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The “value” of university courses in the UK is increasingly\ud equated with their potential for employability enhancement.\ud Part 1 of this research utilized theory from the marketing\ud discipline to highlight the many other aspects of value that a\ud law degree in particular offers beyond lawyer qualification,\ud and Part 2 presented a theory of value for the UK legal\ud education market specifically, based upon the value\ud propositions articulated by UK providers in their online\ud prospectus pages. This third paper in the series explores\ud student perspectives on this theme, identified through six life\ud history interviews conducted with past and present LLB\ud students from a post-92 university in the UK. The findings\ud indicate that - whilst employability (and lawyer qualification\ud specifically) is unquestionably important - there is still much\ud untapped value potential that can be harnessed in order to\ud differentiate law programmes in an increasingly competitive\ud market. As the relevant regulatory body prepares to make\ud radical changes to the way that solicitors qualify in England\ud and Wales from 2021, the time for providers to develop\ud differentiated and distinctive value, is now.

The minerals exploration industry’s demand for a highly precise airborne gravity gradiometer has driven development of the VK1TM Airborne Gravity Gradiometer, a collaborative effort by Rio Tinto and the University of Western Australia. VK1TM aims to provide gravity gradient data with lower uncertainty and higher spatial resolution than current commercial systems. In the recent years of VK1TM development, there have been significant improvements in hardware, signal processing and data processing which have combined to result in a complete AGG system that is approaching competitive survey-ready status. This paper focuses on recent improvements. Milestone-achieving data from recent lab-based and moving-platform trials will be presented and discussed, along with details of some advanced data processing techniques that are required to make the most use of the data.

This paper presents results on the characterisation of sediment build-up on roads and footpaths of a residential catchment in Dublin, Ireland. Compared to power and exponential functions, the linear function provided the best fit of the road sediment build-up in terms of total and size-fractionated loads. Significant road sediment build-up rates were recorded for the majority of size fractions on the three street zones sampled, however it was not possible to separate build-up rates between size fractions due to random variation in sediment loads. There was a significant difference in total road sediment build-up between two of the sampling zones, which was likely due to the proximity to a highly trafficked road. Build-up rates on footpaths could not be separated from random variation. Footpath sediment loads were between 6% and 22% of road sediment loads, with texture depth identified as an important difference between these surfaces.

SUMMARY Full Tensor Gradient (FTG) gravity data measures the derivatives of the Earth's gravitational field. Such variations in the gravitational field may be due to the presence of bodies of higher or lower density relative to the surrounding rock. As the gravity tensor contains 5 independent components, effective visualisation of this high-dimensional dataset is advantageous for efficient processing of the FTG data. We present two aspects of visualising mass anomalies in FTG gravity datasets. First, we create a textured image where the orientations of the resulting texture reflect local lateral orientations encoded in the FTG data. It uses a colour map to highlight geologically significant structures such as linear features and radially symmetric points by identifying different geological features and using colour components to represent different feature types. This visualisation method is shown to be robust to significant levels of modelled noise, and we demonstrate its applicability to a field FTG survey. Second, we present an algorithm for estimating the depths of mass anomalies in FTG data. A voxel representation of the subsurface is created and voxels are voted for according to gravitational curvature properties encoded in the FTG tensor. A visualisation of the volume at successive depths highlights 3D locations of mass anomalies at local maxima of the volume. The algorithm is evaluated on a forward-modelled FTG dataset where the depths of mass anomalies are known. The depths of mass anomalies are shown to be accurately located in the presence of noise.

According to World Health Organisation figures, 30% of all cancer deaths, 20% of all coronary heart diseases and strokes and 80% of all chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are caused by cigarette smoking. In accordance with the recommendations of the Tobacco Free Policy Review Group Report the Irish government has introduced a smoking ban in all workplaces with the exception of prisons and psychiatric hospitals. This study measured the levels of benzene and 1,3-butadiene in air, two known carcinogens and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) markers, in pubs both before and after the smoking ban was introduced. The results of the study have quantified the significant gross differences in pre and post ban exposure levels. The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), Human Respiratory Tract model for Radiological Protection has then been adopted to assess the amounts of these pollutants typically absorbed in the nose, throat and lungs of the workers and patrons of pubs in Ireland before and after the smoking ban. This has revealed a reduction in the average dose of benzene and 1,3-butadiene of 91% and 95% respectively for a typical three hour exposure in Irish pub.

This study examines the use of Computer Assisted Learning (CAL) by undergraduate engineering students studying a business and management course. Discussing both the relationship between management and engineering and CAL applied to engineering education, this study is based on a survey of 82 undergraduates and adopts a quantitative research methodology. The results suggest that engineering students generally displayed positive attitudes towards CAL and that increased use of CAL improved course performance where it matched exactly the course assessment format. On the basis of this survey, the authors go on to consider the use of CAL in teaching engineering students business and management subjects at university. Cet article etude comment les etudiants de l'ingenierie utilisent l'enseignement assiste par ordinateur dans les etudes de gestion. L'article est fonde sur un sondage parmi quatre-vingt deux etudiants et une methodologie de recherche quantitative. Il traite aussi le rapport entre l'ingenierie et la...

