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Eight culprits in the systematic mass incarceration of black people are interrogated in this fictitious courtroom proceeding. Each defendant is somehow involved in the ecosystem of schooling that r...

Limited information exists on heterosexual youth with sexual contact with same-sex partners in the United States (i.e., discordant heterosexual). We compared the prevalence of health risks between discordant heterosexual, heterosexual with only opposite-sex sexual contact, lesbian/gay, and bisexual students using the 2015 national Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS). Nationwide, 3.2% of students were identified as discordant heterosexuals. The prevalence of several risk behaviors was significantly higher among discordant heterosexual students than their heterosexual peers with only opposite-sex sexual contact. Clinicians should consider sexual identity and sex of sexual partners when conducting risk-assessments to ensure they appropriately target populations for intervention.

The benefits of field courses for biological science students are well established, but field courses also have limitations: they are generally too brief to allow significant research and they are staff-designed and led, limiting the development of student autonomy. In contrast, the value of student-organised field expeditions has been little researched. Here, as a case history, we analyse students’ attitudes to their experience of being selected for and taking part in University of Glasgow Exploration Society expeditions. Students regarded taking part in an expedition as one of the best things they had done in their life thus far. Expeditions were excellent value for money, provided opportunities to develop transferable skills (fund-raising, budgeting, report production, composing and delivering oral and written presentations, team-working and leadership, negotiation with stakeholders from different cultures) and provided scope for fieldwork skill development and substantial, publishable research...

Genomic analysis of the kelp fly Fucellia costalis (Family Anthomyiidae) from Asilomar beach, Pacific Grove, California, resulted in the assembly of its complete mitogenome. The mitogenome is 16,17...

Research on fraternity men focuses almost exclusively on problematic behaviors such as homophobia and sexism, alcohol abuse, violence against women, sexual promiscuity, and the overrepresentation of members among campus judicial offenders. Consequently, little is known about those who perform masculinities in healthy and productive ways. Presented in this article are findings from a qualitative study of productive masculinities and behaviors among 50 undergraduate fraternity men from 44 chapters across the US and Canada. Findings offer insights into participants’ steadfast commitments to the fraternity’s espoused values; their acceptance and appreciation of members from a range of diverse backgrounds; strategies they employed to address bad behaviors (including sexism, racism, and homophobia) among chapter brothers; and the conditions that enabled them to behave in ways that contradict stereotypes concerning men in collegiate fraternities.

From the mid 1990s to the early 2000s there has been a debate between Jerome Gellman and Evan Fales regarding the epistemic status of mystical religious experience. Gellman argues that mystical religious experiences provide some justification for the belief that God exists when taken in conjunction with a variety of other experiential evidence. Fales takes a naturalistic approach and argues that instances of mystical theistic experiences are only tools by which the mystic attempts to gain greater social status. In this article I summarize the debate and go on to raise three objections to Fales’ naturalistic account: (1) that any naturalistic explanation would fail to account for the richness and variety of all mystical religious experiences; (2) that if there were a naturalistic account for each and every mystical religious experience across time then the list of naturalistic explanations would be so exhaustive that it would seem arbitrary that no theistic explanation is included; and (3) that the brand o...

Since 1994 the Canadian common law choice-of-law rule for tort claims has been that such claims are, in virtually all cases, governed by the law of the place of the tort. That choice-of-law rule was controversial when it was established and it remains so to this day. Controversial rules demand periodic reconsideration. Furthermore, as we approach the twentieth anniversary of the adoption of this rule, more recent developments should prompt us to question whether a change is now warranted. The current rule was formulated by the Supreme Court of Canada in Tolofson v Jensen. In that case the court had the opportunity to revisit the then-current Canadian rule for choice of law for tort: the double actionability rule adopted by McLean v Pettigrew, which required a plaintiff to show that the defendant's conduct was actionable under both the law of the place of the tort and the law of the forum. The court rightly held that the double actionability rule was unsustainable, in particular as concerned its mandatory application of the law of the forum. It replaced that rule with one applying the lex loci delicti, the law of the place of the tort.

According to a 2010 report from the Schott Foundation for Public Education, only 47 percent of black male students graduated from high school in 2008 with peers in their entering cohorts. Thus, muc...

