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Burger M. J., Meijers E. J. and van Oort F. G. Regional spatial structure and retail amenities in the Netherlands, Regional Studies. This paper examines how the presence of retail amenities in Dutch regions is dependent on their spatial structure. Retail amenities, in particular those specialized retail functions that require a large urban support base, are less found in more polycentric and more dispersed regions. This can be explained by the observation that in polycentric and dispersed regions the degree of market fragmentation is higher as a result of more intense regional competition and spacing between retail centres. Evidence is found for ways to overcome the lack of agglomeration benefits in more polycentric and more dispersed regions. Both concentration of retail and more complementarities between cities' retail amenities may make up for the disadvantages of regions being polycentric or dispersed. These findings provide a rationale to coordinate regionally specialized retailing in polycentric and...

The enclosure of ancillary material within a letter-packet has long fascinated scholars interested in epistolary networks. This article explores the incorporation of roughly drawn manuscript sketch maps within letter-packets sent between intelligencers and diplomats in northern Europe and the administrative authorities in England in the sixteenth-century. It examines the practical acquisition of such maps by agents at times of diplomatic and/or military crisis, how these agents viewed the composite materials within the letter-packets and how they saw the inclusion of multiple forms of intelligence within dispatches as a method of enhancing their status in the landscape of political information and power.

Structural applications of aluminium are considered in this paper. Although the discussion is mainly devoted to Europe, the paper also refers, where possible, to developments in other parts of the world. The problems faced by a designer in creating an optimum design are described, followed by a brief review of the research carried out in the past four decades on the structural behaviour of aluminium and a preview of topics still to be investigated. A historical overview of standards is then given, starting from the ECCS Recommendations up to the recently published Eurocode 9. Finally, a number of structural applications are dealt with, as well as some future directions and concluding remarks. © 2010.

As soon as homeless end up on the streets, they react by adapting their perceptions of self and their surroundings to be better able to cope with the new situation. This article focuses on the changes that occur in (formerly) homeless persons regarding their perceptions of time and space. First is explained how perceptions of time and space change gradually in homeless persons. Then, the study discusses how the perceptions of time and space of (formerly) homeless persons are gradually being brought in line with prevailing notions in dominant society. It is based on the findings of a qualitative follow-up study of more than 60 (formerly) homeless persons conducted in the Netherlands.

A longitudinal study was conducted among 72 Romanian adoptive children (41 boys, 31 girls) in the Netherlands, who, according to the parents and medical records, had all experienced a period of some degree of deprivation before their adoption. The children were on average 2 years and 9 months old at adoption. Parents filled out the Child Behavioural Checklist twice. On average there was little change in scores between the two measurements, and correlations were high. Some children displayed a marked improvement, or worsening of problems. The change in CBCL scores was not related to age or health on arrival into the adoptive family. Children who received special education at the first measurement (31%) improved significantly more on Total Problems than children who didn't. The same applied to professional help, the 46 children (64%) for whom professional help was engaged improved significantly more than the other 26 children. It appears to be effective to engage educational and psychological help for these...

New guidelines for assessing the costs and benefits of transport systems have been used in the Netherlands since 2000. This paper reports on the first use of these guidelines for assessment of an innovative transport concept, the Superbus. The Superbus concept combines new vehicle technologies, demand-driven logistics and partly new infrastructure. Ex ante evaluation of an innovative transport system proved to be possible but more difficult than that of a conventional system. The main challenge was found in taking into account the uncertainties, not only expressing them as potential extra costs but also taking into account the potential benefits of innovations.

This paper on the origins of Baptist life 400 years ago and the role of the Dutch context in the beginnings of English baptistic thinking was delivered at the seminar arranged by the Baptist Historical Society at the Baptist Assembly in Bournemouth, on 2 May 2009.

The key question addressed in this paper is: do Design & Construct (DC 25 years), a contracting procedure for the transport services (15 years) and a D&C contracting procedure for five segments of the substructure (mainly civil engineering). In particular the experiences of the D&C contract for the substructure have been documented in a recent report by the Dutch Parliamentary Commission on Infrastructure Projects and in this paper. The conclusion overall is that everything that could go wrong, went wrong. These failures are demonstrated and explained. A number of lessons can be learned, both for the Netherlands and the international community. Conditions for a proper D&C approach are formulated. Only when these conditions are met can D&C improve the price-quality ratio of infrastructure projects and boost dynamics and innovation in the construction industry.

