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Interactional study of triphenylmethane-based cationic dye i.e., basic violet-4 dye (BV) in the mixed-micellar system of two anionic surfactants viz. sodium dodecyl sulfate (NaDS) and sodium steara...

A water-soluble nonionic surfactant hydrophobic monomer (AT100) was synthesized by esterification of acryloyl chloride with Triton X-100, after that, a nonionic hydrophobically associating polyacrylamide P(AM-AT100) was synthesized and used as drag reducer. They were characterized by IR and NMR. In fresh water, when the concentration of drag reducer reached 0.3 g·L−1 (so called slick water), the viscosity was 3.86 mm2·s−1 with a drag reduction rate up to 74.7%. After sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was added into the slick water, hydrophobic chains of SDS and hydrophobic units in P(AM-AT100) aggregated and micelles were likely formed, and this process was just like hydrophobic association. The viscosity of the slick water increased significantly, while the drag reduction rate of the mixed system decreased. With SDS concentration at 1.5 g·L−1 and the drag reducer concentration at 0.3 g·L−1, the drag reduction rate was 71.72% and viscosity was 6.25 mm2·s−1, indicating that increasing viscosity had a significantly adverse effect on drag reduction performance. The proppant layup experiment confirmed that the sand-carrying capacity of low-viscosity slick water is limited, so proppant will settle inevitably.

Tracking enzyme, substrate, and surfactant interactions to reach maximum reducing sugar production during enzymatic hydrolysis of plant biomass may provide a better understanding of factors that limit the lignocellulosic material degradation in native rice straw. In this study, enzymes (Cellic Ctec2 cellulase and Cellic Htec2 xylanase) and Triton X-100 (surfactant) were used as biocatalysts for cellulose and xylan degradation and as a lignin blocking agent, respectively. The response surface model (R2 = 0.99 and R2-adj = 0.97) indicated that Cellic Ctec2 cellulase (p

Water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions are widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries, among others. Moreover, the most common type of emulsion produced and handled in the oil industry processes i...

Since traditional nonyl phenyl type nonionic surfactants have been known as destructive to the ecosystem, sorbitan nonionic surfactants (Tween 20, 40, 60 and 80) were used to make acrylic emulsion ...

An eco-friendly glucose-based cationic nonionic surfactant (GDBB) was successfully synthesized by glucosum anhydrous, dodecyl amine and bromoethane. The structure of the GDBB was confirmed by Fouri...

We report a reverse-micelle emulsion polymerization of nanostructured PANI using a nonionic surfactant Polyglyceryl-2-Dipolyhydroxystearate (PGPH) at various concentrations from 2% to 6% (v/v). SEM...

Halloysite nanofluids (HNTs) were modified with glucose-based cationic nonionic surfactant (GDBB), which was used to enhance oil recovery. The potential EOR mechanisms were studied by changing wett...

The interaction between biological surfactant sodium deoxycholate (NaDC) and nonionic surfactants polyoxyethylene (n) nonylphenol ether (NPn) for the formation of micelles in aqueous soluti...

We measured the self-diffusion coefficients of mixed micelles formed in binary mixtures of oxyethylated isononylphenols (neonols) AF9-2,3,4,6,8,9,10,12 by NMR diffusometry in aqueous 1 wt% solution...

Tyloxapol is a nonionic surfactant oligomer inductor of dyslipidemia, which in turn is a risk factor for liver damage. Selenium-based compounds have emerged as promising therapeutic candida...

Cu(II) oxide nanocorals were synthesized for the first time from a lyotropic liquid crystalline system formed from triton X-100 and water. The nanocorals were prepared based on a simple pre...

One of the central challenges in producing water-in-diesel microemulsion fuels is to attain their thermal stability (to separate phases) for possible utilization and storage in various environmenta...

Reverse micellar systems of nonionic surfactant Span 80/isooctane/n-hexane is used for the extraction of pectinesterase from crude aqueous extract of lemon peel waste. The effect of extract...

A molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was conducted to study the adsorption behaviour of a nonionic surfactant adsorbed on low-rank coal. Owing to the complicated chemical component and structure of...

