manipulate expression of a single gene in a specific brain region, at a specific time, and in animals that developed normally. There are several types of virus that can be adapted for use as viral vectors, including those based on herpes simplex virus (HSV-1), adenovirus (AV), adeno-associated virus (AAV), and lentivirus. Although each vector has its own unique advantages and disadvantages, this rapidly evolving technology has the potential to revolutionize neuropsychiatric research by offering the opportunity to establish, with anatomical and temporal specificity, causal relations between altered expression of individual gene products and alterations in complex behavior.

Narayanan, S., Singh, S.D. and Bakshi, C.S. 1999. Characterization of 1.8 kb Hind III fragment of Clostridium septicum genomic DNA. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 15: 185–190. A genomic library of Clostridium septicum (IVRI strain 51) was generated by cloning Hind III fragments of genomic DNA of C. septicum into the plasmid pUC18. Thirty-three recombinant clones were screened and a recombinant, plasmid (pSDS12) containing a 1.8 kb insert was selected for characterization by restriction mapping. The map was confirmed by probing the restriction digests of the insert with 1.8 kb insert labeled with Digoxigenin-d-UTP. This insert has a unique Nsi 1 site. This Nsi 1 site could facilitate further sub-cloning as preliminary studies indicate that this insert may show utility as a gene probe in the diagnosis of C. septicum infections.

Purpose. To construct tissue-specific cDNA libraries containing copies of genes of ion transporting and receptor proteins in lens and cornea epithelia. To screen the libraries for the cDNA of these molecules and to deduce the protein sequence from the cDNA sequence.Methods. Lens and corneal cDNA libraries are not commercially available and are difficult to prepare from microdissected single animal eyes or cadaver human eyes due to the small amount of tissue. To overcome these problems, we refined an approach for preparing high efficiency, non-PCR amplified plasmid cDNA libraries, where only nanogram quantities of poly (A) RNA are required. Plasmids were electrotransformed into DH10B bacteria and routinely yielded >106 independent colonies with typically >90% recombinants. Randomly selected colonies were subjected to colony PCR analysis to determine the libraries average insert size (typically ≊1-kb). Primers to known genes were used in PCR amplification to check for representation of the genes in the cDNA...

We have constructed a BAC library of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea consisting of 5760 clones. The insert size ranged from 35 to 175 kbp, with an average of 120 kbp. The library is about 18 genomes equivalent, therefore covering more than 99.999% of the genome. This library is the first to be constructed using a rice pathogenic wild type isolate. Improved high molecular weight DNA size fractionating helped to construct the library with high efficiency. Total library clones were arranged onto two nylon membranes for efficient screening. Test hybridization with a single-copy RFLP marker showed ten positive clones, of which restriction patterns indicated no chimerality or deletions. As a model case of application of this library, the distribution of the well-studied fungal retrotransposons MGSR1, MGR583, and MAGGY and DNA transposons MGR586 and Pot2 was analyzed. Of all the BAC clones, 10%, 13%, 18%, 12%, and 23% contained MGSR1, MGR583, MAGGY, MGR586 and Pot2, respectively. The percentage of clones possessing more than five kinds of transposons was 1.4%, 215 times greater than the expected number. The results show that these transposons were distributed in clusters in the M. grisea genome.

Oxygenated suspensions of M13 bacteriophages, containing single-stranded M13mp10 DNA, were gamma-irradiated followed by infection of E. coli cells. Mutants in the mutational target sequence, which consists of the lac promoter /operator region, the lacZ alpha gene, and a 144 bp inframe insert in the lacZ alpha gene, were selected and characterized. Except for three one-base deletions, all of the 51 mutations characterized were base substitutions. All base substitutions appeared to involve guanines and cytosines and none affect adenines and thymines. Since most of the known repair systems do not act on single-stranded DNA, the conclusion can be drawn that radiation induces under these conditions only mutagenic damages on guanine and cytosine. Although all possible G- and C-transversions and transitions were found, there is a strong preference for G--C and G--T transversions (21 and 25% of all base substitutions, respectively) and C--T transitions (48% of all base substitutions). These results indicate, that the G/C--C/G and G/C--T/A transversions, found after irradiation of double-stranded M13 DNA, are mainly due to radiation guanine products, whereas cytosine damage is mainly responsible for G/C--A/T transitions.