British society has come to see itself as at risk from violent and antisocial behaviour from people with mental disorders. One manifestation of this is the DSPD programme for offenders with severe personality disorders, inspired by the Dutch TBS system. The TBS legislation was introduced to combat the frequent reoffending of “psychopaths”. The number of TBS hospital beds has increased rapidly, from 400 in 1975 to more than 1,600 in 2006. This is mainly due to the growing confidence of Dutch courts that the order protects the public and minimises recidivism. Five-year recidivism rates among discharged TBS patients have fallen from 52% in 1974 to 17% in 1998. In this article, we describe the main differences between the two systems in terms of philosophy, treatment programmes, outcomes and costs. The DSPD programme has deviated substantially from the TBS model in ways that may prevent it being as effective. It has not, in our opinion. properly implemented the patient responsibility, the rehabilitation focus...

In the wake of the success of Richard Florida in particular, concepts such as the “creative class” and “quality of place” have become growing topics of debate in urban economics and urban geography...

Hitherto, little has been known about the production and publishing history of the Danckerts Atlas. A major problem is that neither title pages nor maps are dated. After six years of research, we are able to suggest dates for the production of all the maps in the Atlas. In this paper we give a brief description of the methods used to arrive at those dates, some of the issues and difficulties encountered, and the main results achieved.

In the Netherlands, as in the United States, the introduction of the concept of ‘mental health’ in education is closely related to the development of a network of child guidance clinics. The first of these was established in Amsterdam in 1928. However, a substantial movement to actively promote mental health did not come into existence until after the Second World War. Unlike in the USA, at the time in the Netherlands the school was considered of only little importance in the crusade for the prevention of mental illness. Teachers and school physicians alike were at the same time recognized as helping forces in the promotion of mental strength and conceived of as inadequately equipped to diagnose problem children. The tradition of labelling the school as a sick‐making institution appears to have been an important asset for the child guidance clinics’ lobby to successfully discredit the institution. Parents’ educational competence was likewise undermined by the infiltration of child‐psychiatric theory, conc...

In 1901 the Dutch physiologist Willem Einthoven invented the string galvanometer. It was an instrument capable of recording weak electrical pulses in the human body. He used it to investigate the human heartbeat and in 1924 was awarded the Nobel Prize for medicine or physiology for the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram. Soon after his first publication he contacted a number of Dutch and international instrument makers with a view to persuading them to produce his apparatus. The correspondence between Einthoven and these instrument makers gives us an insight into the process from prototype through to sellable instrument. It also reveals that these instrument makers had an important part to play in the earliest development of the string galvanometer on its way to becoming an electrocardiograph. The first impression that the string galvanometer made on instrument makers appears to have been an important guiding factor in the direction taken by the technological development of the apparatus....

This article focuses on the impact of research and education evaluation on two universities: Trento State University (Italy) and the University of Amsterdam (The Netherlands). The article adopts a system approach to evaluation and proposes a model to describe and analyse evaluation systems. The analysis has been carried out by means of in‐depth interviews with key decision‐makers involved in the two universities. The analysis shows that many of the differences in impact can be linked to the different ‘evaluation stages’ the universities are currently in; the Italian university experiencing a number of novel effects, with the Dutch university reaping the benefits (and experiencing some problems) of having institutionalized evaluation practices.