To reduce the viscosity of viscous crude oil and flow resistance, the effect of a ternary compound system including organic alkali, n-alkanol, and nonionic surfactants on viscous crude oil viscosit...

A new microspheres-surfactant flooding system consisting of polymer microspheres and nonionic surfactant has been detailed to enhance oil recovery of Bohai oilfield by increasing the sweep efficien...

Contamination of soil by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is currently widespread in urban and industrial areas, and the decontamination of PAHs remains a challenge. In addition, recovering ...

Terpene alcohol is widely used in perfumes and is known to possess antibacterial activity. Moreover, in its glycosylated form, it can be applied as a nonionic surfactant in food, and in the pharmaceutical, chemical, cosmetic, and detergent industries. Presently, chemical production of terpene glucosides is hampered by high costs and low yields. Here, we investigated the microbial glucosylation of nerol (cis-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol), a component of volatile oils, by Agrobacterium sp. M-12 isolated from soil. A microbial reaction using washed cells of Agrobacterium sp. M-12, 1 g/L of nerol, and 100 g/L of maltose under optimal conditions yielded 1.8 g/L of neryl-α-d-glucopyranoside after 72 h. The molar yield of neryl-α-D-glucopyranoside was 87.6%. Additionally, we report the successful transglucosylation of other monoterpene alcohols, such as geraniol, (-)-β-citronellol, and (-)-linalool, by Agrobacterium sp. M-12. Thus, microbial glucosylation has potential widespread applicability for efficient, low-cost production of glycosylated terpene alcohols.

In order to investigate the effect of different nonionic surfactants on hydrate formation in oil-water emulsion systems, the hydrate formation experiments were carried out in a diesel water-in-oil ...

In this study, the adsorption of nonionic surfactant, triethylene glycol monododecyl ether (C12E3), on a surface of silica nanoparticle (NP) has been studied with variation in the degree of ionisat...

Cloud point extraction has been shown to be an effective technique to remove hydrophobic volatile organic compounds (HVOCs) from aqueous solution using nonionic surfactant. A cocurrent vacuum strip...

When the fluid inside of the reservoir has a high viscosity due to having a lower mobile ratio, therefore, water flooding is not suitable for oil recovery, and a system with a higher viscosity should be used. The emulsions have more viscosity, so in this system, in order to stabilize and optimize the viscosity of the system, chemical additives such as polymer and surfactant are used. These chemical additives damage the reservoir and the environment and lose their stability under high temperature, therefore, in this study; the emulsions stabilized with nanoparticles have been studied, and the effect of nonionic surfactant on wettability alteration was investigated, and various factors on the viscosity of this system have been determined.

Response surface methodology (RSM) under Box–Behnken design (BBD) was applied to evaluate the effect of the influencing parameters including surfactant concentration, liquid/soil ratio, Humic Acid concentration, and washing time on phenanthrene removal efficiency in soil washing process by using the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 and find an optimal operational conditions to achieve the highest removal efficiency. A polynomial quadratic model was used to correlate phenanthrene removal efficiency and four independent variables (R2 = 0.9719). Based on the obtained results the most influential parameter on phenanthrene removal efficiency was surfactant concentration with an impact value of 69.519%. Liquid/soil ratio was also another factor that significantly influenced on removal efficiency with an impact value of 25.014%. The interaction between surfactant concentration and liquid/soil ratio was also shown to have a positive significant effect on removal efficiency (pvalue = 0.0027). However, the othe...

Dewatering is recognized as an important method for treating sewage sludge before its disposal. In this paper, the nonionic surfactant Tween-20 was used for the first time to improve the dewaterability of sewage sludge during bioleaching. The specific resistance to filtration (SRF), water content (WC) and bound water content (BW) of the sludge cake were used to evaluate sludge dewaterability. The results indicated that a 1 g/L Tween-20 dosage with an inoculum ratio of 20%, a S0 dosage of 2 g/L and a FeSO4 · 7H2O dosage of 10 g/L provided oxidation efficiencies up to 100% for Fe2+ and 65.8% for S0. The SRF of the bioleached sludge decreased to as low as 0.81 × 1012 m/kg from the initial 12.6 × 1012 m/kg for raw sludge. A WC of 47.16% was achieved while 48.1% of BW was released during bioleaching. The results from this study indicate that adding of an appropriate amount of Tween-20 to sewage sludge is a promising method to enhance dewaterability by bioleaching.

