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The number of bridges, gate drive circuits and dc sources decrease by using asymmetrical is used to solve SHE equations to get the optimal switching angles. Genetic algorithm (GA) is also used to solve these equations to make comparison between Satin bowerbird optimisation (SBO) and GA algorithms. Matlab/Simulink software tool is used to carry out the simulation construction multilevel inverter. The selective harmonic elimination pulse width modulation (SHE-PWM) and sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) are carried out for a nine levels cascaded H-bridge (CHB) inverter with asymmetrical construction. Comparison between SHE and SPWM is done to get the benefit of SHE over SPWM. The elimination of some lower order harmonics and satisfy fundamental component in output voltage are the major purpose of SHE-PWM. The solving of the non-linear transcendental equations of SHE is the challenge to find out the switching angles, SBO technique.

Summary -Tocopherol (TOC) is a vitamin and anti-oxidant compound which plays an important role in alleviating a number of abiotic stresses, including salinity. A pot experiment was conducted at the National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt to study the responses of soybean plants (Glycine max L. ‘Giza 111’) to three foliar spray applications of 100 mg l-1 TOC while grown under irrigation with sea water mixed with fresh water (SW-FW) to obtain electrical conductivities of 0.23, 3.13, or 6.25 dS m-1. The net assimilation rate (NAR) of photosynthate, relative growth rate (RGR), chlorophyll a/b ratio, and concentrations of free proline, total free amino acids, total soluble sugars, nitrogen (N), and sodium ions (Na+) increased progressively with increasing salinity. In contrast, relative water contents, and leaf concentrations of photosynthetic pigments, phosphorus (P), and potassium ions (K+), and K+:Na+ ratios, declined gradually with increasing salinity. Three foliar spray applications of 100 mg l-1 TOC...

In this article, we consider the static output feedback problem for discrete-time systems when complete set of state variables is not available. It has been reported that quasi-Newton methods have substandard performance on this problem. A structured quasi-Newton method with trust region globalization is analyzed and studied for solving this problem. Moreover, the classical Anderson-Moore method is enhanced by using the trust region mechanism to ensure global convergence instead of the line search technique. The algorithms are tested numerically on test problems of engineering applications.

SummaryThe effects of potassium humate (KH) mixed with farmyard manure (FYM), as an alternative to mineral-N fertiliser, on the growth, leaf mineral composition, fruit yield and quality of tomato on newly-reclaimed soil were investigated. Mixtures of KH and FYM were applied at the rates of 50 kg KH + 25 metric tonnes (MT) FYM, 50 kg KH + 50 MT FYM, 100 kg KH + 25 MT FYM, and 100 kg KH + 50 MT FYM ha–1. No mineral-N fertiliser was included in any of these treatments. In addition, the recommended dose of mineral-N fertiliser was used as a control. Significant positive effects of 100 kg KH + 50 MT FYM ha–1 were observed on shoot dry weight (DW) plant–1, root DW plant–1, leaf free proline content, leaf mineral composition (N, P, K, Fe, Mn, and Zn), leaf and fruit nitrite (NO2–) and nitrate (NO3–) contents, total fruit yield ha–1, and fruit vitamin C and total soluble solids (TSS) contents when compared with the other three KH + FYM treatments. In contrast, there were no significant differences in these parame...

Islamic universities and organizations are widespread, not only in Arabic and Islamic world but also all over the world. Calling for Islam and correcting its image are of the main objectives of such universities and organizations. Due to the negative image of Islam and Muslims in the West which is mainly inherited from the medieval ages and caused by prejudices against Islam and its followers, such universities and organizations should play an effective role to correct this negative image. The purpose of this study is to investigate the image of Islam and Muslims in the Western media, and propose roles for Islamic universities and organizations from the perspective of Muslims living in the West to correct that image. Data were collected through a questionnaire conducted among a sample of 132 Muslims living in the West. The results assured what has been emphasized in the literature review that the image of Islam and Muslims is distorted. No significant differences were found in most of the items. ...