In monitoring land cover change by overlay of two maps from different dates, the rate of change is frequently overestimated. This is due to three sources of uncertainty: (1) semantic differences in class definitions between two maps, (2) positional errors and (3) classification errors. In this study, four methods are proposed that use the Bayes theorem to update prior estimates of land cover change with information on the probabilities with which land cover classes are mistaken for each other. The methods were illustrated for two case studies. In the first case study, the real change was 1.4%, and by overlay of the two maps, 7.4% was predicted. The estimates by the four methods were 6.3%, 15.3%, 6.7% and 1.6%. In the second study, these percentages were 48% and 36%, and with our four methods: 39.2%, 54.1%, 50.8% and 53.0%. Two of the methods account for the correlation in classification accuracy between maps of two dates. Where this correlation was high (study area 1), the methods that accounted for correlation yielded change estimates closer to the real change than the methods that did not account for this correlation

Models play an important role in science education. However, previous research has revealed that science teachers' content knowledge, curricular knowledge, and pedagogical content knowledge about models and modelling are often incomplete or inadequate. A research project was conducted that aimed at promoting and gaining an understanding of the development of beginning science teachers' knowledge in this area. The teachers, who were enrolled in a teacher's training programme, participated in a special course on models and modelling, and conducted a research project in their classes about this theme. The data gathered in this project support the discussion to the extent that both the activities of the course and the conducting of and reflection on their research projects contributed to the development of teachers' knowledge. From the results, we propose some guidelines for educational researchers interested in this area.

Breakthrough innovations, whether technological, organizational or both, are a necessity if the market share of intermodal freight transport is to expand. The main growth potential lies in the markets for flows over short distances, for perishable and high-value commodities, for small consignments, and for flows that demand speed, reliability and flexibility. It will take radical innovations to produce a breakthrough in the modal split and allow these new markets to be conquered. This special issue is based on papers presented at an international conference on freight transport automation and multimodality, held in Delft in May 2002, that are illustrative of the direction of breakthrough research and development (R&D) aimed at increasing the market share for intermodal transport.

In recent years there has been a growing interest in the comparative study of youth transitions. National and international studies have analysed the role of individual and institutional (education...

This study examined the influence of need for cognition (Cacioppo & Petty, 1982) on adaptive and maladaptive responses to fear appeals. After measuring their need for cognition, participants read a high versus low threat message about breast cancer, followed by a persuasive message that recommended breast self-examination. Interaction effects between need for cognition and threat on measures of precautionary motivation supported our main hypothesis that fear appeals only result in adaptive coping (i.e., danger control) among respondents who are high in need for cognition. If possible, persuasive communicators may thus consider screening participants first on their need for cognition. On the other hand, predicted main effects of threat information on maladaptive coping (i.e., fear control) suggest that fear appeals should be used with caution, preceded by extensive pilot testing.

This paper reports some of the findings from a four-year funded comparative research project into state policy on separate schools for religious minorities in England and the Netherlands. The project focuses on two religious groups--evangelical Christians and Muslims. In both countries there has been a recent growth in the number of schools run by both religious groups. In the Netherlands there are now more than 30 Muslim schools fully-funded by the state, while in England there is a larger number, but only four are state-funded. The majority are fee paying private schools. Similarly, in both countries there has been a recent growth in the number of schools run by evangelical Christians. In the Netherlands these schools are again fully funded by the state while, in England, none of about 60 evangelical Christian schools is funded. This paper presents a framework for the comparison and evaluation of policies on separate religious schools, and discusses some of the wider implications of the differences betw...

The timing and impact of depopulation of the Wendat-Tionontate (Huron-Petun) was examined using historical, epidemiological, archaeological, and bioarchaeological data. Historical and epidemiological research indicates that the documented 1634–40 epidemics that devastated Wendat-Tionontate villages had their origins in the large numbers of European children who emigrated in the 1630s to the New World colonies from the disease-ridden cities of England, Netherlands, and France. There is no evidence in Wendat-Tionontate archaeological settlement remains or large burial populations for any significant outbreak of European disease prior to ad 1634.