The solution properties of nonionic surfactants are significantly diverse from those of ionic surfactants. Additives to nonionic surfactant solution do change the cloud point (CP). In this article,...

The present study was carried out to formulate thymoquinone proniosomal formulation (TQP) and evaluate their efficacy in methotrexate (Mtx) induced hepatotoxicity in rats.The objective of the study was to explore a new therapeutic approach focusing on hepatoprotective activity using thymoquinone proniosomal formulation.TQP was formulated using span60, cholesterol and phospholipid by film hydration technique. The animals were divided into six groups with five animals each receiving different treatments for 7 days. On the 8th day, rats were anesthetized with ether, blood samples were withdrawn, livers were dissected out for biochemical tests and histopathological examinations.The size of vesicle was found to be in the nanometric range with higher entrapment efficiency. The high entrapment efficiency is probably due to the lipophilic character of TQ. The morphological structure showed the outline and core of the well-identified spherical vesicle, and also displaying the retention of sealed vesicular structure. The release of TQ from developed formulation was found to be significantly higher compared to control. Mtx treated rats showed significant elevation in ALT, AST, ALP and TBARs, whereas, TQP treated group showed significant reduction.The developed formulation (TQP) significantly inhibited the elevated levels of serum marker enzymes and showed improved histopathological deformities.

Chemical flooding is technically feasible to increase oil recovery from depleted sandstone reservoirs with low pressure. Polymer-surfactant flooding is a potential process in the chemical flooding methods for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in sandstone porous media. However, chemical additive cost and surfactant loss due to adsorption on the reservoir rock are the main concerns in this type of EOR processes. This paper presents adsorption equilibrium of a natural surfactant, Zyziphus spina-christi, onto a real sandstone reservoir. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out to figure out the impacts of adsorbent dose on adsorption performance. The equilibrium adsorption data were analyzed with two common adsorption models and it was found that the Freundlich model is a pretty good fit for adsorption equilibrium of Z. spina-christi based on the value of determination coefficient (R2). Results from this study are instructive for appropriate selection of surfactants in design of EOR processes and rese...

Factors that affect the phase-inversion temperature (PIT) based on nonionic surfactant fatty alcohol ethoxylates were investigated. Phase-inversion process was continuously monitored by determining changes in conductivity with temperature. The influences of oil-to-water ratio, emulsifier concentration, emulsifier mixing ratio, sodium chloride, and oil types on the PIT of emulsions were investigated. Results showed that the PIT of the emulsions declined with increased oil-to-water ratio. Emulsifier concentration significantly affected the PIT temperature. High sodium chloride content suppressed phase inversion. A lower Brij72-to-Brij721 ratio corresponded to higher PIT. Different oils required different HLB numbers in the phase-inversion process.

The interactions of the hydrophobically random-modified and end-capped polyanions with a nonionic surfactant were investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy of the labeled Py in the polyanions. The results revealed that the complex formation between these polyanions and the nonionic surfactant took place with two steps; the first step is the insertion of the surfactant molecules into hydrophobic microdomains formed from the polyanions, and the second step is the disruption of the hydrophobic microdomains due to binding the surfactant molecules to the hydrophobic groups of the polyanions. The position of the hydrophobic groups covalently introduced in the polyanions affects the polyanion-surfactant complex formation.