Electric transport in a Cu-doped Cd salt [(CH2)3(NH3)2Cd1− x Cu x Cl4, x = 0.0, 0.07, 0.395 and 0.69] was investigated in the frequency range 60 Hz–100 kHz and the temperature range 290–450 K. The conductivity increases with increasing copper doping. Samples with x = 0.0 and 0.07 undergo phase transitions at 374 K and 369 K, respectively. Ferroelectric relaxor-like behaviour appears for x = 0.395 and 0.69. The conduction mechanism of the samples with x = 0.0 and 0.07 depends on the temperature region. Below the transition temperatures chlorine vacancy and proton hopping prevails, whereas above the transition temperatures mainly proton conduction dominates. Transport in the new non-oxide ferroelectric relaxors, where x = 0.395 and 0.69, can be explained by the jump relaxation model where proton and ionic hopping contribute to the conductivity throughout the whole temperature range.

Satellite images and aerial photos are among continuous sources of data for mapping lineaments which frequently reflect surfaces of discontinuity in the rocks. The analysis of lineaments not only provides a method for detecting past tectonic trends but also helps in the exploration of minerals, oil and ground water and the seismic risk assessment for nuclear sites and repository studies as well. In the present study, lineaments have been extracted from the digital satellite scene (Landsat 7, ETM+ data) for the Gebel Gharib‐Dara area using GeoAnalyst PCI EASI/PACE software. In a small test area, the lineaments that were digitally extracted for different settings of the GeoAnalyst parameters were compared with the visually interpreted lineaments for optimal settings of the parameters for lineament extraction. The visual interpretation of the present false colour composite map (FCC) led to tentatively classify the rocks into 24 units to study the spatial distribution of the extracted lineaments. Lineament pa...

Undoped and Mn2+-doped with different concentrations of potassium zinc chloride (KZC) crystals were grown from aqueous solutions by slow evaporation. The dielectric constant (e), dielectric losses (tan δ) and ac conductivity (σac) of the crystals in the ferroelectric-commensurate, incommensurate and normal phases have been measured as a function of frequency, in the range 1–100 kHz, and temperature, in the range 300–580 K. Virgin samples were subjected to measurements of the frequency dependence at selected temperatures and measurements of the temperature dependence was then followed using the same samples. The increase of e with T could be due to a combination of conductivity, structural variations and discommensuration (DC) formation and pinning as well. The increase of tan δ with temperature was attributed to relaxation loss in addition to conduction loss, which increases more rapidly with temperature. The ac conductivity (σac) and tan δ along the polar axis of KZC increased significantly with increasi...

Optical transmission and reflection measurements for crystals of potassium tetrachlorozincate (KZC) doped with Mn2+ or Ni2+ in different concentrations and irradiated with different γ-doses have been carried out along the three crystallographic axes. The results were analyzed to determine the absorption coefficient (α), type of optical transition and the optical energy gap (E g ). Different absorption bands along the three axes have been observed. Doping with Mn2+ or Ni2+ affected the intensity and position of these bands. Irradiation by γ either created or inhibited some of these bands. The nature of the transition involved was found to be the indirect allowed one. Doping with Mn2+ or Ni2+ up to 0.41 wt% and irradiating with γ-doses up to 150 kGy did not change the type of transition. The optical energy gap decreased considerably after doping and irradiating KZC.

A general rock failure criterion can be represented by τ = a1(a0 + σN)β, (δτ/δσN) = tanφ where τ and σN are shear and normal stress and tanφ is the instantaneous slope of the tangent to the failure envelope at point (σN,τ). Triaxial/shear test data can be simulated at any predefined conditions. Three circles measuring the strength of the tested rock at failure characterise the envelope: the uniaxial compression, uniaxial tension and biaxial compression/tension circles. The criterion is defined through three models. The non-linear reduced regression model, is used to fit a set of N data points: σN(i), tanφi and τi to obtain the three parameters of the criterion. In uniform distributions of triaxial test data, the slope angle φ of the tangent to the envelope at an unknown point (σN,τ) is approximated by (δR/δσm) ≈ (R(i+1) - R(i))/(σm(i+1) - σm(i)) = sinφi. In uniform distributions of shear test data, the slope angle φ of the tangent to the envelope at a known point (σN,τ) is approximated by (δτ/δσN...

We consider the problem of designing feedback control laws when a complete set of state variables is not available. For linear autonomous control systems with quadratic performance criterion, the design problem consists of choosing an appropriate static output feedback (SOF) gain matrix according to a certain objective function. The corresponding non-linear matrix optimization problem can be interpreted as an equality constrained minimization problem. For solving this problem, we propose a constrained trust region (CTR) algorithm, which presents a new and efficient numerical approach for this problem class. On the other hand, based on the formulation used in the past, the SOF problem can be also interpreted as an unconstrained programming problem. Thus, based on this interpretation, we also develop an unconstrained trust region (UTR) method. Finally, several numerical examples for optimal SOF problems demonstrate the applicability of the considered algorithm.