Decreasing the number of homeless drug users is one of the main characteristics of inner city drugs policy. The present study selected an urban-ethnographic perspective (the subculture theory) in order to explore why one drug user is homeless and another 7 not, and to attempt to describe and define the homeless and their immediate social environment. These issues were formulated into the following research questions: 1. What are the sociodemographic characteristics of homeless drug users in Rotterdam, and do they differ from domiciled drug users? 2. What are their living conditions? 3. What are the reasons for being homeless? 4. Does the period of homelessness play a role in the need to change one's lifestyle? Five research methods were employed for this study: a literature search, interviews with key persons, field notes from community fieldworkers, a survey among drug users (n = 204), and photographic reports from six homeless users. Data were collected in 1998/1999. The results document that in our study population there were more women, more illegal persons, and more foreigners than among domiciled drug users, and that the homeless group used heroin and cocaine on more days. A large proportion of the homeless users had no identity papers and no health insurance. This did not, however, lead to more self-reported sickness or a higher prevalence of infectious diseases compared with nonhomeless drug users. Easily accessible (low threshold) social care centers and assistance are very important. Few of the homeless had voluntarily chosen a homeless life-most describe an event that was a trigger for their homelessness. The average duration of being homeless was 17 months, and the longer someone had been homeless the less inclined they were to change their situation. This paper also discusses policymaking implications.

The gap between theory and practice or research knowledge and practical knowledge provides a barrier for student teachers to make full use of the possibility of learning about teaching behaviour at teacher training colleges. Tutorials in educational theory are seen as theoretical, 'talking about', and drama courses, seemingly so practical, are not always appreciated for more than the fun of acting. As much as student teachers dislike pure educational theory without practice, they also question the use of drama without a theory. Based upon Keith Johnstone's theory of improvisation combined with the teacher behavioural diagram, a theoretical basis is developed for the use of drama in teacher training.

Summary The licensing strategy of university libraries in the Netherlands is closely connected with university policies to develop document servers and to make research publications available on the Web. National agreements have been made with major publishers, such as Elsevier Science and Kluwer Academic, to provide access to a wide range of scientific information and to experiment with new ways of pro viding information and new business models.

new form of contractual agreement and way of working adapted from other industries, the 'project alliance', was researched, developed and is undergoing demonstration to reduce the length of construction time and construction costs. This is achieved through contractor involvement at an early stage of the design process, project participants paid on a net cost basis with participants jointly sharing in the financial success or failure of the project at completion, and the creation of a contractual partnership between all parties. Cet article porte sur des recherches faites sur une nouvelle forme d'accord contractuel et sur une méthode de travail issue d'autres industries; cette étude intitulée «project alliance a été affinée et est en cours de démonstration, l'objectif étant de raccourcir la durée des travaux de construction et d'en réduire les coûts. Ces réductions sont possibles, d'une part, grâce à l'implication du contractant au début du processus de conception, les participants au projet étant payés sur la base du coût net et étant solidaires, sur le plan financier, de la réussite ou de l'échec du projet au moment de l'achèvement et, d'autre part, grâce la création d'un partenariat contractuel entre toutes les parties concernées.

L'importance de la zone de swash sur la stabilite de nos cotes est reconnue par bon nombre d'auteurs, mais de multiples questions restent en suspens, principalement du fait des difficultes d'obtention des donnees de terrain. Ainsi, les facteurs qui influencent la morphodynamique de la zone de swash sont encore mal connus et par consequent, les conditions de construction et de destruction de nos cotes par les processus hydrodynamiques de la zone de swash le sont tout autant. Cet article se propose d'etudier l'exemple d'une barre de bas estran soumise aux conditions de la zone de swash. Sa formation, sa migration, et sa destruction sont etudiees, en parallele des conditions hydrodynamiques locales. L'influence des vitesses orbitales, elevees dans le domaine infragravitaire lors du swash de maree montante, parait etre determinante sur la morphodynamique de cette barre sableuse.

After several failed attempts to rein in the growth of special education, the Dutch government made a start in 1991 with a policy to accommodate pupils with problems in regular education and to put a stop to the growth of special education. This paper examines a large-scale study conducted by our research group at the University of Amsterdam which attempted to answer the question whether pupils with problems are better off in special education where there are more resources and they can get more attention than in mainstream schools. It was expected that the pupils in special education would do better due to the specialist care and individual attention. However, with a few exceptions, few differences were found when comparable at-risk pupils in regular schools were compared with their counterparts in both types of special schools. There was a conspicuously large measure of variability in both regular and special education. All school types had both at-risk pupils who were doing well from an academic and/or...

