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This paper measures the poverty level of resettlers in the floodplains of the downstream Yellow River before and after resettlement. The Shapley value decomposition method is used to measure the in...

This paper estimates the poverty level in the US and the UK during the 2004–2016 period and analyses the cause of the poverty difference. The results show that poverty in the US is more serious tha...

The literature suggests both that entrepreneurship is a critical means of poverty alleviation, and that entrepreneurial opportunity is at the heart of entrepreneurial activity. Yet the extant resea...

This survey investigation assessed an economically challenged and largely minority population regarding concerns, evacuation status, medical needs and access to care during, and after, Hurricane Sandy by ethnicity status for patients using New Jersey’s Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHC). Data obtained contribute to understanding risk from disasters, and improving environmental justice for vulnerable populations following disasters. FQHCs provide medical and dental services for 5% of New Jersey ‘s population; 95% of those served are uninsured, underinsured, or live below the poverty level. Economically vulnerable individuals are more at risk and were disproportionately harmed by Sandy. There were ethnic differences in days evacuated, days without power and heat, self-rating of personal/family impact, center use, need and access, and interruptions of care and medications. Hispanics and Blacks reported needing centers significantly more than White population. Primary medical conditions were diabetes, asthma, hypertension, and arrhythmia and heart disease, which did not vary ethnically. Understanding medical needs and concerns of vulnerable populations may help policy makers and practitioners prepare and respond promptly to disasters, reducing risk, and building resiliency for the medical care system.

Numerous risk factors for the development of melanoma have been identified; however, there is conflicting research on whether residence in nonmetropolitan areas, with a population

In this paper, we analyze multidimensional poverty in the different regions of Tunisia. The counting approach is used to identify households that are multidimensionally poor and to calculate poverty rates in different geographic areas in Tunisia. In this research, special emphasis is placed on the subgroup decomposability property and the dimensional breakdown. This approach helps us to understand the contribution of each region to the national poverty level and to assess the extent to which dimensional deprivation contributes to poverty measures. The results show that disentangling the sources of household deprivation in each region of Tunisia and calculating the dimensional breakdown by region provides a comprehensive picture of multidimensional poverty in Tunisia and will help decision makers to implement an effective targeting policy.

A theoretical model of targeting in the public distribution system is set out. In any system of targeting there could be inclusion and exclusion errors. These errors could be reduced by search by the state. The state aims to minimise the costs of food administration subject to keeping the magnitude of the exclusion error bounded. Targeting involves a consideration of the objective poverty level, the official poverty level and the targeted poverty level by the state. The targeted poverty level could be less than the official poverty level if the extent of search is not adequate. The objective poverty level is an increasing function of the above poverty line issue price of food due to exclusion errors, a decreasing function of the procurement price of food and by definition the below poverty line issue price of food. The instruments in the hands of the state are the official poverty level, the above poverty line issue price for food, the procurement price of food and the extent of search. The compar...

Some 41 million Americans, many of them children, currently live below the official poverty level. As a proportion of the population, the number has been stable for several decades. But what it mea...

This article examines the relationship between migratory population outflow from regions of the Siberian Federal District and Far East Federal District, along with the changes in economic indicators. The existing tools for supporting the process of development in Russia’s eastern regions do not provide a solution to the problems of supplying human capital. Therefore, in order to develop strategic goals for Russia’s East, measures toward improving the institutional environment should be aimed at overcoming interregional disparities in quality of life.

The aim of this article is to identify characteristics of communities where persons indicted under terrorism charges lived, planned, and prepared prior to carrying out a terrorist act. Guided by a model of community deterioration and using data from the Terrorism and Extremist Violence in the United States database, findings indicate: (1) half of all census tracts where terrorists planned and prepared for attacks were located in the western United States; nearly one fourth were in the Northeast; (2) nationally, terrorist pre-incident activity is more likely to occur in census tracts with lower percentages of high school graduates for Al Qaeda and associated movements (AQAM) terrorism but not for far-right terrorism, higher percentages of households living below the poverty level, more urban places, and more unemployed; and (3) communities with terrorist pre-incident activity are different types of places compared to those where there was no pre-incident activity, generally between different region...

