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This paper seeks to share cross-border (geographic, disciplinary and cultural) challenges in the ethical design, establishment, implementation, and evaluation of the performance of alliance...

Destination marketing organizations’ (DMOs’) Web sites have become an important communication platform not only with potential tourist but with all tourism stakeholders. This study aimed at comparing Web sites of four DMOs in East African countries, specifically Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda and Rwanda, all of which can be considered as emerging markets. Multi-methods combining qualitative and quantitative approaches were used to evaluate the content and design of four tourism agencies in the respective countries. Data were gathered through the use of independent evaluators and the researchers appraising the four Web sites. Selected scores for the four DMO Web sites were tallied using selected Travel and Tourism Competitive Index to appraise the utility of the respective country resources vis-a-vis their website marketing. Results indicate all the countries promote tourist opportunities based on their natural attractions and less on other types of attraction. It is noted that the DMOs differ in content ...

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a mitochondrial disease associated with the metabolic syndrome, but few data are available on the mitochondrial dysfunction of NAFLD after the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We aimed to identify the changes of mitochondrial function in rat livers when T2DM develops after NAFLD.Rat models of nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and T2DM were established using high-fat diet and streptozocin. Mitochondria were isolated from the livers. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mRNA and protein levels of mitochondrial complex IV (COX IV) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1) were assessed in rat livers. The mitochondrial membrane potential (MP), and the enzyme activities of COX IV and CPT-1 were measured in isolated mitochondria.There were increased ROS, decreased mitochondrial MP, and reduced COX IV and CPT-1 activity in the NAFL and T2DM groups compared with controls (p0.05). Compared with NAFL, the T2DM group had higher ROS levels and lower enzyme activity (p0.05), but showed no difference in mitochondrial MP. Although COX IV and CPT-1 expression levels in liver decreased in NAFL and T2DM, there was no significant difference between two groups.This study first identified progressively impaired mitochondrial respiratory chain and β-oxidation in NAFLD when T2DM develops, inducing overproduction of ROS, and finally triggering a vicious circle that leads to the aggravation of mitochondrial dysfunction in NAFLD after development of T2DM.

The development of sleep-wake regulation in infants depends upon brain maturation as well as various environmental factors. The aim of the present study was to evaluate sleep duration and quality as a function of child attachment to the mother. One hundred and thirty-four mother-child dyads enrolled in the Maternal Adversity, Vulnerability and Neurodevelopment (MAVAN) project were included in this study. Attachment was assessed with the Strange Situation procedure at 36 months and maternal sleep reports were collected at 6, 12, 24 and 36 months. Differences in sleep characteristics were assessed with mixed models with one factor (attachment group) and one repeated measure (age). Children classified as disorganized had a significantly lower duration of nocturnal sleep, went to bed later, signaled more awakenings, had shorter periods of uninterrupted sleep (only at 12 months) and had shorter periods of time in bed (only at 6 months) than children classified as secure and/or ambivalent (p0.05). This is the first study to show that children with insecure disorganized attachment present a distinct sleep pattern in comparison with those with secure or ambivalent attachment between 6 and 36 months of age. Sleep disturbances could exacerbate difficulties in these families that are already considered vulnerable.

Seed fairs were being promoted in Zimbabwe as an alternative seed distribution approach to sustain local input markets. Using data from ICRISAT monitoring surveys of 2005–06 and records maintained by non-governmental organisations, this article reveals that seed fairs were more cost effective in distributing local seed compared to direct distribution of imported seed. The article found that, in order to supply one household with a seed pack, it will cost an agency US$5.18 through seed fair compared to US$8.22 through direct seed distribution. Vouchers redeemable in retail shops are proposed as an incentive for local shops to stock and distribute agricultural inputs.

If it has taken 100 years to norwegianise the Coast Samis, then it will perhaps take another 100 years to make us Samis again? (Beate Harstad Jensen (29), Dagbladet 28 July 2001)

(2003). Attachment problems as a spectrum disorder: Implications for diagnosis and treatment. Attachment & Human Development: Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 289-296.