Recently, the interest in public transit increased because of its contribution in solving the problem in mobility. This resulted in a worldwide need for building new railway stations and expanding existing ones. A railway station forms no longer a building on its own, but part of a larger complex. On the one hand, a station is an integrated part of the city, in that it is supplemented with urban functions, which results in multiple-land use. On the other hand, all transport modalities are concentrated in and around the station, thus turning the station into a multi-modal interchange machine. This report deals with these aspects. Attention is paid to arranging various transport modalities in and around the station, the required flexibility for both railway tracks and real estate development, and the execution and maintenance aspects with regard to the inconvenience for passengers and public transit. Through examples of railway station designs, the effects of all these aspects for structural solutions will be explained.

The foundations of analysis offered by Cauchy and Riemann were not immediately welcomed by the mathematical community. Before 1870 the foundations of mathematics were considered more or less a national affair. In this paper, Dutch ideas of rigour in analysis between 1840 and 1870 will be discussed. These ideas show that Dutch mathematicians were aware of developments abroad but preferred the concept of infinitesimals as a foundation of mathematics.

Le projet ARNO (Academic Research in the Netherlands Online), principalement realise par les bibliotheques de differentes universites neerlandaises, a comme objectifs intermediaires la conception et l'etablissement de serveurs d'archives universitaires destines a stocker les productions de chaque institution - ressources educatives, rapports de recherche, theses et dissertations ou articles publies. L'objectif final est de les rendre accessibles gratuitement a la communaute academique pour soutenir la recherche et l'education. L'interoperabilite des serveurs d'archives d'ARNO sera assuree par la conformite avec les normes de l'Open Archives Initiative. Apres un rappel du contexte d'arriere-plan du projet, l'article rapporte les resultats d'une enquete sur les attitudes des chercheurs et des auteurs vis-avis de l'edition electronique et de l'utilisation des serveurs d'archives. Puis il decrit le developpement technique des serveurs d'archives d'ARNO. Il evoque la recherche sur les possibilites de relier l'evaluation interpair avec les serveurs d'archives, et l'interoperabilite avec les processus de workflow de l'edition.

The Drugs Information and Monitoring System (DIMS) in The Netherlands is a toxicoepidemiologic monitor of drug markets that was established in 1992. Its main focuses are to identify the compounds of synthetic drugs, describe prevalence and trends, and identify health risks. Here we discuss the insights gained in the Ecstasy market, based on the weekly testing of more than 100 drug samples, and key information of synthetic drug users delivering drug samples and personnel participating in the DIMS network. Pills used as Ecstasy may contain a wide variety of compounds. The percentage of samples containing MDMA increased slowly reaching almost 75% in 1996, but decreasing sharply in 1997. Amphetamines ("speed" and "ice") and experimental varieties were found in at least one third of the pills. Origins and effects of this development are discussed, as well as the risk assessment. In 1998 the percentage of MDMA pills increased more than ever before, indicating among other things that consumers prefer the conventional product. However, the use of "speed" and other drugs may also be stimulated by the decrease in 1997 of the percentage of MDMA pills. With more new types of drugs likely in the next century, a monitor such as DIMS provides important surveillance and data for public health and preventive aims.

In Europe, universal service developed within a public-service-oriented institutional framework. The historical conflicts that produced these institutional arrangements are still important for national policymaking. Furthermore, the level of technological development and integration in the European Union forms the context in which decisions concerning universal service are made. Our analysis of telecommunications policies in three small European countries - Denmark, the Netherlands, and Norway - shows that business actors are well networked and press for a minimal definition of universal services, whereas those actors promoting an extended definition seem to be less coordinated and therefore less successful. Hence it is unlikely that universal services will be defined more extensively in the future.

River management in the province of Holland in the eighteenth century was co‐ordinated by a Hydraulic Department which worked closely with local, regional and other provincial authorities to maintain river beds and channels. To perform its function efficiently, all the Hydraulic Department's main river maps followed general precepts laid down as early as 1725 by the surveyor Nicolaas Cruquius (1678–1754). The basic principle was to create clear maps with uniform scale and design which contained only the topographical information relevant to the work of the department. Experiments with depth contours were made, and profiles and diagrams were included in order to portray as accurately as possible the invisible natural processes which influenced the river landscape. The cartographical model thus established was followed consistently throughout the eighteenth century.

