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Observations of the behavioural responses of near-shore marine scavengers to fish carrion were made at two depths (1–2 m, 16–18 m). Gobies and juvenile whelks were the most numerous scavengers, but appeared to consume little biomass. The first scavengers to appear at carrion (seconds/minutes) were swimming forms, later (minutes) joined by fast-moving, crawling portunid crabs. Large scavengers (crabs/starfish/catsharks) arrived after tens of minutes/hours. Scavengers were ‘direct feeders’ on the bait (crabs and some fish) or ‘indirect feeders’ (gobies and whelks) on scraps generated by direct feeders. Scavengers spent little time in aggression. While fish spent relatively low proportions of their time feeding (e.g. Lipophrys pholis: 2.2–15.8%), crabs fed almost continuously (e.g. Carcinus maenas: 97.8–99.3%) before leaving baits. Crab presence depressed fish feeding. Crabs were wasteful feeders that macerated the baits, generating scraps for indirect feeders and attracting more scavengers. Large sc...

Large doses of the analgesic acetaminophen cause centrilobular hepatic necrosis in man and in experimental animals. It has been previously shown that acetaminophen is metabolically activated by CYP enzymes to N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine. This species is normally detoxified by GSH, but following a toxic dose GSH is depleted and the metabolite covalently binds to a number of different proteins. Covalent binding occurs only to the cells developing necrosis. Recently we showed that these cells also contain nitrated tyrosine residues. Nitrotyrosine is mediated by peroxynitrite, a reactive nitrogen species formed by rapid reaction between nitric oxide and superoxide and is normally detoxified by GSH. Thus, acetaminophen toxicity occurs with increased oxygen/nitrogen stress. This manuscript will review current data on acetaminophen covalent binding, increased oxygen/nitrogen stress, and mitochondrial permeability transition, a toxic mechanism that is both mediated by and leads to increased oxygen/nitrogen stress.

The mixing of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) bone cement has been studied to develop methods for preparing a consistently high quality cement. A novel droplet test experimental procedure was developed that characterised the wetting characteristics involved in bone cement mixing. Using this technique it was established that increased wetting occurred by mixing bone cement at a lower temperature (-28°C) than normal mixing at room temperature.The effect of temperature on viscosity of the cement mix was also investigated. An increase in viscosity with mixing time was found for all temperatures (owing to dissolution of PMMA in the monomer). However, the rate of increase in viscosity was a function of the initial temperature of the cement components. Cooling of the components initially to -12·6°C resulted in a better mix than room temperature samples, due to the cooled components having more mixing time at a lower viscosity (less than 1000 cP).Automated mixing of the cement was also investigated. A h...

This study uses content analysis methodology to investigate the presence of leisure themes in over 500 international print advertisements. The incidence of six leisure dimensions is assessed: intri...

▪ The end product from the Portage, Wisconsin cocomposting facility is a loose, dark brown, organic material containing small fragments of glass, rubber, metal, plastics, and other materials that are resistant to decomposition. A research program was completed to determine the suitability of the compost for use in highway embankments or other engineered fills. Standard Proctor tests were conducted to determine the maximum density and optimum water content of the compost-sand mixtures. Direct shear tests were conducted on specimens compacted at maximum density and optimum water content. The cocomposted material mixed with sand proved to have sufficient shear strength for use in embankment construction.

(1965). Lymnaea natalensis and fascioliasis in Ghana. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology: Vol. 59, No. 3, pp. 320-326.

(1954). Schistosomiasis in the Gambia. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology: Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 277-286.

(1965). A note on intestinal schistosomiasis and the snail hosts in Ghana. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology: Vol. 59, No. 3, pp. 312-319.

(1984). Notes on the molluscan intermediate hosts of Paragonimus spp. and their possible role in biological control. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology: Vol. 78, No. 3, pp. 339-340.