The main results from this study are that private educational investment has proved a profitable investment throughout the whole period, but that there was a long-term decline in profitability, most of all in investment in the Upper Secondary Schools compared to primary education, where, in the 1950s, the profitability was zero or even negative. An important finding also is that this was not due to the sharpening emphasis on the progressive personal taxation. Of three possible explanations, the most plausible seems to be that there might have been an excess supply of college and academy candidates over the whole century.

This article shows that purchasing power and consumption grew considerably in Norway in the period 1850–1920. This growth, however, brought with it only very minor changes in the patterns of consumption and demand towards industrial products and services. However, there were changes in the demand for food products in that consumption moved from basic vegetarian products towards highly-processed animal food products. Thus, the changes in Norwegian consumption patterns, resulting from increasing purchasing power had little effect on the industrialisation process in Norway, apart from in the food industry.

En se basant essentiellement sur l'exemple des Indiens des Etats-Unis et du Canada et des Sami d'Europe du nord et leur action pour la construction du reseau international des peuples indigenes au cours des annees 70 et pour porter les peuples indigenes sur la scene internationale, l'A. illustre l'emergence des mouvements ethno-politiques indigenes au niveau national et examine comment ces mouvements se sont connectes dans la formation d'un mouvement international des peuples indigenes. L'approche historique revele que le processus organisationnel est issu d'une tradition historique plus ancienne que celle supposee. L'A. decrit les deux etapes de l'emergence de ce mouvement. La premiere, qui a avorte au niveau national, eut lieu dans les trois premieres decennies du XX e siecle. La seconde, celle de l'etablissement et de l'expansion, eut lieu apres la Seconde Guerre Mondiale, mais n'atteignit un veritable dynamisme que dans les annees 1970

Background . A study of disability among the indigenous Sami people in Norway presented a number of ethical and methodological challenges rarely addressed in the literature. Objectives . The main study was designed to examine and understand the everyday life, transitions between life stages and democratic participation of Norwegian Sami people experiencing disability. Hence, the purpose of this article is to increase the understanding of possible ethical and methodological issues in research within this field. The article describes and discusses ethical and methodological issues that arose when conducting our study and identifies some strategies for addressing issues like these. Methods . The ethical and methodological issues addressed in the article are based on a qualitative study among indigenous Norwegian Sami people experiencing disability. The data in this study were collected through 31 semi-structured in-depth interviews with altogether 24 Sami people experiencing disability and 13 next of kin of Sami people experiencing disability (8 mothers, 2 fathers, 2 sister and 1 guardian). Findings and discussion . The researchers identified 4 main areas of ethical and methodological issues. We present these issues chronologically as they emerged in the research process: 1) concept of knowledge when designing the study, 2) gaining access, 3) data collection and 4) analysis and accountability. Conclusion . The knowledge generated from this study has the potential to benefit future health research, specifically of Norwegian Sami people experiencing disability, as well as health research concerning indigenous people in general, providing scientific-based insight into important ethical and methodological issues in research with indigenous people experiencing disability. Keywords: ethical and methodological issues; Sami; indigenous; health; disability; Norway (Published: 6 July 2016) Citation: Int J Circumpolar Health 2016, 75: 31656 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ijch.v75.31656

Protein tags of various sizes and shapes catalyze progress in biosciences. Well-folded tags can serve to solubilize proteins. Small, unfolded, peptide-like tags have become invaluable tools for protein purification as well as protein-protein interaction studies. Intrinsically Disordered Proteins (IDPs), which lack unique 3D structures, received exponentially increasing attention during the last decade. Recently, large ID tags have been developed to solubilize proteins and to engineer the pharmacological properties of protein and peptide pharmaceuticals. Here, we contrast the complementary benefits and applications of both folded and ID tags based on predictions of ID. Less structure often means more function in a shorter tag.

Prior to about 1850, the classes in Norway living in households where the living standard of household members was wholly or largely determined by the size of an annual wage paid in cash were numerically speaking marginal. In 1801, for example, the aggregate urban population of Norway formed no more than about 10% of the country's total population of 883,000. During the industrial revolution in Norway the subsistence economy was to a large extent replaced by the cash economy, but around 1910 about 360,000 of the occupationally active total of 880,000 were still employed in primary occupations.

(1984). Select bibliography of contributions to economic and social history appearing in Scandinavian books, periodicals and year-books, 1983. Scandinavian Economic History Review: Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 175-197.