Despite the growing interest in museums and exhibitions in anthropology, there is still a sharp sense of difference (certainly in parts of Europe) between universities and museums in their practices of making and transmitting knowledge. This paper argues thatanthropological theory, in the general sense of translation, can be productively engaged in the making of exhibitions. Although scripting an exhibition goes beyond writing, various kinds of preliminary texts are crucial to exhibition makers' work. Carol Duncan recycles anthropological theory in her analysis of the art museum as a ritual site, engaging a particular notion of scripting. Two case studies explore how anthropological perspective might be used to write exhibition storylines otherwise.

Managers and maintenance consultants in The Netherlands are working to objectify the inspection of real estate, and to increase the possibilities of controlling long-range maintenance expectations and setting priorities. However, in this view maintenance policy is still largely determined from the ‘bottom up’; technical maintenance requirements play a predominant role. However, maintenance and investment practice ought also to be based on a ‘top-down’ vision of the desired level of functional performance of a particular building and of the total stock of buildings in the future. This vision would result in accommodation scenarios for these buildings to which a maintenance policy can then be adapted. Such a maintenance policy would link together the top-down and the bottom-up approaches. Aux Pays-Bas, responsables et consultants en entretien travaillent a objectiver l'inspection des immeubles, a augmenter les possibilites de controler les previsions d'entretien a long terme et a fixer des priorit es. Dans ...

To investigate the validity of ambient fine-particle concentrations as a measure of exposure in epidemiological time-series studies, we established the association between personal and ambient concentrations, within subjects, over time. We conducted repeated measurements of personal and ambient fine-particle concentrations in 13 children who lived in Wageningen, The Netherlands. For each child separately, we related personal exposures to ambient concentrations in a regression analysis. The median Pearson's correlation coefficient was 0.86. Personal fine-particle concentrations were also highly correlated with ambient particulate matter (i.e., < or = 10-microm) concentrations (median Pearson's correlation coefficient = .75). Personal fine-particle concentrations were typically approximately 11 microg/m3 higher than ambient concentrations. We excluded measurements of children who were exposed to environmental tobacco smoke, and the difference was only 5 microg/m3. The findings of high correlations between personal fine-particle concentrations and both ambient fine-particle concentrations and particulate matter (i.e., < or = 10-microm) found in this group of children provide support for investigators to use ambient particulate matter concentrations to measure exposure to fine-particle concentrations in epidemiological time-series studies.

SUMMARY This study, on approaches to mathematics education, aims to identify curricular frameworks that are robust across cultures and education systems. Lesson ideas of Irish and Dutch pre-service teachers were studied to identify the selections of: (1) the basic aspects of the concept of area; and (2) the real-life contexts, shapes, and manipulatives chosen to teach this concept. A two-dimensional framework emerged, relating preservice teachers’ ideas to archetypal realistic, structuralist, mechanist, or empiricist approaches.

The Advanced Information Workstation (AIW) pilot project at the Koninklijke Bibliotheek (KB), the national library of the Netherlands, led to the development of a multimedia workstation with special attention to needs of researchers in the humanities. After consideration of types of information resources, how users retrieve information, and the growing importance of the Web, the core of the first version of AIW is a new catalogue that helps locate many important secondary sources including fifteen specialized online catalogues within the KB. The second version of the AIW will include a billing facility so that scholars can access external online databases that charge fees and will be integrated with the KB's Web server.

In 1993 a new subject, Technology, was introduced in all Dutch junior secondary schools. The results of an implementation study (part of the OECD/SMTE case studies project) are described inthe first part of the paper. Technologyclasses in three case-study schools are characterized and pupils' attitudes towards technology described. Pre-vocational schools emphasized practical activities more than other types of secondary schools. Introducing technology imposed a heavy teaching load and there were, as yet, no satisfactory textbooks. Little co-operation with other subjects had been achieved. The second part of the paper elaborates on the problems in the co-operation between science and technology teachers. Some recommendations for improved co-operation are offered.

