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Gout is the most common inflammatory arthritis characterized by painful disabling acute attacks. It is caused by hyperuricemia and deposition of urate crystals in and around the joints. Long-standing untreated hyperuricemia can lead to chronic arthritis with joint damage, tophi formation and urate nephropathy. Gout is associated with significant morbidity and health care associated cost. The goal of long-term therapy is to lower the serum urate level to promote dissolution of urate crystals, reduce recurrent acute gout flares, resolve tophi and prevent joint damage. Despite the presence of established gout treatment guidelines and effective medications to manage gout, patient outcomes are often poor. Etiology for these shortcomings is multifactorial including both physician and patient characteristics. Poor adherence to urate-lowering therapy (ULT) is prevalent and is a significant contributor to poor patient outcomes. This article reviews the treatment strategies for the management of hyperuricemia in chronic gout, gaps in quality of care in gout management, factors contributing to poor adherence to ULT and discusses potential interventions to achieve improved gout-related outcomes. These interventions include initiation of prophylactic anti-inflammatory medication when starting ULT, frequent follow-ups, regular serum urate monitoring and improved patient education, which can be achieved through pharmacist- or nurse-assisted programs. Interventions such as these could improve adherence to ULT and, ultimately, result in optimal gout-related outcomes.

A recent archival discovery reveals that around four hundred visas were issued to students from China to study in Australia from 1920 to 1925. This article explains and explores the significance of this little-known initiative under the White Australia Policy by reference to China's global resurgence, the role of the Chinese consulate-general in local community affairs, and support and resistance among Chinese community leaders in response to these developments. It highlights a paradox associated with the students' arrival, specifically the Melbourne publication of fabricated ‘Chinese letters home’ at a time when literate students were writing personal letters to their families and friends in China about their impressions of Melbourne, their understanding of local labour and gender relations, and their engagement with the big political and business issues of the day. The recently-released letters and papers of a contemporary student, Joe Tong, tell an untold story of Chinese Australians in the postwar era.

This article re-examines the role of Ohio National Guard Sergeant Myron Pryor in the Kent State/4 May 1970, shootings of students at Kent State University, Ohio. Pryor first came under suspicion as a key perpetrator of the shootings in the works of early Kent State conspiracy theorists, and subsequently in official investigations and prosecutions. Though he was not indicted, and is now deceased, Pryor remains a lightning rod in Kent State conspiracy theories, and is often portrayed in the context of guilt. Recently, Pryor’s role has been rehashed after 4 May victim and activist Alan Canfora unveiled new audio evidence in 2010 pointing to Pryor as a possible catalyst in the shootings. By looking at countervailing evidence, including not-before-released evidence from the private files of Pryor’s defense attorney, C. D. Lambros, the author calls into question Pryor’s alleged role in the 4 May shootings, and argues for a careful reevaluation of evidence in assigning responsibility for the Kent State s...

The Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) encourages bank lending in low- and moderateincome areas. We use a regression discontinuity design that exploits a relative income threshold that distinguishes CRA eligible from CRA ineligible neighborhoods (census tracts) and find little evidence that CRA has contributed to neighborhood changes associated with gentrification in eligible areas. Over the 1989 to 1999 period, we find that CRA eligible tracts had greater increases in mean income relative to ineligible tracts, but we find little evidence that the CRA caused decreases in the proportion of long-term residents, or increases in the proportion of white residents or college educated residents.

This article first considers the origins of the Irish economic crisis. It discusses where the policy failures occurred, to what extent they were foreseeable, and how certain key financial institutions performed in the run up to the crisis. In the light of this analysis the article then considers what institutional changes could feasibly be implemented which would strengthen policy-making for the future.

This paper estimates the effects of recent changes to Family Assistance tax credits on the partnering and employment outcomes for New Zealand women. We use a difference-in-differences approach to control for economic and other confounding factors. Specifically, we investigate differences in partnering, employment and work hours over time across groups who are and are not likely to be affected by these policy changes. We define groups based on education, wages, and presence of children. Subject to qualifications, we conclude that the Family Assistance expansion beginning in 2005 had little effect on partnering, but increased work hours for both partnered and unpartnered women.

Using a model that addresses the potential endogeneity of employment hours on mothers’ child care time and vice versa, by including instruments based on parental attitudes, we find a significant negative (but inelastic) relation between the two time uses.

Chinese communities maintained a variety of institutional networks linking Australia, New Zealand, the Pacific Islands and southern China over the first half of the twentieth century. This paper explores one of these networks, the Australasian branch network of the Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuo Min Tang or KMT). By focusing on two institutional initiatives of the Australasian Kuo Min Tang—one in China and one in Australia—the paper asks whether there was anything distinctively Australasian about Chinese‐Australasian networks besides their location in the South Pacific. Reflecting on the life of a contemporary Chinese‐Australian journalist, the paper draws connections between the institutional history of the KMT and personal observations on what it may have meant to be Chinese Australian in China and Australia over the first half of the twentieth century.

Evidence suggests that the cerebral hemispheres are differentially specialised for the processing of positively and negatively valenced affective material. The present study examined the consequences of this for the availability in each hemisphere of lexical entries related to positive, neutral, and negative affect. A threshold recognition task was used to assess the identification of positive, neutral, and negative emotionally toned nouns projected to the right or left visual field. A strong lateral asymmetry in favour of right visual field recognition of nouns was observed. Whereas women showed no evidence of changes in lateral asymmetry as a function of affect, lateral asymmetry in men was significantly greater for positive nouns. This finding points to a difference in the representation of affective material in the left and right lexicons of the male brain, and provides support for the notion that gender may be one of the keys to reconciling some of the contradictory findings that characterise this area of research.

Song Qiang et al. Zhongguo keyi shuo bu. Beijing: Zhonghua gongshang lianhe chubanshe, 1996. Song Qiang et al. Zhonguo haishi neng shuo bu. Beijing: Zhongguo wenlian chuban gongsi, 1996. Paul Sheehan. Among the Barbarians: the Dividing of Australia. Sydney: Random House, 1998. Pauline Hanson and George J. Merritt. The Truth: on Asian Immigration, the Aboriginal Question, the Gun Debate and the Future of Australia. Parkholme, SA: St George Publications, 1997.

(1996). The Origins of the Illiberal Party Newspaper: Print Journalism in China's Nationalist Revolution. Republican China: Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 1-21.

This article offers a comparative, descriptive analysis of rapid economic development in four counties in Guangdong Province known as the ‘Four Little Tigers’ (Sixiaohu) over the decade of reform to the early 1990s. It identifies key factors generally held to account for the success of the Tigers, including historical characteristics, preferential central policies, Hong Kong and Overseas Chinese connections, market orientations and local administrative autonomy, and through comparison with the experience of other cities and counties in Guangdong highlights the relative importance of administrative autonomy in accounting for the Tigers’ rapid rate of economic growth.