Effect of surfactants on rheological properties of heavy crude oil obtained from Mehsana Asset, Gujarat, India, were studied. Studies on effectiveness towards flow behavior were made using a surfactant extracted from a tropical Indian plant Madhuca longifolia (Mahua) and nonionic surfactant Brij-30 considering various contributing parameters such as temperature, concentration, and shear rate. Tests were performed at controlled shear rate. At 25°C, 2000 ppm Mahua and Brij-30 addition reduced viscosity of crude oil by 48% and 52%, respectively. Complex and viscous modulus of crude oil decreased significantly due to addition of both the surfactants. FTIR studies of crude-surfactant mixture showed remarkable decrease in concentration of viscosity enhancing groups such as alkanes, alcoholic, and acidic groups indicating the effectiveness of both the surfactants. Naturally extracted surfactant may be used as flow improver for transporting heavy crude oil.

The facial cleansing products segment has grown over the years and most surfactant-based systems do not retain many of the active ingredients on the skin. Development of a positively charged vesicle as the delivery vehicle for personal cleansing products is based on the negatively charged nature of the skin surface. Chitosan has the potential to be used as a vesicle to encapsulate active ingredients and can be used in facial formulations that are based on amphoteric surfactant with or without the addition of nonionic surfactant. This review briefly summarizes the potential of chitosan nanoparticles as the delivery system in facial cleansing formulations.

The mechanism of spontaneous imbibition of water by sandstone cores and the relationship between reservoir wettability and imbibition recovery were studied by investigating factors influencing the spontaneous imbibition of different surfactants by oil-wet sandstone cores. Ultimate oil recovery of cores using the cationic surfactant CTAB was higher than that of the cores using the nonionic surfactant TX-100 and the anionic surfactant POE (1) at the same concentration. For CTAB and TX-100, the ultimate oil recovery by spontaneous imbibition increased with increase in surfactant concentration. In regard to imbibition recovery, TX-100 and POE(1) at high temperatures were superior to those at low temperatures. Ultimate oil recovery of the high-permeability core was higher than that of the low-permeability core at room temperature. According to changes in the driving force during the imbibition process, the imbibition curve could be divided into three regions: (1) mainly capillary force, (2) both capillary and ...

The process parameters are important in the development of emulsions containing liquid crystals. Thus, we studied the influence of the mixing speed in microscopic and rheological features. Oil-in-water emulsions using vegetable oils and nonionic surfactant were developed employing gradual raise of the mixing speed. It decreased the liquid crystal formation and the density values, and increased apparent viscosity values. The most suitable mixing speed was 600 rpm, since it allowed the attainment of emulsion with better performance and presence of lamellar liquid crystals. However, all emulsions were stable in these experimental conditions and presented pseudoplastic behavior and tixotropy.

Changes in physico-chemical properties of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) lipid bilayers caused by the addition of 9.4 mol% nonionic surfactant decaoxyethylene monododecyl ethers (C12E10) ha...

Palladium-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation of some organic substrates in water containing a nonionic surfactant was examined using sodium hypophosphite as a hydrogen source. Hydrogenation of organohalides such as polychloroarenes, alkenes, alkynes, nitro compounds, aromatic aldehydes, and O-benzyl and N-benzyl derivatives efficiently proceeded to give the corresponding reduction products. The addition of a nonionic surfactant, such as Tween 20, proved to be effective in obtaining satisfactory results in most cases.

The cloud point phenomenon for solutions of polyoxyethylene (POE)-type nonionic surfactants (B, C, D, and E) in different salt concentrations was investigated. The cloud point temperature, T c , increased with elongation of the POE chain. This demonstrated that the solvophilicity of the surfactants comes from POE chain. Thus, the cloud point decreased with increase of salt concentration. Surfactants D and E were the only ones that showed cloud point temperatures above the average temperature of oil wells (~70°C), even at high concentrations of salt, and surfactant E was most suitable for enhanced oil recovery operations.