Sixty-two samples of maize imported in The Netherlands and intended for human consumption were screened for the presence and concentration of fumonisin B1. Sixty-one of those samples contained fumonisin B1 with concentrations ranging from 30 to 3350 micrograms kg-1, 11 maize samples contained > 1000 micrograms kg-1. The average fumonisin B1 concentration was 640 micrograms kg-1 for the positive samples and 620 micrograms kg-1 for all samples. Medians were 600 micrograms kg-1 and 550 micrograms kg-1 for positive and all samples, respectively. The results obtained were comparable to results from other studies in maize from various countries.

Pluralistic education is an educational concept which aims at the development in students of a so-called 'pluralistic attitude'. For its epistemological foundations the concept is based on Dewey and for its educational and psychological underpinning on the Vygotskian tradition. The concepts of activity , dialogue , and the importance of diversity are central. Furthermore, an important tenet is that education can have a real impact on the development of the students. When invited to react to the concept of pluralistic education, a group of teachers show a certain degree of affinity with it: they all hope to educate their students for a positive participation in a pluriform society. They differ from it, however, in some fundamental ways: in their conception of knowledge, in their stressing of security over insecurity, in their individualistic approach to teaching and learning, and in their quite pessimistic view of the possibilities for making a real contribution to the development of their students.

Dans cet article l'auteur decrit les principes et pratiques du systeme educatif neerlandais en mettant en relief les nouvelles conceptions educatives qui sont developpees dans les etablissements scolaires ainsi que dans la formation initiale et continue des enseignants. En se basant sur les resultats recents de la recherche theorique et pratique, elle essaie d'identifier et d'analyser les causes de l'echec scolaire de garcons et filles dans l'enseignement primaire et secondaire et l'enseignement primaire special ; en examinant le role de filtre de l'enseignant et les effets du curriculum invisible (differences selon le genre notamment) l'auteur pose la question de la capacite de l'ecole a preparer les jeunes de facon adequate a des responsabilites sociales, economiques et politiques. Enfin l'auteur questionne les mesures gouvernementales et educatives les plus importantes destinees a resoudre les problemes de la pratique educative actuelle.

Le projet international archeologique de Thy est destine a engager des recherches sur l'histoire a long terme de l'economie domestique, des modeles d'habitat locaux et de leur integration locale dans l'economie politique, d'une region situee a la limite du monde europeen face a la Mer du Nord. Il est fonde sur une strategie de recherche a trois niveaux : 1) l'homme et l'ecologie ; 2) l'homme, l'habitat et l'economie ; 3) les fouilles d'un echantillonage de maisons du Neolithique final et de l'Age du Bronze ancien. L'article rapporte les resultats des fouilles de ces habitations dans le contexte de la variabilite des activites structurees dans une economie micro-regionale

We report an unusual intoxication by tetrodotoxin (TTX). A curator of an aquarium sustained minor punctures in his finger from the spines of a porcupine fish during an autopsy of a dead porcupine fish. He developed paresthesias, numbness, paresis, dizziness and headache. The death of the fish might have caused some autolysis, leading to increased availability of TTX. In combination with direct contact with the organ fluids, this probably led to TTX exposure via minor wounds.