Recently, it was shown that Agrobacterium tumefaciens can transfer transferred DNA (T-DNA) to Saccharomyces cerevisiae and that this T-DNA, when used as a replacement vector, is integrated via homologous recombination into the yeast genome. To test whether T-DNA can be a suitable substrate for integration via the gap repair mechanism as well, a model system developed for detection of homologous recombination events in plants was transferred to S. cerevisiae. Analysis of the yeast transformants revealed that an insertion type T-DNA vector can indeed be integrated via gap repair. Interestingly, the transformation frequency and the type of recombination events turned out to depend strongly on the orientation of the insert between the borders in such an insertion type T-DNA vector.

For a fixed base b, we consider the following operation called “insert and add” on a natural number: Write the number as a string of digits and between some of the digits insert a plus sign; finall...

Supercoiling-induced structural transition of the d(C24GC21).d(G21CG24) sequence in plasmid DNA in the presence of Mg2+ at neutral pH results in alterations of efficiencies of not only single-quantum (pyrimidine[6-4]pyrimidone adducts) but also two-quantum (alkali-sensitive lesions of dG residues) photomodifications of nucleoside residues within this sequence. The generation of both types of photoreactions was achieved by the application of high-intensity laser UV radiation (intensity approximately 10(11) W/m2, pulse duration approximately 10(-8) s, lambda = 266 nm) for irradiation of a plasmid DNA. The modification extent sufficient for analysis of photoreaction efficiency distributions along both strands of the insert (photofootprinting) was obtained by the action of a single nanosecond pulse of laser UV radiation. The pattern of a laser photofootprinting is consistent with the d(C).d(G).d(G) triplex formation in the presence of Mg2+ within the insert and shows some details of this triplex structure.

device made of nylon and which is inserted in the bowl of the reorienting gradient rotor is described. This insert acts as container for holding infected plant tissue for the purpose of separating virus by centrifugal force from intact and fresh plants, from frozen and thawed plants and from plant tissue disintegrated by mechanical means. The extracted fluid represents 80 to 90% of that present in the untreated plant tissue. Electron micrographs taken of concentrates of the viruses prepared by the centrifugation extraction procedure indicate that extraneous materials are reduced to low level.

The characterization of the region of mtDNA coiling for atpA and orf522 genes in several different isogenic couples of fertile and male-sterile sunflower lines reveals that the rearrangements occurred in all the male-sterile lines are identical. The only segment of the 5 khp insert of the CMS89 line which is transcribed in flowers at different developmental stages is part of the orf522 gene. A possible nuclear origin of the 5 kbp insert is proposed.

One difficulty encountered in testing finished cosmetic products arises from their final physical form. The presence of lipid or solid phases in the products makes them incompatible with the currently used cell culture media. In this study we have used a new method that permits the use of the testing materials directly on the cell's monolayer using a cell culture insert (Falcon). This device is characterized by a polycarbonate porous membrane at the bottom of the insert. The insert containing the testing samples is put on top of the well and is then in contact with the medium. In this way we are still able, after the exposure, to evaluate several parameters that are indices of cell injury. We have tested the toxicity induced by four cosmetic emulsion bases using neutral red uptake determination, protein quantification, and lactate dehydrogenase activity on L929 cells. The least toxic emulsion was then used to estimate the toxicity of two commonly used preservatives, methylchloroisothiazolin-1 and ...

Partially Sau3AI-digested fragments of chromosomal DNA from Bacillus circulans IAM1165, a high producer of β-1,3-glucanases able to lyse fungal cell walls, were inserted into a BamHI site of the plasmid vector pHSG399. A gene for the glucanase was cloned in Escherichia coli K-12 by the shotgun method. An 8-kb inserted DNA directed synthesis of an 87-kDa endo-β-1,3-n-glucanase in E. coli. The β-glucanase gene was in a 2.6-kb EcoRI-SmaI segment within the insert DNA. The enzyme activity was found mainly in the periplasmic fraction of E. coli carrying the gene.

We have developed a method for constructing a library containing the 3' end fragment of cDNA for large-scale sequencing of cDNA clones. The average size of the insert was 270 bp. Cell lysates that carry plasmids having the cDNA insert were subjected to PCR amplification of the cDNA moiety and the products were subjected to sequencing analysis using an autosequencer. With this protocol, sample preparation became a non-limiting step, that allowed us to sequence as many samples as the autosequencer could handle.

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) were found when BamHI, PvuII and HindIII digested horse genomic DNA was probed with an insert containing the gene sequences for human immunoglobul in gamma‐4 constant region. Family studies demonstrated that BamHI RFLPs of 5.1 and 4.8 KB represented allelic genes. The occurrence of BamHI RFLPs were not correlated with the occurrence of RFLPs detected with PvuII and HindIII digested DNA based upon the distribution of the RFLPs among horses.