Statin interaction with other drugs may play an important role in statin myopathy. Clinician familiarity with statin metabolism, pharmacokinetics and drugs that commonly interact with statins may reduce the incidence of muscle-related side effects. The dose of a statin is frequently related to statin myopathy. Many drugs including simvastatin, lovastatin and atorvastatin are metabolized by the CYP3A4 isoenzyme system. This article reviews commonly prescribed drugs that are potent inhibitors of the CYP3A4 system. We also review statin cell membrane drug transporters including OATP and MDR1 that have also been shown to play a key role in statin metabolism and drug interactions. There is now a growing list of drugs known to inhibit the activity of these transporters. In this review, we highlight three key populations at an increased risk for statin drug interactions including patients receiving treatment for mixed dyslipidemia, HIV and chronic kidney disease. We discuss treatment strategies for use in these ...

The use of bacteriophages (phages) to treat bacterial infections, known as phage therapy, has a history substantially longer than that of antibiotics, yet these drugs have been the treatment of choice in the West for over 60 years owing to efficacy, low toxicity and ease of production. Bacteria are becoming increasingly resistant to antibiotics while efforts to discover new agents have drastically reduced. Phages have co-evolved with their hosts over billions of years and have acquired mechanisms to counter bacterial defences such as extracellular biofilm production, which severely reduces the effectiveness of conventional antibiotics. Recent animal and human trials show phages to be safe, well-tolerated agents with a bright future as an alternative to chemical agents.

This research examined reports of the real-world use of reverse psychology, or what we term strategic self-anticonformity (SSA). In Study 1, participants reported examples in which they engaged in SSA and rated the success and frequency of use of this influence tactic. These data suggested the existence of two forms of SSA, one used as a general persuasion tactic and one used specifically to garner interpersonal reassurance. Study 2 compared the prevalence of these two forms of SSA with the use of three previously established influence tactics (i.e., door-in-the-face, foot-in-the-door, and disrupt-then-reframe). The results suggest that SSA is a prevalent, real-world influence tactic deserving of further study.

A methodological approach popularized by critical race theorists is used in this article to oppose dominant discourse concerning the social and educational status of Black men in America. Specifically, this counternarrative on student achievement was derived from face‐to‐face individual interviews with 143 Black male undergraduates at 30 predominantly White colleges and universities across the USA. Exemplified via five composites constructed from the overall sample are resistant responses to subordination and racist stereotyping; confrontations with the cyclical reproduction of low expectations for Black male leadership and achievement; and an industrious rejection of what I refer to throughout the article as ‘niggering’. Also offered herein are implications for postsecondary faculty, administrators, and researchers.

Electric power networks pose design decision complexities characteristic of other large engineered systems. A great number of decisions must be made by many decision-makers, some decisions are made in a sequential manner over very long time periods, objectives compete, a large number of feasible solutions exist, and one decision-maker's actions can impact others, whose reactions in turn can affect the original decision-maker. This article addresses these issues, with a focus on the problem of determining when and how to consider decisions as an individual decision-maker vs. as part of a networked system. An electric power network analysis is presented, where local plant managers must decide when to replace existing power generation equipment (coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear, and hydropower) with an equivalent number of 12-megawatt natural gas–fueled microturbine generators. Competing objectives include cost, reliability, and environmental impact.

Myopathy has been reported in a small percentage of statin-treated patients for the past 30 years, but the etiologic mechanisms for inducing muscle injury have not yet been fully characterized. Statin-induced myopathy is now understood to be a heterogeneous condition that may be due to: mechanisms of the drug itself; interactions with other drugs; or genetic, metabolic and immunological vulnerabilities in individual patients. In some cases, statins may unmask latent conditions (e.g., asymptomatic baseline myopathy) that predispose patients to muscle toxicity. The definitions, epidemiology, clinical features, risk factors and proposed mechanisms of statin-induced myopathy are reviewed. Muscle metabolism can be adversely impacted by statin therapy, including changes in fatty acid oxidation, possibly reduced coenzyme Q(10) biosynthesis, and increased myocyte protein degradation via the activity of atrogin-1 and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Statin therapy may also activate a variety of autoimmune phenomena that potentiate myocellular injury. Improving our understanding of statin-induced myopathy is a high clinical priority given the large number of patients eligible for statin therapy and the fact that the development of myalgia and myopathy are leading reasons cited by patients for statin discontinuation.