Aquifer remediation operations are often behind schedule. Usually, a rather sharp concentration decrease shortly after the start of an operation is followed by a situation in which hardly any concentration decrease is observed. Furthermore, the concentration increases after stopping the groundwater recovery. These phenomena are caused by so-called tailing. An important cause of tailing is the phenomenon that equilibrium is not reached for some of the transport and sorption processes involved. To predict these effects of tailing, IWACO has developed a program SORWACO, which describes the behaviour of solutes along a path line. Processes for which equilibrium is reached quickly as well as processes for which equilibrium is reached only slowly are taken into account. The program has been verified against break­ through curves observed in column experiments reported in the literature. The program parameters were calibrated using the data of several experiments. The resulting set of parameter values accurately described the transport for different flow velocities. The fact that quite good results can be obtained without a lot of data from a specific site makes the program a valuable tool for the design of remediation operations. The program is especially useful when extensive input data are not available so that detailed three-dimensional or stochastic models cannot be applied. The use of the program is illustrated by means of a case study. The progress was monitored and the data show good correspondence with the predictions of the program. Transport et desorption differences de produits chimiques organiques pendant la restauration d'un aquifere Resume Les operations de restauration d'aquiferes interviennent souvent tardivement. En general, la concentration elevee en elements chimiques indesirables decroit rapidement des le debut de l'operation, puis intervient une periode pendant laquelle la diminution de concentration est a peine observable. Parfois meme, la concentration augmente a nouveau apres l'arret du traitement des eaux souterraines. Ce phenomene est cause par un transport et une desorption retardes (tailing). Ce retard est lie au fait que l'arret de l'operation ne signifie pas que l'equilibre est atteint pour le transport et la desorption des elements. Afin de predire les effets de ce retard, IWACO a developpe le programme informatique de modelisation, SORWACO, qui decrit le comportement des substances en solution le long d'un filet d'ecoulement. Aussi bien les processus pour lesquels l'equilibre est atteint rapidement que ceux pour lesquels il est atteint lentement ont ete pris en compte. Le programme a ete verifie par rapport aux courbes de degradation observees sur colonnes experimentales et decrites dans la litterature. Les parametres du programme ont ete cales en utilisant les donnees de plusieurs experimentations. Les valeurs des parametres obtenues decrivent precisement le transport pour differentes vitesses d'ecoulement. Le fait que de bons resultats puissent etre obtenus sur un site specifique meme en l'absence d'un grand nombre de donnees le concernant, fait que le programme est un outil fiable pour la conception des operations de restauration. Le programme est en particulier utile lorsque des modeles tridimensionnels ou stochastiques detailles ne peuvent etre utilises par manque de donnees de base en quantite suffisante. Dans cet article, l'utilisation du programme est

Etant donne la complexite de structure de l'environment bati il est souvent difficile d'obtenir de bons resultats dans le cadre de projets d'amenagement durable. Aux Pays-Bas le gouvernement a fait appel a une serie de nouveaux outils d'evaluation qui ont eu pour effet de permettre la mise en oeuvre d'idees innovatrices dans le cadre d'une economie de marche. Le processus mis en place par le gouvernement neerlandais se sert de dispositions contractuelles, de gestion de reseau et surtout de projets de demonstration pour evaluer la faisabilite d'amenagements innovateurs. Les auteurs expliquent ce processus et presentent des exemples tires de programmes de construction de logements durables, offrant un haut niveau de rendement energetique. Ils soulignent par ailleurs limportance, dans ce domaine, d'objectifs bien definis.

This review of the literature on oligosaccharide synthesis tabulates over 700 glycosidic linkages that have been chemically synthesized in the “popular literature” in the year 1994. The “popular literature” consists of the following journals, most frequently used for reporting oligosaccharide synthesis: Acta Chem. Scand., Angew. Chem. Intl. Ed. Engl., Aust. J. Chem., Bioorg. Med. Chem., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., Bull. SOC. Chim. Fr., Can. J. Chem., Carbohydr. Res., Carbohydr. Lett., Chem. Ber., Chem. Lett., Chem.-Ztg., Gazz. Chim. Ital., Glycoconjugate J., Glycobiology, Helv. Chim. Acta, Heterocycles, J. Am. Chem. Soc., J. Carbohydr. Chem., J. Chem. Res., J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun., J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. I, J. Med. Chem., J . Org. Chem., Liebigs Ann. Chem., Pol. J. Chem., Rec. Trav. Chim. Pays Bas., Synlett, Synthesis, Synth. Commun., Tetrahedron and Tetrahedron Lett.

A comparatively simple method of uncovering the deep structure of career lines from job history data is described. Key decisions in the construction of the programming algorithm are related to substantive and theoretical ideas. Illustrations of the use of the method are offered, based on blue collar job histories from an American and a Dutch firm. Advantages, drawbacks and other applications of the program are discussed.

Striving for certification has proved to be a good way of keeping quality programmes going despite the inevitable difficulties, modifications and adjustments needed to be taken with the MKA‐matrix.