Removal of nonylphenol polyethoxylate with 9 mol of ethoxylate (NP9EO), a nonionic surfactant, from electroplating wastewater by fluidized zerovalent iron (ZVI) with two oxidants (ZVI/H2O2 and ) was studied. There are several benefits of using the proposed system: (1) the free radicals that result from the processes can reduce the organic contents and the occurrence of nonylphenol, an endocrine disruptor, (2) the ferric ion, dissoluted from the reaction for ZVI, can act as a coagulant to assist in the following precipitation process and (3) a higher ZVI utilization for the fluidized process due to abrasive motion of the ZVI. For the ZVI/H2O2 system, under optimum operating conditions, when the pH is 4.0, and Hydraulic Detention Time (HDT) 1.5 min and H2O2 concentration 23.6 mM, NP9EO and TOC removal efficiencies were 99 and 54%, respectively. The removal efficiency were increased with increased H2O2 dosage, but became reduced when H2O2 dosage was in excess of 23.6 mM. For the system, when the opt...

The temperature-driven precipitation of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-methacrylic acid) (P(NIPAM-co-MAA)) in anionic, cationic, and non-ionic surfactants solutions was investigated under an acidic (e.g. pH 3.0) and an alkali condition (pH 9.0). Under the acidic condition, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, anionic) and cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC, cationic) increased the cloud point of the copolymer and they suppressed the temperature-sensitivity. Under the alkali condition, SDS suppressed the temperature sensitivity as under the acidic condition, but CTAC boosted the temperature sensitivity and it decreased the cloud point of the copolymer. The effect of CTAC on the phase transition under the alkali condition was opposite to the effect observed under the acidic condition. Tween 20 (non-ionic) had little effect on the cloud point and the temperature-sensitivity under both the acidic and the alkali conditions.

This article aims to compare the interfacial activities of different kinds of surfactants in the same oil/water system. The anionic surfactants of alkylbenzene sulfonates, the polyoxyethylenated nonionic surfactants, the cationic surfactants of alkyl trimethyl ammonium chlorides, and the zwitterionic surfactants of alkyl hydroxyl sulfobetaines were used, and the interfacial tensions of the surfactant solutions against kerosene at different NaCl concentrations were measured. It is found that the interfacial activities of the alkylbenzene sulfonates are high and ultralow interfacial tensions (

Photophysical behavior of a xanthene dye Erythrosin B (EB) have been studied by ultraviolet-visible absorption and fluorescence spectroscopic measurements in presence of different nonionic surfactants and different solvents. From the thermodynamic and spectrophotometric results, it can be concluded that the electron donating abilities of the nonionic surfactants towards EB are in the order: Tween 60 > Tween 40 > Tween 20. An attempt has been made to ascertain the polarity of the microenvironment of Erythrosin B in the nonionic surfactant media from the photophysical characteristics of the dye in different solvents of known polarities.

Nonionic surfactant, alkyl polyglycoside (APG), has been successfully intercalated in the gallery space of Mg-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) via co-precipitation method. The possible effects of the pH, molar ratios of Mg/Al, and APG amount on the APG intercalated LDH are investigated. Under the optimal conditions, a probably orientation is that APG intercalated with an angle about 50° between APG chains and LDH layers, according to the gallery height of APG-LDHs and size of APG molecule. Thermal behavior shows higher thermal decomposition temperature of APG-LDH than pure APG.

Gray jute fabric has been bleached by three different processes—gray-bleach, scour bleach, and gray ambient bleach—to produce white fabric. These processes produce different optical and physical properties. All the bleached jute fabrics were dyed with direct and reactive dyes. Bleached and dyed jute fabrics were padded with finishing formulation comprising resin, softener, and nonionic surfactant, subsequently dried and cured. An evaluation of the bleached jute fabric reveals that the finishing treatment resulted in very good creasing characteristics without much deterioration of tensile strength. There is no alteration in color of the bleached and dyed jute fabrics before and after the finishing treatment. Washing fastness of the finished fabric is also good. Therefore, this combined finishing treatment can be applied to jute fabric to produce diversified and value-added jute products.

This study investigated the solubilization of 2-component and 3-component mixtures of 4-nitrotoluene (4-NT), 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT), and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in solutions of Brij-35, Brij-58, and alkyl phenol ethoxylates (Tergitol NP-10 to NP-40). 4-NT had the highest molar solubilization ratio (MSR) and TNT the lowest. For all 2-component systems with 4-NT, the MSR of 2,6-DNT and TNT increased. When either 2,6-DNT or TNT was present, the MSR values increased slightly for Tergitol NP-10 (NP10) and Tergitol NP-13 (NP13). For 3-component systems, TNT's MSR increased for all the surfactants, while significant increases in the MSR of 4-NT and 2,6-DNT were found for NP10 and NP13.