This empirical note seeks to provide preliminary insights into factors that may have influenced the high school dropout rate in the US cities. For some 300-plus cities for the year 2011, OLS estimates reveal that the dropout rate is a decreasing function of both the per cent of the population that is Hispanic and per pupil public education spending at the elementary and secondary levels. In addition, the estimates find that the dropout rate is an increasing function of the per cent of the population that consisted of families with children and that was classified as being at or below the poverty level and the per cent of the population aged 25 years and older that did not have a high school diploma.

HIV infection poses a serious threat to the economy of a household. Out of pocket (OOP) health spending can be prohibitive and can drag households below poverty level. Based on the data collected from a cross-sectional survey of 401 households with HIV+ members in Pune city, India, this paper examines the consumption levels and patterns among households, and comments on the economic impoverishment resulting from OOP medical spending. Analysis reveals that households with HIV members spend a major portion of their monthly consumption expenditure on food items. Medical expenditure constitutes a large portion of their total consumption spending. Expenditure on children's education constitutes a minor proportion of total monthly spending. A high proportion of medical expenditure has a bearing on the economic condition of households with HIV members. Poverty increases by 20% among the studied HIV households when OOP health spending is adjusted. It increases 18% among male-headed households and 26% among female-headed households. The results reiterate the need of greater support from the government in terms of accessibility and affordability of health care to save households with HIV members from economic catastrophe.

Readmission is a complex and common phenomenon. This study intends to analyse the sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with readmission and also compare it with similar study done at same institute in India 25 years earlier. A medical records review for all admissions in an adult psychiatry unit of a specialised hospital in southern India was done for the period from July 2010 to June 2011. Patients' sociodemographic characteristics and clinical details were recorded and statistical tests like chi-square test and logistic regression were applied. These data and results were also compared to a similar study done at the same centre 25 years earlier. Of all the admissions during the study period, 27.2% were readmissions. Female sex, income below the poverty level and higher education were predictive of readmission. In comparison with readmitted group of the earlier study, there was a significant difference with regards to age, education, marital status and duration of hospital stay in the current...

Food insecurity is linked to obesity among some, but not all, racial and ethnic populations. We examined the prevalence of food insecurity and the association between food insecurity and obesity among American Indians (AIs) and Alaska Natives (ANs) and a comparison group of whites. Using the 2009 California Health Interview Survey, we analyzed responses from 592 AIs/ANs and 7371 white adults with household incomes at or below 200% of the federal poverty level. Food insecurity was measured using a standard 6-item scale. Sociodemographics, exercise, and obesity were all obtained using self-reported survey data. Logistic regression was used to estimate associations. The prevalence of food insecurity was similar among AIs/ANs and whites (38.7% vs 39.3%). Food insecurity was not associated with obesity in either group in analyses adjusted for sociodemographics and exercise. The ability to afford high-quality foods is extremely limited for low-income Californians regardless of race. Health policy discussions must include increased attention on healthy food access among the poor, including AIs/ANs, for whom little data exist.

This study provides a more comprehensive depiction of the environment in which low-income households and other vulnerable populations acquire and purchase food by considering access to emergency food pantries in areas lacking supermarkets. The locations of food pantries were mapped against the map of supermarkets in 47 states and the District of Columbia to identify local areas without supermarkets and the percentage of these areas that have a pantry. Local area population characteristics were used to define subgroups of areas based on poverty level and socioeconomic status of households. The study found that food pantries help to address food access limitations in a sizable percentage of area without supermarkets. About one quarter of census tracts with no supermarkets were found to have at least one food pantry. When considering only high-poverty tracts, 40% of areas without a supermarket had a pantry. The study also found that among areas without supermarkets, pantries tend to be located in areas with ...

The objective of this article is to examine the effectiveness of a culturally tailored asthma intervention in a sample of Latina mothers of children with asthma. Mothers (n = 115) participated in a community-based intervention designed to improve asthma outcomes in their children. Participants provided asthma knowledge and beliefs about asthma medications data pre- and post intervention. Maternal asthma knowledge increased during the intervention period, and certain changes in medication beliefs were moderated by poverty level, maternal educational level, acculturative stress, and depressive symptoms. Culturally tailored interventions can be effective, but participants with fewer resources may require more intensive intervention.