To test the hypothesis that the structural abnormality of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) may induce recurrent pregnancy loss, we examined the biological activity of hCG in pregnant women with a history of repeated miscarriages (n = 44). Pregnant women without a history of miscarriage (n = 85) were included as controls. Serum hCG, estradiol (E2) and progesterone levels were found to be significantly lower in the pregnancy loss group. There was no difference in serum thyroid hormone levels. Sera from both groups of women were then incubated with Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells transfected with hCG/luteinizing hormone receptor (CHO-hCG/LHr) or human thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (CHO-hTSHr). Biological response to hCG in women with recurrent pregnancy loss was identical to that of women in the control group in both CHO-hCG/LHr and CHO-hTSHr cells. When sera were subjected to high performance liquid chromatography, no difference in hydrophobicity was observed between control and patients groups. The structure of the hCG molecule and its biological activity in women with a history of recurrent pregnancy loss are apparently not different from those in women with normal pregnancy. Lower serum progesterone and E2 levels in the patient group can be explained by lower serum hCG levels in these women. Intrinsic gonadotropic and thyrotropic activities of the hCG molecule appear to play no major role in recurrent pregnancy loss.

Metal complexes of some mercuric salts (HgCl2, HgBr2, Hgl2 and Hg(CN)2) with crown ethers (DB18C6, DC18C6, DBP18C6, DB24C8) have been prepared. Two types of complexes containing 1:1 and 2:1 metal to ligand ratios were prepared and characterized on the basis of elemental analyses, molar conductance, spectral (IR, UV-Visible, 1H NMR, mass) measurements and thermal analysis (TGA, DTA). The formation constants (Kf) and the free energy changes (ΔGf) of Hg2+ and some Cu2+ complexes were calculated using the continuous variation method. Also, the stability of the Hg2+ complexes were determined on the basis of the shifts of the protons of the -CH2-O-CH2-and Ar-O-CH2 groups. Moreover, the strength of the bond between Hg2+ ion and the crown ethers is determined using the shifts of the C-O (ethylenic) and C-O (phenolic) groups of the crown ethers. A study of the thermal properties of the Hg(II) complexes has also been carried out.

In the present study, a new type of fractal plot had been developed based on the fractal nature of lineaments. This plot displays the effect of varying the counting cell dimension on two counted aspects, which are the total frequency of segmented lineaments and the total lineament to cell intersections. The two candidate lines on the plot intersect at a point which defines the optimal cell dimension (OCD) necessary for preparing an optimized lineament density map. The striking relationship observed between the mean lineament length (MLL) and the OCD is fitted to a linear model for calculating the OCD in terms of the MLL with no further need for any fractal plot. Lineaments from different models and live data both confirmed these new findings. Thus, the behaviour of live lineaments had been properly simulated.

The interfering effects of a range of cations, acids and organic compounds on the absorption signal of manganese(II) and manganese(VII) were studied in different media under diverse flame profile of different observation heights and fuel flow rates. The signal response of Mn(II) and Mn(VII) is slightly changed under different flame conditions, whereas it is markedly affected in the presence of concomitants. Several chemical modifiers were successfully applied for controlling such effects. Of these, boric acid, lanthanum chloride, strontium chloride, ammonium chloride and aluminium chloride were found to be effective as inorganic chemical modifiers in eliminating specific interferences on Mn(II) and Mn(VII) encountered from inorganic addenda. A combination of boric acid and strontium chloride, 500 ppm each, was able to overcome the potential effects of all inorganic interferences studied. Butylamine and piperidine were also used as excellent chemical modifiers organic reagents for controlling inor...

The stereochemistry of iron, cobalt, nickel and copper complexes derived from 2,4-dinitrosoresorcinol, 1-nitroso-2-naphthol and 4-carboxy-2-nitrosophenol was studied based on elemental analysis and spectral (UV-visible and IR) measurements. More information are obtained on their structures by means of differential thermal analysis (DTA) and electrical conductivity measurements. Empirical equations are deduced for the conduction of the ligands and their metal complexes. The thermodynamic parameters of thermal decomposition are evaluated Detailed Mossbauer spectra were recorded for the iron complexes.

The permittivity and ac conductivity of (C2H8NO)CuCl3 and (C2H8NO) CuBr3 have been measured. The first shows no evidence of a phase transition, while the latter does at a temperature of 245 K.