Research on genetic manipulations has expanded significantly in the last decade and, most recently, has included the transfer of novel genes into fish. Researchers in numerous laboratories around the world are pursuing the isolation of fish genes, for example, growth hormone and antifreeze protein genes, and the production and evaluation of transgenic fish. The long‐term objective is to insert DNA sequences derived entirely from the host aquacultural species; several research groups are reaching this stage. Most reports to date have involved genes derived from other vertebrates or microorganisms. In some cases, gene transfer experiments have utilized model fish species with shorter generation times than aquacultural species. These preliminary experiments have allowed researchers to tackle the many technical problems of gene transfer until numerous commercially important fish genes are isolated. Cumulatively, reports on transgenic fish have shown evidence for: integration of inserted genes into ho...

Original description: Traite d'anatomie topographique avec applications a la chirurgie (1877); translation based on the sixth edition, Asselin et Houzeau (publishers), Paris, 1890In order to allow ...

The immunogenicity of autologous tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) is markedly increased upon the intratumoral injection of α-gal glycolipids, which insert into tumor cell membranes. The binding of natural anti-Gal antibodies to these glycolipids activates the complement system and recruits antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which internalize anti-Gal-coated tumor cells upon Fc/FcγR interactions. Eventually, TAA-derived peptides presented by APCs activate a T cell-mediated tumor-specific immune response.

Simple and convenient method for stabilization and detection of duplexes of short oligonucleotides with DNA was developed. This method is based on use of oligonucleotides containing inercalating insert in internucleotide linkage. The linker is so long that dye can intercalate only into the same stacking contact. Additionally the method allows to introduce into oligonucleotide as one intercalator as well as several identical or different intercalating dye.

Hydrido-cyclotri(phosphazenes) insert unsaturated systems such as aldehydes, ketones isothiocyanates, and electrophilic olefines into the PH-bond. Their hydrogen may be replaced by halogen with CCl4 or CBrCl3, and by amino groups with CCl4/amine.

Repetitive DNA sequences have been implicated in the mediation of DNA rearrangement in mammalian cells. We have tested this hypothesis by using a dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) expression vector into which candidate sequences were inserted. DHFR- Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were transfected with this vector, the amplification of which was then selected for by methotrexate (MTX) exposure. Cells transfected with the vector alone (and resistant to 0.02 or 1.0 microM MTX) or with a poly(dG-dT) insert (and resistant to 0.05 or 1.0 microM MTX) showed little change in chromosome aberrations or sister chromatid exchange frequencies. In contrast, transfection of DHFR- CHO cells with a vector containing either of two distinct 0.34-kilobase human alphoid DNA segments (and selection to 0.05 to 10.0 microM MTX) showed an approximately 50% increase in chromosome number and marked changes in chromosome structure, including one or two dicentric or ring forms per cell. The sister chromatid exchange frequency also increased, to more than double the frequency of that in cells transfected without insert or those containing poly(dG-dT). In situ hybridization of one 0.34-kilobase insert in some cells suggested clustering of homologous sequences in structurally abnormal recipient CHO cell chromosomes. The approach described provides an introduction to a unique means for a coordinate molecular and cytological study of dynamic changes in chromosome structure.

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, like most organisms, is able to directly repair pyrimidine dimers by using a photoreactivating enzyme and visible light. Cells carrying the phr1 mutation were shown previously to be unable to photoreactivate dimers, but neither the map position nor the primary gene product of the PHR1 gene has been determined. We have cloned this gene and determined its map position. A plasmid containing a 6.4-kilobase yeast DNA insert has been isolated and shown to restore photoreactivation in a phr1 strain. A 3.1-kilobase subclone has also been shown to complement phr1. The original plasmid was targeted to integrate into chromosomal DNA at a site homologous to the insert by cutting within the insert. Two of these integrants have been mapped on the right arm of chromosome XV; the integrants have been further mapped at ca. 13 centimorgans from prt1. It has also been independently determined that phr1 maps at this location. Thus, we have determined the map position of PHR1 and also have shown that the plasmid contains PHR1 rather than a suppressor of the phr1 mutation.

Phenylhalogermylenes (phGeX) (X = Cl, Br) insert into the germanium-halogen bond of various phenylhalogermanes to lead to phenylhalopolygermanes. The stability and the mode of decomposition of these compounds have been studied. The insertion of phenylchlorogermylene into tetrahalogermanes GeX4 (X = Cl, Br, I) leads to unstable phenylpentahalodigermanes which are a source of dihalogermylene GeX2