The geographical location and the monsoon climate render Bangladesh highly vulnerable to natural hazards, deteriorating the country's socio-economic stability. This study is based on 500 randomly chosen rural households from the Household Income and Expenditure Survey [Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Planning Division, Ministry of Planning, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, Dhaka, 2006]. The objectives are to estimate the income vulnerability of rural households and to check whether the Bayesian approaches (natural conjugate prior and non-informative prior estimates) have any superiority over the classical (feasible generalized least square (FGLS)) method. The poverty level, measured from the data, is 24%; whereas the vulnerability estimates, using FGLS, natural conjugate prior and non-informative prior are 31%, 69% and 82%, respectively. Vulnerability estimates by the Bayesian natural conjugate prior approach is found to have greater efficiency compared with FGLS and non-informative pri...

This study investigates the relationship between access to finance, and poverty and income inequality. We first define access to finance and identify various measurements of access to finance. Next, we examine previous analyses on the impacts of access to finance. Finally, using state-level panel data of the United States, fixed effect estimation is conducted to analyze the impact of access to finance on income inequality and poverty level. Our analysis is the first study to utilize state-level data on access to finance. The results show that access to finance has positive effects in reducing income inequality and the poverty ratio.

The impact that natural disasters have on crime is not well understood. In general, it is assumed that crime declines shortly after the disaster and slowly increases to pre-disaster levels over time. However, this assumption is not always confirmed by the few empirical studies that have been conducted to date. In this paper we analyze the impacts that Hurricane Rita, and for the pur- pose of comparison, Hurricane Katrina had on the temporal and spatial distributions of reported crimes in the city of Houston, TX. Crime data were collected before, during, and after the landfall of both hurricanes. The modeling part of this paper focused on primarily spatio-temporal and lo- cal regression models at the local scale. Spatio-temporal models were applied to identify potential spatio-temporal crime clusters associated with the hurricanes. A local regression model in the form of a geographically weighted regression was applied to explore relationships between crime clusters and possible underlying factors leading to the creation of said clusters. The results show that while Hurricane Katrina did not have any apparent impact on crime, Hurricane Rita led to a significant short-term increase in burglaries and auto thefts. The post important result was the identification of a large, highly significant spatio-temporal burglary cluster located in the northeastern part of Houston. This cluster lasted from a few days before to a few days after the landfall of Hurricane Rita. Empirical evidence was found that the mandatory evacuation order that was issued prior to the arrival of Hurricane Rita led to a short-time spike in burglaries. It was assumed that these crimes were committed by individuals who did not follow the evacuation order, but instead burglarized the residences of individuals who did evacuate. No mandatory evacuation order was issued for Hurricane Katrina. Altogether, three variables including the percentage of African Americans, the percentage of persons living below the poverty level, and the distance to the nearest police station was identified as having a positive relationship with the increase in burglaries associated with Hurricane Rita .

The primary objective of this study is to examine if minorities, the poor, and non-homeowners have a higher potential for exposure than the general population to large-quantity hazardous waste generation in Bexar County, Texas. Results indicate that this is indeed the case: people living near the generators are more often Black non-Hispanic or Hispanic, and more likely to live below the poverty level and not own their own home. Although previous studies conducted in the United States have used states, counties, zip codes, or census tracts as the unit of spatial analysis, we use dasymetric mapping to create population maps at a resolution of 30 m. This allows for the reconfiguration of the areal aggregations chosen for the analysis while preserving its findings. It also reduces, if not eliminates, the effects of the Modifiable Area Unit Problem (MAUP) on the results.

This article offers a gender perspective on homelessness concerning residential origins. Data were obtained through the 2005 homelessness survey in Miami-Dade County, Florida. The residential origins of homeless women are more widespread and less concentrated in the neighborhoods of high poverty than those of homeless men. Areas with lack of low-rent housing units are at greatest risk of generating homeless men and women. The rate of residential origins of homeless men increases with the proportion of Hispanics and African Americans, particularly those living below poverty level. Areas with a high proportion of female-headed households with young children and unemployed females are strongly significant in producing more homeless women. Planners should take into account a geographic and population-targeted strategy in designing homelessness prevention interventions.