The First Nations (Da ‘naxda ‘xw) village of Kwalate, Knight Inlet, British Columbia was located along the shore of a funnel‐shaped bay. Archaeological investigations show that this was a major village that stretched 90 m along the shoreline and was home to possibly 100 or more inhabitants. Oral stories indicate that the village was completely swept away by a tsunami that formed when an 840‐m high rock avalanche descended into the water on the opposite side of the fjord. Shipboard geological mapping, combined with empirical tsunami modelling, indicate that the tsunami was likely 2 to 6 m high prior to run‐up into the village. Radiocarbon dates reveal that the village was occupied from the late 1300s CE until the late 1500s CE when it was destroyed by the tsunami.

Information technology has been the catalyst for the new source of economic wealth during the current economic period called the Information Age. Some industries and specific organizations have successfully implemented numerous information technologies and, as a result, enjoy great competitive advantages. Others have not. This article explores whether the internal environment enjoyed by an organization contributes to this success or failure. It also investigates whether the organization's cultural climate and its balance of concern for production issues vs. people issues play a role in implementation success. Data from this 3-year study of 18 companies involved in government and commercial ventures suggest a correlation between specific cultural attributes and the successful implementation of information technology systems. We found that people-oriented rather than production-oriented aspects exerted the most significant influence.

There is an increasing need to develop new tools and techniques for marine conservation, resource management, and planning. One of these new techniques is the application of terrestrial ecosystem approaches to the development of an equivalent marine methodology. These modified ecosystem approaches have been used in the development of the British Columbia Marine Ecosystem Classification (BCMEC) for the Pacific coast of Canada. The classification is hierarchical, and consists of four nested divisions based on physical properties and a fifth division based on current, depth, bottom substrate, bottom relief, and wave exposure. The fifth division—termed ecounits— was created at a considerably larger scale (1:250,000), and is the first example of a large‐scale marine classification applied over a large area (453,000 km2). The ecounits were developed to evaluate the boundaries and homogeneity of the four larger divisions, as well as for the application to coastal management and marine protected areas planning. T...

Transmutation of actinide waste into fission products could be enhanced by using resonance fission of odd-odd target materials; those of interest are 232Pa, 238Np, and 242Am. Fission cross-section measurements of two of these short-lived materials were performed at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Samples were produced by the (d,2n) reaction in the Los Alamos Ion Beam Facility followed by fast radiochemistry to separate the odd-odd target of interest. The fission cross section of the nanogram samples was measured in a high intensity pulsed neutron beam produced by 800-MeV proton spallation. Using this procedure, the fission cross sections of the 1.3-day 232Pa and 2.1-day 238Np were successfully measured in the energy range from 0.01 eV to 50 keV. The fission cross section of the relatively long-life isotope 236Np was also measured in the same system while the short half-life isotopes were being prepared. The results and resonance analysis are presented.

Pedants will demand the results of a randomised trial demonstrating that preventing falls prevents fractures. Such a trial has not been undertaken and as it would probably require an international multi-centre trial and a clear commercial driver, it may therefore never be done. However, modifying risk factors undoubtedly reduces falls, and falls are among the commonest problems facing the growing older population. The challenge now is to take the various guidelines and translate this into clinical and public health practice. Undoubtedly this will require multi-agency and interdisciplinary working. The orthopaedic and musculoskeletal teams should be prepared to play their part.

The Fraser River delta has been identified in previous studies as a potential site for a tsunamigenic submarine slide. A numerical model has been developed to simulate such events by representing the slide volume as a large number of independent slabs acting under the influence of a reduced gravitational acceleration and friction. The resulting movement of mass results in vertical displacement of the water's surface. Five simulations were performed using slide volumes from 2.5 to 7.5 km3, and with three different friction coefficients. Examination of resulting time series of calculated water elevation at 10 near‐shore loctions indicates that maximum surface displacements of greater than 4 m may occur at some sites near the source. Response characteristics were found to vary significantly over distances of 5 to 10 km. The period of waves generated in this way is typically 5 to 15 min.

As is the case in most K-12 schools, male students, in comparison to their female counterparts, disproportionately violate policies and are sanctioned more often for violence and disruptive behaviors on college and university campuses across the country. A theoretical model to explain this phenomenon is proposed in this article. Specifically, a synthesis of existing literature and theories from sociology, psychology, men’s studies, and education resulted in the identification of six acute variables that explain male overrepresentation among campus judicial offenders. While each component of the model is thoroughly explained, insight into interactions among the six variables is also offered. Practical implications for campus administrators who are interested in minimizing violence and disruptive behaviors among college men conclude the article.