The weighted moving average technique is used to analyse lineament azimuths counted by number and length. The technique enhances peak/noise ratio. The quality of distribution is measured by the χ2-test and the degree of correlation between lineament number and length. Moreover, segmenting lineaments improves the enhancement and makes the counting only by number. Lineament distributions in the four study areas in and around the Afro-Arabian Shield are very similar and can be regarded as a fingerprint. Tentatively, 24 trends are correlated from one area to the other but with varying shape and amplitude. Among these are the Red Sea, Aqaba, Najd, Aden, Meridonial and Trans-Red Sea tectonic trends. A pattern of lineaments disposed about the N-S is traced in all areas, but in Abha, to the south it deviates 7° to the west. It is related mostly to an old tectonic trend. The deviation might be due to the effect of the rotation of the Arabian Plate counter-clockwise with respect to fixed Africa.

Pyridazine (I) reacts with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate and with N-phenyl-maleimide yielding phthalazine (II) and pyrrolophthalazine (III), respectively. Pyridine IV reacts with benzylidene malononitrile to give compound VI. Compounds VIa–c could be successfully converted into the isoquinolines XIa–c on treatment with acrylonitrile. In contrast to the behavior of arylidene malononitrile, compound IV react with N-phenylmaleimide to yield the pyrroloisoquinoline XIII. Similarly, the reaction of compound IV with each of tetracyanoethylene and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate gave compounds XIV and XV respectively.

Claisen condensation of 4-methyl(2H)naphtho[1,2-6]pyran-2-one (1) with esters, gave 4-acetonyl (2H) naphtha[1.2-bIpyran-2-one derivatives (2a-d), while compound (1) condensed with hydrazines and primary amines and gave N-(substituted)-4-methyl benzo [h] quinoline-2 (1H) one derivatives (3s-d). Compound (1) reacted with Grignard reagents and gave alkyl (or aryl) 2-methylethyl l-hydroxynaphthyl ketones (4.-d). while (1) reacted with P,S, and gave 4-methyl (2H) naphtho[1.2-blpyran-2-thione (5) and 4-methyl(2H)naphtho[1,2-6]thiopyran-2-one (6). Compound (5) reacted with Grignard reagents and gave (4.-e) too. Compound (6) reacted with Grignard reagents and gave (7). Both compounds (5 and 6) reacted with primary amines and gave compound (3). The addition of (1) to acrylonitrile gave 2-Oxo(ZH)naphtho[1.2-61pryan-4-butyramide (8). while bromination of (1) gave 3,6-dibromo-4-methyl(2H)naphtho[1,2-b]pyran-2-one (9)

This study deals with the structural analysis of joints in the uranium-bearing vein deposits and the surrounding enclosing granite rocks in G. El Missikat pluton, Central Eastern Desert, Egypt. The study includes the different structural features such as the intensity of joints, their opening and length for the different sets taken on a systematic pattern through and along the upper and lower contact of the uraniferous chalcedony vein, and their correspondence in the subsurface mining working. The relative movement of the chalcedony vein is interpreted from slickensides striation along the enclosing fault plane. The analysis of microfolds along the fault planes also indicates the movement picture. Photolineaments are traced showing the main fracturing intensity trend in the granite pluton. The study reveals that the main fracturing surface sets trend ENE-WSW and NW-SE stained by surface uranium mineralization. The first set in the subsurface mining working is found rotated anticlockwise relative ...

The preparation and chatacterization of some dipositive metal ion complexes derived from 1-acetyltrimethylammonium chloride-4-phenyl-3-thiosemicarbazide [(ATPTS)] Cl is reported. The solid complexes with the composition [M(ATPTS)X2] Cl.nH2 O, (M=Mn(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Hg(II); X=Cl, Br, 1/2SO4, Ac or NO2 and n=O-3), [M(ATPTS)X2]Cl2, (M=Ni(II), Cu(II) and Cd(II); X=Cl(Br), [Co(ATPTS) Cl(H2O)]Cl2.H2O and [Cu(ATPTS)SO4 Py2]Cl, have been characterized on the basis of elemental analyses and spectra (IR, visible and NMR), as well as magnetic and conductivity measurements. IR spectral data indicate that the ligand coordinates via the carbonyl oxygen or thiocarbonyl sulphur atoms and the appropriate hydrazide nitrogen atom to give a 5-membered chelating ring.