This article considers the problems of organisational survival, innovation, and inter‐organisational partnerships for unions and for immigrant community‐based organisations. The analysis focuses on the Citizenship Project, a project for assisting and organising Mexican immigrants, launched in 1995 by Teamsters Local 890 in response to the assault on immigrant rights in California. It concludes that new community‐based partner organisations sponsored by existing unions can be one effective response to these problems if the participants establish and sustain an appropriate balance of autonomy and accountability. The article also traces the development of a radical and expansive notion of citizenship by the Citizenship Project, and a related set of methods that integrate organising with service delivery, labelled ‘citizenship work’. It recommends that non‐profit tax‐exempt support centres be established at labour centres, labour councils, and international unions in order to lower the costs of such innovatio...

The method by which an airborne gravity gradiometer measures gravity gradients and is stabilised within the aircraft affects the magnitude of the observed gravity gradient due to the nearby masses in the aircraft. To first order, the gravity gradient due to masses within the aircraft can be modelled using point masses. When the centre of mass of the instrument is stationary with respect to the aircraft, self-gradient is caused by rotation of masses about the centre of mass of the instrument resulting in a modest contribution to changes in observed gravity gradient. Movement of the centre of mass of the instrument with respect to the aircraft produces a larger self-gradient signal. In either case, the self-gradient signal correlates well with aircraft motion and can be easily removed from the observations by post-processing without the need for a complex model of the mass distribution within the aircraft.

This essay explores new patterns of public life emerging with the growing assertion of rights by Mexican first-generation immigrants to the United States. It relies on a definition of citizenship as our relationship to public institutions. Among other consequences, this view directs our attention to the implications of 'transnational citizenries' for public institutions within the boundaries of the nation-state. The study examines a California town's response to an April 2001 raid by the US Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) which targeted a new population of indigenous immigrants from southern Mexico. The analysis emphasizes (1) the re-emerging significance of labor movements for citizenship development in the US; (2) the appearance of several new transnational or bi-national citizenries; and (3) a distinctive pattern of bifurcation and change in public organizations that are confronted by the increased complexity of citizenship in 'overlapping societies'.

The potential for use of butter as a widely available, relatively uniform lipid-rich matrix for the determination of spatial distributions of persistent organic pollutants has already been demonstrated. The present study determines the contributions to toxicity equivalence (TEQ) from polychlorinated dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) using butter samples from 24 countries world wide. Concentrations of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs ranged from 0.07 to 5.69 pg SigmaWHO-TEQ g(-1) lipid. For most samples, PCDD/F TEQ fell within ranges reported for European dairy products over the last decade (0.3-2 pg x g(-1) lipid I-TEQ), though a single sample from Spain was a notable exception. Other than this sample, the highest values were recorded for samples from the Netherlands and Italy, with those from India, China and Tunisia also being relatively high. The contribution from non-ortho-PCBs was particularly significant in samples from Germany, Austria, Italy, the Czech Republic, Tunisia, India and Argentina. Although overall TEQs were generally highest in European and Mediterranean butters, elevated levels were also apparent in industrializing regions of Asia (India, China) and Latin America (Argentina). More detailed regional studies would be necessary to identify likely dioxin and PCB sources in each case. Nevertheless, this study supports the utility of butter as a monitoring matrix that may be especially applicable in regions for which monitoring programmes are currently lacking.

Posing the question of whether the precautionary principle has a role in risk assessment effectively constrains any debate of the issue within a framework predicated on the assumption that application of risk assessment is inevitable in the formulation of regulatory decisions. The question can equally validly be expressed in terms of whether there is a role for risk assessment in the formulation of precautionary legislation. This allows the debate then to turn on consideration of two questions: Firstly, does the precautionary principle have a role in policy development? and secondly, is this role consistent and compatible with a risk based approach to regulation? When recast in these terms, a more holistic comparison of the aims and objectives of both approaches and of their relative power in the formulation of regulation becomes possible. This leads to the conclusion that the precautionary principle is, when defined and applied correctly, scientifically more robust than risk assessment. Precautionary app...

(1997). No cloak and dagger required: Intelligence support to UN peacekeeping. Intelligence and National Security: Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 102-112.

The Grant Street Partnership (GSP) is a new, community- developed, sheller-based program of clinical and case-management services for homeless, cocaine-abusing men in New Haven,Connecticut. The fist component of the GSP is a 90day residential program in which residents progress from one level of accomplishment and responsibility to the next, culminating in an assisted search for suitable housing and for employment or job training. Upon completion of the residential component, the clients continue in case management and clinical services for approximately six months on an ambulatory basis. The GSP has a second agenda of being an agent for improvement of housing, employment, and job-training services in New Haven Because a wide spectrum of cily institutions were involved in the development of the GSP, the partnership thus developed has continued and is being redirected toward institutional change of the type needed by the GSP clients.

Because of the long periods of sky observations required to collect data and the fact that many of the observations must be made at night, most of the conventional astronomy laboratory experiments are fine for the individual student project but are less desirable for actual classroom work. Several inexpensive and easily constructed models were designed to provide worthwhile astronomy laboratory investigations for a course in earth science at Kansas State Teachers College. These models have made such concepts as the changes of seasons, the phases of the Moon, solar and lunar eclipses, the retrograde motion of Mars, and the phases of Venus easily understood by the students.