In this paper, we examine whether changes in housing costs lead to changes in rates of food insecurity for economically vulnerable families. We use data on a national, longitudinal sample of young families with children merged with data on housing (rental) costs at the state, metropolitan statistical area, and county levels (2001–2003). Focusing on families near or at the poverty level and using household fixed effects, we demonstrate that increased housing costs over this time period have indeed increased rates of food insecurity. Our preferred results suggest that a $500 increase in yearly rental costs is associated with nearly a 3% increase in food-insecurity rates (10% relative increase). We show that our measure of rental costs seems to affect only the food insecurity of renters and not that of poor low-income home owners, suggesting the validity of our methods and robustness of the findings. We also look at selected subgroups (e.g., food stamp recipients, individuals receiving housing subsidies) and...

As part of welfare reform, many states developed programs to “divert” applicants from receiving public assistance. Cross-sectional and longitudinal data from Oregon are used to assess the outcomes of diverted women during a 21-month period in 1998 and 1999. Within nine months of their initial application, about half of those who were diverted received TANF. Prior welfare use did not increase the likelihood of TANF use. By the end of the study, half of all respondents had incomes below the federal poverty threshold, with more women dropping below the poverty level than rising above it. Neither employment nor TANF receipt during the study had a significant impact on the respondent's poverty status.

This article summarizes the results of a 2-part study using both state databases and teacher surveys to examine teacher retention and mobility in Washington's teacher workforce. The first part of the research examined individual teacher records during a 5-year period. Statewide analyses were conducted, and 20 districts were selected for in-depth examination. Data were examined in relation to student demographics, measures of student learning, and poverty level of the school, with special attention given to novice teachers and teachers of color. The second part of the study surveyed a representative sample of teachers regarding their views on factors that influence their decisions to stay or leave their school or school district. Findings suggest that focusing on the nature of teacher mobility within a district is a useful way to examine a number of equity concerns.

This study develops a new concept of economic slope, based on the concept of slope in physical environment. Then the concept is applied to analyze the landscape dynamics in Los Angeles County. It proposes that areas with higher economic slope are more dynamic and less stable than others due to the pressure from the surrounding areas. The hypothesis is tested through detailed studies of Los Angeles County using the 2000 census data. Block groups with high economic slope do demonstrate higher population motility, less stable family and social structures, along with the coexistence of higher average income and poverty level. Further studies at different places and scales are needed to further test the hypotheses proposed in this study.

The authors investigated the relationship between perceived effectiveness of elementary school faculty groups as a whole and student performances on standardized tests. Participants included the principal and all teachers, referred to as the faculty group, in 61 elementary schools. Members of the faculty group in each school completed the Group Developmental Questionnaire, an instrument that assesses the developmental level of work groups. The authors obtained data regarding the percentage of 4th-grade students who met the state proficiency standard in citizenship, reading, science, mathematics, and writing in each school. Results suggest that school demographics (staff size, rural or urban location, and district poverty level) significantly influenced student outcomes. In addition, the manner in which faculty members who worked together as a group significantly influenced student outcomes in schools with similar demographic profiles. Findings suggest that if faculty members work together to become more t...

The Marmion Way Corridor portion of the Metro Gold Line Light Rail Transit Project is unique. It is part of the City of Los Angeles's Historic Preservation Overlay Zone within the residential Highland Park neighborhood. Highland Park is centrally located within a larger northeastern portion of Los Angeles that has a population of 300,000, of whom approximately 40% are living at or below poverty level.

Taking a clue from classic time-series decomposition, this article demonstrates a spatial filtering and search technique that permits the partitioning of a measure of marginality, here measured as the percent of the population living at less than 50 percent of the poverty level, into macro, meso, and micro components. This approach supports theory that has argued for scale-specific explanations of spatial marginality. The technique also offers promise for many other types of investigations such as disease incidence, microclimate dynamics, and consumer preferences.