The water/nonionic surfactant/peppermint oil systems were studied in order to determine the one-phase microemulsion regions. The surfactants were of two types: hydroxylated (sugar esters) and ethoxylated (ethoxylated mono-di-glyceride and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate). These surfactants were able to form microemulsions without the use of cosurfactants or cosolvents. The ternary phase behavior at 25, 37, and 45°C was explored to determine the effect of temperature on the amount of solubilized water in the microemulsions. For each system investigated, the total area of the one phase microemulsion region, AT, was estimated. Temperature insensitive microemulsions were observed in the sugar ester based systems. It was found that minor changes in the surfactant structure suffice to provoke a considerable change in the total monophasic area of the system. Hydrophilic sugar esters were able to solubilize higher quantities of water in peppermint oil compared to the polyoxyethylene type surfactants. These al...

The dynamic surface tension (DST) of nonionic surfactants Dodecyl Polyoxyethylene(4) Polyoxypropylene(5) Ether (C12H25O(EO)4(PO)5H, abbr LS45) and Dodecyl Polyoxyethylene(5) Polyoxypropylene(4) Ether (C12H25O(EO)5(PO)4H, abbr LS54), which are short chain polyether surfactants, was measured using the maximum bubble pressure method. The effects of concentration and temperature on DST were investigated systematically, and the parameters (n, t i , t∗, t m , γ m , γ 0−γ m , R 1/2) derived from the DST curves were calculated, and the systematic change of the DST parameters with concentration and temperature is discussed. The parameters (p C 20(1S), Δp C 20, C 1s(i)∗ and C 1s (m)∗) of LS54 at 1 second were also measured and the physical meanings of these parameters were analyzed.

As part of a program investigating various mixed surfactant systems, the present investigation studied C10‐C16 triphenylphosphonium bromides with a nonionic surfactant (Tween 20). Fluorescence spectroscopy was employed to determine the critical micelle concentration. Results were analyzed using Regular Solution Theory to obtain the composition of the mixed micelles and the interaction parameter, β, to evaluate the type of interactions of surfactants in the mixed micelle. Maeda's approach was also employed to examine the chain–chain interactions of the surfactants in the mixed micelle.

The optical properties of the cultured bovine lens were analyzed after exposure to various concentrations of Tween 20, a nonionic surfactant, to find a nonirritating concentration for commercial products. Bovine lenses were extracted and placed into a culture chamber for 24 hours at 37°C with 4–5% CO2. The lenses were placed into three treatment (1%, n = 10; 10%, n = 9; and 100%, n = 10 Tween 20) and one control group (n = 7) for 15 minutes. For 8 days following treatment, the lens optics were analyzed periodically for back vertex distance (focal length) and back vertex distance variability (sharpness of focus) using a laser-scanning device. For both the control and the 1% Tween 20 condition, no significant change was seen from the beginning of the experiment (p > 0.05). The 10% Tween 20 solution induced significant loss of sharp focus (0.62 ± 0.1 mm SEM) 4 hours after exposure, increasing to BVD = 1.69 ± 0.3 mm SEM by the end of experimentation (p < 0.05). At full strength (100%), Tween 20 began ...

The phase behavior of oil/water/nonionic surfactant systems under the effect of temperature is usually only measured at an oil‐to‐water ratio of 1:1 (α = 0.5). It was found that with increasing oil‐chain length and increasing hydrophilicity of the surfactant (Triton X‐114 to Triton X‐100), the three‐phase region widens toward higher temperatures. The clear inclination of the “fishes” at constant oil‐to‐water ratios shows that the surfactant becomes more hydrophobic with increasing temperature. It was observed that the phase behavior of systems changes with the amount and kinds of added salts. The description of the experiments by the modified Landau‐type model is satisfactory.