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Purpose: Ocular toxocariasis (OT) is a zoonotic infection caused by larval stages of Toxocara canis and T. cati. The current review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the global prevalence of OT.Methods: Five English (PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) databases were explored and 101 articles met the inclusion criteria.Results: The pooled prevalence (95% confidence interval) of OT was higher in immunological studies (9%. 6-12%) than in studies that applied ophthalmic examination (1%. 1-2%). The lower middle-income level countries had the highest prevalence (6%. 2-12%) as well as the African region (10%. 7-13%). The highest infection rate (4%. 2-7%) was detected in the 1-25 mean age group.Conclusion: Regular anthelminthic treatment of cats and dogs, and removal of animal feces from public places must be considered.

To summarize the clinical features and probable factors associated with recurrence within 6 months in northern Chinese ocular toxocariasis (OT) patients. A retrospective cohort study (38 OT eyes) w...

To report five cases of ocular Toxocariasis (OT) in which ultrawide-field (UWF) imaging was helpful in diagnosis and assessment. OT is an underdiagnosed condition triggered by the ocular invasion of Toxocara larvae. Typical features are peripheral granuloma or endophthalmitis.A retrospective case series of 10 outpatients were studied by complete ophthalmologic examination and complementary tests. UWF retinal imaging, fundus autofluorescence (FAF) and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) were retrospectively analyzed. Five patients with suspected OT were included.UWF imaging and FAF was able to detect all retinal lesions in a single rapid capture. Two patients showed positive serology for Toxocara. An image suggesting the larva in the vitreous cavity was shown in one patient. Antihelmintic 15 treatment along with steroids was prescribed in two patients.UWF imaging and SDOCT provide a more efficient approach and follow-up in OT, raising final standards of care.

To report the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, treatment and outcomes of patients with ocular toxocariasis.Retrospective review of patients diagnosed with ocular toxocariasis at a pediatric ...

Purpose: To report a case of strabismus in a five-week-old infant, likely secondary to a rare occurrence of congenitally acquired ocular toxocariasis.Methods: Retrospective case report.Results: A five-week-old male infant with left exotropia was referred to pediatric ophthalmology and to a vitreoretinal specialist. Fundoscopic examination revealed a granuloma with associated retinal folds and tractional retinal detachment typical for ocular toxocariasis. Serology revealed positivity for Toxocara antibodies, consistent with the clinical diagnosis of ocular toxocariasis.Conclusion: Ocular toxocariasis is typically thought to be secondary to acquired Toxocara infection secondary to fecal-oral transmission. In this case of early-onset strabismus secondary to ocular toxocariasis, it is hypothesized that this is a presentation of congenitally acquired toxocariasis.

Purpose: To investigate the outcomes of surgical treatment in patients with ocular toxocariasis and identify prognostic factors.Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 56 consec...

A 25-year-old male presented with unilateral panuveitis with multiple voluminous elevated retinal lesions along with subretinal fluid and exudation. An extensive laboratory work-up was done, and a clinical suspicion of viral retinitis was considered. The patient was initiated on antiviral therapy and, subsequently, oral corticosteroids. As the corticosteroids were tapered, the patient developed worsening lesions and vitreous inflammation. Pars plana vitrectomy (diagnostic and therapeutic) was performed and cytology sample revealed a highly eosinophilic infiltrate suggestive of parasitic infection. The real-time polymerase chain reaction was positive for Toxocara cati. The diagnosis of ocular toxocariasis was made. This case highlights a highly unusual presentation where multiple retinal granulomas of ocular toxocariasis were observed in an immunocompetent male.

To determine the clinical features, treatment, and visual outcome in ocular toxocariasis.A total of 16 cases diagnosed as ocular toxocariasis clinically and/or serologically were analyzed retrospectively.The mean age of the patients was 22.6 years. Cases were categorized into three clinical types with peripheral granuloma (43.7%) as the most common presentation. Of the patients, 10 (62.5%) had positive serum ELISA for T. canis; five (31.2%) received combination treatment with anthelmintic and corticosteroid, and eight (50%) patients had vitreous surgery. The visual outcome in eyes which underwent surgery was better, however the difference in medically and surgically treated groups was insignificant (p = 0.11). There was also no difference in visual outcome among the three clinical groups (p = 0.20).Ocular toxocariasis has a varied presentation spectrum. Serum ELISA for T. canis aids in diagnosis. The difference in visual outcome among clinical and treatment groups was insignificant. However, in general, ocular toxocariasis resulted in a poor visual outcome.

To investigate the clinical characteristics and treatment results of adult patients with ocular toxocariasis.A total of 54 consecutive patients who were clinically and serologically diagnosed with ocular toxocariasis were retrospectively reviewed.Among patients, 66.7 and 77.3% showed increases in eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and total Ig E in serum, respectively. Four eyes (7.2%) initially presented as neuroretinitis with subsequent motile retinal lesion. The recurrence rates in the combination treatment group with albendazole and corticosteroids were significantly lower than those in the steroid-alone group during the mean follow-up of 27.6 months (p = 0.001).The adjunctive test of serum total IgE level may be helpful for the diagnosis of ocular toxocariasis. Ocular toxocariasis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of unilateral neuroretinitis with subsequent motile retinal lesion. Combined treatment with albendazole and corticosteroids appeared to be effective for reducing the recurrence of intraocular inflammation.

Toxocariasis was first reported in the early 1950s.1 Distribution is worldwide but the incidence is highest in the south‐eastern United States, Puerto Rico and the West Indies.2 Serological surveys...