Appropriate control of blood pressure (BP) in hypertensive patients still represents the major therapeutic goal in the treatment of hypertension. Despite the growing attention and wide range of antihypertensive agents available in the clinical scenario, the target of BP below the advised thresholds of 140/90 mmHg is, unfortunately, often unreached. For this reason, the search for new antihypertensive agents is still ongoing. Azilsartan medoxomil, a new angiotensin receptor blocker that has been recently introduced in the clinical arena, represents the eighth angiotensin receptor blocker currently available for BP control. The aim of this paper is to describe the efficacy and safety profile of this new compound, reviewing available data obtained from both pre-clinical and clinical studies.

Species of metastrongylid nematodes of the genus Filaroides have been recorded in various hosts throughout the world(1). In New Zealand, the only known species is Filaroides (= Oslerus) osleri, which occurs in wart-like nodules near the bifurcation of the trachea of the dog(2).

The development of malignant tumors in carcinogen-treated mouse skin appears to involve several genetic changes. Genetic changes which initiate the process are believed to induce alterations in the normal pattern of epidermal differentiation, resulting in the formation of benign tumors, i.e., epidermal papillomas. Subsequent changes appear to be required for the malignant conversion of papillomas to epidermal, squamous-cell carcinomas. Activation of the rasHa gene occurs frequently in chemically induced benign skin papillomas as well as squamous cell carcinomas and thus may represent one mechanism to achieve the initiation step. In the present study, we analyzed several cell lines derived from chemically induced mouse skin papillomas for the presence of transforming oncogenes by transfection of their DNA into NIH 3T3 cells. These papilloma cell lines exhibit an altered differentiation program, i.e., the ability to proliferate under culture conditions favoring terminal differentiation. When DNA from six separate cell lines was tested in the NIH 3T3 transfection assay, active transforming activity was not detected. However, when the EJ rasHa gene was introduced into three of the papilloma cell lines by DNA transfection, transfectants showed an enhanced capacity to proliferate under differentiating culture conditions and formed rapidly growing, anaplastic carcinomas in nude mice. Our findings suggest that in some papilloma cells, a genetic change distinct from rasHa activation may produce an altered differentiation program associated with the initiation step, and this genetic alteration may act in a cooperating fashion with an activated ras gene to result in malignant progression.

The charge found on solids after they have been rubbed together can only be a direct consequence of friction when the rubbing is vigorous; more usually, the charging is the result of contact, rubbing complicating the phenomenon. Opinions differ regarding the origin of contact charging, but certain experiments suggest a working hypothesis, according to which the charging is due to electron transfer when both materials are either semiconductors or metals, but to ions when insulators take part. Electron transfer is associated with the setting up of a contact potential. Ion transfer can be caused either by a potential difference, in which case the current flows with the e.m.f., or it can be caused by forces that are not electrical in nature, in which case the current flows against the potential difference generated by the ‘mechanical transfer’ of charge.

This paper is concemed with the relationship between fibre arrangement, efficiency of blending, and streakiness in binary-coloured worsted yarns made from fibres differing only in colour. It has been shown that streaks, i.e., short off-shade lengths of yarn, are not appreciably associated with thick or thin places in the yarn or with the variations in the relative proportions of the components along the yarn, but with a local excess of the one coloured component over its nominal blend proportion at the streak. It has also been demonstrated that streaks tend to contain more large clusters of fibres than the yarn as a whole. The degree of mixing, or inter-dispersion of the components, increases with increasing doublings and is less in streaks than in the yarn as a whole. A discussion is provided on the merits of the available tests for investigating fibre arrangement and efficiency of blending.

This paper concerns the assessment, by sensory methods, of the relative importance of factors that give rise to streakiness in fabric knitted from coloured single worsted yarns. It has been shown that streakiness is considerably affected by the lightness contrast between the component colours of the blend and, to a lower degree, by the contrast in hue. Other major factors are the diameter and number of fibres in the yarn. Streakiness increases as the fibre diameter increases and the number of fibres per cross-section of the yarn decreases. It is also important that mixing should be initiated at the earliest stage, especially where the process is short. Minor factors affecting streakiness are the total number of doublings used in drawing, the use of conventional or high drafts in spinning, and the distribution of doublings between the various drawing processes.