El Salvador is a paradox. A perfect tropical climate coupled with an amiable population makes it a veritable paradise. Approximately the size of Massachusetts, this Central American country is divided into 14 departments with a population of 6.2 million as of 1999. More than 47 percent exist below or at the poverty level and 42 percent live in rural areas. Libraries in El Salvador have never received high priority, so Salvadoran librarians face formidable challenges, but their commitment and dedication are strong. Like librarians everywhere, they find providing information fulfilling and rewarding.

Drawing on the life course paradigm, this study views school-based forms of parental involvement in education as elements of the linked lives of family members that are embedded in larger social contexts. Estimating multi-level models on a sample of 6,141 adolescents from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, I find that parental participation in school activities and interaction with school personnel is largely a function of the characteristics and behaviors of parents and adolescents, but that, to a lesser extent, these phenomena are influenced by characteristics of the schools that adolescents attend (e.g., school size) and the neighborhoods in which families live (e.g., urbanicity, poverty level). Ethnicity moderates the influence of both school and neighborhood on parents' educational involvement, with minority parents' involvement more contingent on social context, especially school context.

A significant union presence in Las Vegas's hotel-casino industry juxtaposed to the near absence of union representation in Reno provides a unique setting to assess the impact of unions on the incidence poverty-level wages among workers in a highprofile, expanding service sector industry. Results of the analysis show a significantly higher incidence of poverty-level wages among hotel-casino workers in Reno compared to workers in the identical occupations in Las Vegas.

Past research has not looked directly at how parental working conditions are affecting the lives of school-age children living in or near poverty. This study examines the effects that the working conditions faced by low-income parents have on the care their school-age children receive and on parental involvement in their children's education and development. In-depth, semistructured interviews were conducted with 74 families with school-age children, including 44 families living at or below 150% of the federal poverty level and 30 families living above 150% of poverty. Teachers at every public afterschool program in the city were interviewed. One out of two low-income working parents faced barriers to becoming involved in their children's education. Two out of five faced barriers to participating in school meetings, school trips, or school events. Many parents had difficulty finding any time to spend with their children, let alone time to assist them with their schoolwork. The difficulties they faced are ...

Many rural communities are experiencing an increasing proportion of older residents. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between theproportion of older and younger residents to county and rural community vitality; and toproject implications for housing policy. Dataffom the non-metropolitan counties in the 12 North Central states were analyzed using the USA Counties 1996 CD-ROM. The findings indicate that counties with larger proportions of older residents do well on some measures of community vitality (i.e., higher per capita income; higher percent of people above poverty level) and poorly on other measures (i.e., have fewer human capital resources). Rural communities would appear to benefit from having a combination of residents in different age groups. To accommodate both older persons and younger families, rural communities will need to find creative solutions to provide appropriate affoordaable housing stock.

Poverty among African Americans in Louisiana and other regions of the South poses a significant challenge to social scientists and policymakers . Even though poverty among the members of minority groups in the United States has attracted considerable attention in recent years , very little research exists assessing the conditions of African Americans living below the poverty threshold in parishes ( counties ) of Louisiana . This article analyzes data on structural factors affecting poverty at the parish level . How occupational structure and race affect Blacks living below officially defined poverty level in the parishes of Louisiana are assessed . An array of theoretical discourse on causes and consequences of poverty are offered . Using aggregate secondary data , empirical analysis was performed . In a multivariate ordinary least squares regression , findings indicate that women - headed households , race , and minority employment in primary sector of the economy are significant predictors of poverty . ...

A new urban conservatism has developed in Hartford, Connecticut, one of the US’ poorest cities. Over one-quarter of its population lives below the poverty level, and every modern urban problem exis...

A considerable amount of effort is expended encouraging students to enroll in higher education programs. It is, therefore, disappointing to all concerned when students fail to complete their programs. It is even more distressing when one particular group of enrollees is identified as failing to persist with their studies at a disproportionately high rate. This was the issue faced by Kennedy‐King College during the early 1990s. The African American male, nontraditional student (either more than 24 years old, or part‐time enrollee, or live off campus), was identified in this category with the withdrawal/departure behavior becoming a serious and increasing problem. Kennedy‐King College is a non‐residential, two‐year community college located in a neighborhood of Chicago that is predominantly African American (97%), low income (70% below the poverty level), with a comparatively high crime rate and a public school system that has been described as “somewhat ineffective.” More than 30% of the students are resid...

This study examined how three major background characteristics of students—race, poverty, and family structure—can produce inequalities in school outcomes, as measured by standardized tests. It found that the percentage of students from families headed by single women is an extremely powerful predictor of levels of achievement in schools. Moreover, it indicates that neither racial composition nor percentage of students below poverty level can account for the association of family structure with school achievement. On the contrary, the study provided strong evidence that low‐income, minority‐dominated schools exhibited lower test scores largely because of their high proportions of mother‐only families.

Attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, and classroom practices of teachers in 24 urban and suburban elementary schools throughout the United States were assessed with teacher questionnaires and classroom observations during a single school year. Teachers in schools serving students from economically disadvantaged backgrounds put greater emphasis on teacher authority and control and less on student autonomy and constructivist approaches than teachers in other schools did. Teachers in schools serving students from economically disadvantaged backgrounds also were less trusting of students and more skeptical about their abilities. Teachers’ beliefs were generally consistent with their practices, even when school poverty level and students’ mean achievement levels were statistically controlled.

This study reports the initial results of a baseline cross-sectional evaluation of the health and nutritional status of 58 old-old African Americans, 74 years of age and older, residing in low income housing complexes in metropolitan Oklahoma City. Although the population had a high overall functional status, cognitive status, and mood, there were a number of nutritional parameters suggestive of nutritional risk. In particular, 20% of subjects had relatively low serum albumin levels, 14% had serum cholesterol levels below 160 mg/dl, and a subset of the population reported low intake during 24 hour dietary recall. The National Center and Caucus on Black Aged report that 60% of African American elders live at or below the poverty level. These study findings suggest that the present cohort of African American elders may be at nutritional risk.

The lack of health insurance represents a significant barrier to timely, preventive medical services. In addition, certain providers risk financial viability as their uncompensated care burdens worsen. These issues are particularly troublesome in southern states because the population is disproportionately represented by greater numbers of poor uninsured individuals. This study examines the consequences of three alternative proposals to reduce the number of uninsureds in five southern states. Program 1 raises the AFDC income eligibility threshold to the federal poverty level. Program 2 drops Medicaid categorical eligibility requirements in favor of a poverty-level income standard. Program 3 requires employers to insure all employees, and their dependents, who work 25 hours or more per week. Surprisingly, Program 1 produces a modest 16 percent reduction in the uninsured. Programs 2 and 3, however, reduce the uninsured population by 41 and 57 percent, respectively. Nonetheless, these last two programs reach very different income groups. Program 2 captures all the poor uninsureds whereas Program 3 includes 40 percent of this same population. From this analysis it is clear that a combination of these programs would be necessary to effectively cover the uninsured.

term "feminization of poverty" became prevalent in 1978-1979 following the publication of an article with that title by Diana Pearce (Pearce, 1978). In her article, Pearce pointed to the rapid increase in the number of children and women living below the official federal poverty level. Many women's groups thought that the feminization of poverty had created the conditions for building a truly multiracial women's movement. The implication was that gender was somehow becoming a more important factor in determining poverty status, that men were no longer poor. Like drug abuse and teenage pregnancy, women's poverty attracted attention when it spread out of the inner city into the white suburbs. Yet the origins of the feminization of poverty were profoundly different for black women than for white women. The

This note explores variations in the characteristics of poverty areas within cities in the United States. I defined poverty areas as groups of census tracts in which 20 percent or more of the population had incomes below the official poverty level, and based the analysis on census data from 1970 and 1980 for the 100 largest central cities. There is a good deal of variability, both in terms of the degree of concentration of the poor in poverty areas and in terms of the changing composition of poverty area populations. Cluster analyses show that the variability is associated with cities' regional, economic, and demographic characteristics and suggest that the patterns the analyses identify raise important questions about the nature of urban poverty and the appropriateness of alternative public policies.

Because many older women lack access to private pensions and rely solely on social security income, they are significantly more likely than men to have incomes below or near poverty level. Liberal ...